YOU YOU Y. added to the treasures of the King's library, Young carefully collated it with other copies of the sacred volume, and communicated many various readings to Usher, Grotius, and other learned men of the time. tended to have published a fac-simile He had inof this manuscript, but circumstances prevented the execution of the design. In 1643, however, he printed a specimen of his intended edition, contain YOUNG, PATRICK, an eminent scho-sented to two Rectories in Denbighlar, descended from an ancient family, shire. Soon after, he was collated was born August 29, 1584, at Seaton, to a prebend of St Paul's, of which in Lothian, the residence of his father, church he was made treasurer in 1621. Sir Peter Young, joint tutor with On the death of Read, in 1624, he was Buchanan to James VI. At the age appointed to the vacant post of Latin of fifteen he was sent to the Univer- Secretary to the King. sity of St Andrews, where, on com. Selden in preparing for the press his He assisted pleting the usual course of academi- edition of the " Arundelian Marbles,' cal study, he received the degree of and the work on its publication was M.A. in 1603. Soon after he accom-dedicated to Young. When the Alexpanied his father to England, and andrian Manuscript of the Bible was having been introduced to the notice of Dr Lloyd, Bishop of Chester, he was received into his house as his librarian, or secretary. In 1605 he was incorporated M. A. at Oxford, and, entering into Deacon's orders, he was made one of the Chaplains of All Souls' College. This office he held for three years, and during that time he employed himself chiefly in the study of ecclesiastical history, and in cultivating the Greek language. Having the first chapter of Genesis, with ing gone to London with the view of making his way at Court, he obtained, through the interest of Dr Montague, Bishop of Bath and Wells, a pension from the King of L.50 per annum, and was occasionally employed by his Majesty, and some of the persons in power, in writing Latin letters. By Metropolita;" to which he subjoined the influence of Bishop Montague he was appointed to the superintendence of the Royal Library, newly founded by the King. In 1617 Young went to Paris, with recommendatory letters from Camden to many of the learned of that capital. On his return he assisted Mr Thomas Read in translating King James' works into the Latin lan-manuscripts from the King's Library, guage. The volume was published in 1619, and, by his Majesty's special command, he was sent with a presentation copy to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1620 Young married, and though still only in Deacon's orders, was pre786 notes, and left at his death scholia, as far as the 15th chapter of Numbers. the "Epistles of Clemens Romanus,” In 1633 he published an edition of reprinted in 1637, with a Latin version, "Cantena Græcorum Patrum in Jobum, collectore Niceta, Heracles from the Alexandrian Manuscript a continued series of the books of Scripture, called Poetici. published "Expositio in Canticum In 1638 he Canticorum Folioti Episcopi Londinensis, una cum Alcuini in idem Canticum Compendio." He had made preparations for editing various other when the confusion of the civil wars, and its seizure by Parliament, put an end to all his plans. He retired to the house of his son-in-law, Mr Jehn Essex, where he died, September 7, Atwood, a civilian at Bromfield, in 1652. SUPPLEMENT. B. department of practice. One of those occasions was in 1809, immediately after the battle of Corunna, when the wounded, hurried home in transports, were landed on the southern coasts of England, and the other was after the battle of Waterloo, when he repaired to Brussels. Of the former oppor BELL, SIR CHARLES, a highly dis- week of his appointment, he delivered tinguished surgeon, lecturer, and me- clinical lectures, which were spoken dical writer, the fourth son of the of with high approbation in the MediRev. William Bell, an Episcopal mi-cal Gazette, and obtained the spontanister at Edinburgh, was born in that neous recommendation of many of city in 1778. He was educated at the the most distinguished physicians and High School of his native place, and, surgeons of the metropolis. Having while a mere youth, he assisted his long been anxious to make himself brother, the celebrated John Bell, acquainted with the subject of gunsurgeon in Edinburgh, in his anato-shot wounds, Mr Bell twice relinmical lectures and demonstrations. quished his engagements in London, In 1799 he was admitted a member of in order to obtain a knowledge of this the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. In the year previous, he had published the first part of his plates of dissections. He was soon afterwards appointed one of the surgeons of the Royal Infirmary, where, throughout all his connection with that hospital, he exhibited remarkable skill as an operator. In 1806 he left Edinburgh tunity he particularly availed himself, for London, the latter being a wider and published a useful practical and more promising field for profes-"Essay on Gun-shot Wounds," as an sional exertion. Having resolved to Appendix to his "System of Operapush his way to fortune and reputation tive Surgery," which appeared in two as a lecturer on anatomy and sur- volumes in 1814. On occasion of his gery, he at first associated himself professional visit to Brussels, after the with Mr James Wilson, in the school battle of Waterloo, he was put in of Great Windmill Street, to which charge of an hospital, and afforded his he afterwards succeeded altogether. assistance to no fewer than 300 men. Here he officiated for some years with "The drawings," says Mr Pettigrew, great success, his mode of lecturing in his Medical Portrait Gallery, "with being admirably adapted to sustain which he was thus enabled to enrich the interest and promote the instruc- his portfolio, have been referred to as tion of his pupils. In 1812 Mr Bell was the finest specimens of water-colourelected one of the surgeons of Mid-ing in the English anatomical school." dlesex Hospital, where, from the first In 1812 he was admitted a member Anatomy of the Brain," printed for private circulation in 1811; “Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body," 3 vols. 1816; "Surgical Observations, or Cases Treated in the Middlesex Hospital," 1817; "Essay on the Forces which Circulate the Blood," 1819; "Treatise on the Diseases of the Urethra," &c., 1822; two Lectures "On the Injuries of the Spine and of the Thigh-bone," 1824; " Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” 1824; "Nervous System of the Hu new and more complete edition appeared in 1836; and "Institutes of Surgery," 2 vols. 1838. of the Royal College of Surgeons of already named, are, "A System of London. It is related, that on this Dissections, explaining the Anatomy occasion the examiners asked Mr Bell, of the Human Body, the manner of with suitable gravity, what was his displaying the parts, and their varieopinion of the probable fate of Napo-ties in Disease," 2 vols. folio, 1799leon Bonaparte; and immediately on 1801; "Essays on the Anatomy of receiving his answer, declared them- Expression in Painting," 4te, 1806; selves satisfied with the candidate's "Letters concerning the Diseases of proficiency!" A few years thereafter the Urethra," 1810; "Idea of a New he was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons, and subsequently a member of the council. At the request of Lord Brougham, he had written some papers on the animal economy, for "The Library for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge," which became deservedly popular, particularly his two dissertations on "Animal Mechanics." He afterwards edited, conjointly with his Lordship, the illustrated edition of "Paley's Evidences of Natural Religion," published in 1836. On the ac-man Body," 1830; of this last work a cession of William IV. in 1831, he was one of the five eminent men in science on whom the Guelphic Order of Knighthood was conferred, the others Sir Charles was one of the eight emibeing Sir John Herschel, Sir David nent men who were selected to write Brewster, Sir John Leslie, and Sir the celebrated Bridgewater Treatises, James Ivory. The establishment of On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness the London University, now Univer- of God, as manifested in the Works of sity College, was fatal to the school Creation; his contribution being on in Windmill Street, and the Gover-"The Hand, its mechanism and vital nors of the new institution, of their endowments, as evincing design," own accord, offered to place Sir, which was published in 1834. For Charles at the head of their new me. this work he received the premium of dical school. He accordingly deli- L.1000. The most important of Sir vered the general opening lecture in Charles Bell's professional studies this section of the College, and fol- are to be found in his various papers lowed it by a regular course of cha- in the Philosophical Transactions. racteristic lectures on physiology. commencing in 1821, relating to the After he had retired from his fune- Nervous System. These were aftertions as a lecturer, he confined him- wards republished separately. self to his practice, which, though very extensive, was chiefly in nervous affections. By his valuable writings, the surgical knowledge of his time has been much advanced, having published various works in surgery and the nervous system, his discoveries connected with which have given him an European fame. In the catalogue of his works, besides those In 1835 he was elected Professor of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh, in the room of Dr Turner, a situation which he held with great distinction till his lamented death. Sir Charles died suddenly of an attack of spasms, to which he was subject, on the morning of April 30, 1842, at Hallow Park, near Worcester, the seat of Mrs Holland, with whom SCOTISH BIOGRAPHY. he and Lady Bell were making a short stay on their way to London. He was a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and a member of some other learned bodies. He married, in 1811, the second daughter of C. Shaw, Esq. of Ayr, who survives him. BUR of him," a saying that became proverbial, as David Borthwick's testament. an enterprising Eastern traveller and BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER, C. B., diplomatist, one of the sons of the present town-clerk of Montrose, was BORTHWICK, DAVID, of Loch-great-grandfather was the brother of born in that town May 16, 1805. His William Burnes, the father of Burns the poet, and his grandfather was the relative to whom, on his deathbed, the latter appealed, when too late, for some pecuniary assistance. Burnes was educated at Montrose Young Aca lemy, and greatly distinguished hill, a learned lawyer and judge, was Lord Advocate of Scotland in the reign of James VI., before which time he was usually designated" Mr David Borthwick of Auldistone." He was one of the nine advocates selected by the Court of Session, in the spring of 1549, to plead "befoir thame in all ac-himself by his proficiency. Having tions and causes." In 1552 he was thereafter obtained the appointment made a member of the Public Com- of cadet for the Bombay army, he mission appointed to treat with the arrived at that Presidency on October English Commissioners on Border af- 31, 1821. fairs. In June 1564 he was counsel for the Magistrates and Town Council of Edinburgh in a prosecution against them, and in May 1567, as counsel for the Earl of Bothwell, he took instruments of Queen Mary's pardon and forgiveness of him and his accomplices for her abduction to Dunbar, which that Princess pronounced in Court on the 12th of that month. In 1573 Borthwick became, with Crichton of Elliock, father of the Admirable Crichton, joint King's Advocate, when, as was then customory, he took his seat as a Lord of Session. He appears to have been the first who bore the title of "Lord Advocate." The salary of this functionary at that period was L.40 Scots yearly, and that of a Lord of Session amounted to about the same sum, considered a good deal of money in those days. Bothwick died in January 1581. He had acquired estates in the counties of Berwick, Haddington, and Fife, in which, before his death, he had infeft his son James, whose extravagance and improvidence caused some of them to be sold, even in his father's lifetime. This circumstance induced the old man, on his deathbed, to exclaim bitterly, "I do give him to the devil that doth get a fool, and maketh not a fool 789 1822 he was appointed interpreter in On the 25th of December the Hindostanee language to the first extra battalion at Surat, and his thorough knowledge of the Persian language soon after obtained for him, from the Judges of the Sudder Adaw. lut, the employment of translating the Persian documents of that Court. His regiment, the 21st Native Infantry, in which he held the rank of Lieutenant, having, early in 1825, been ordered to Bhooj, he accompanied it, and during the serious disturbances at Cutch, in April of that year, he was appointed Quartermaster of Brigade, in which capacity he served with the field force against the insurgents, and afforded important aid to the then officiating resident, Captain Walter. occasion he gave early promise of that energy and decision which characterized his after proceedings. Although not yet twenty years of age, his talents, activity, and zeal, attracted the attention of his superiors, and in November of the same year he was, on the recommendation of the Adjutant-General, Sir D. Leighton, ap. pointed Persian interpreter to a force of 8000 men, commanded by Colonel M. Napier, of his Majesty's 6th foot, assembled for the invasion of Scinde. In August 1826 he was confirmed on On this BUR BUR tion of Sir John Malcolm, Lieutenant derived from such a journey, in addition to the mission in which he was ostensibly employed, directed Lieu. tenant Burnes to obtain full and complete intelligence in reference to everything pertaining to the geography of the Indus. the general staff as a Deputy-Assist- a present of horses, from the King of ant-Quartermaster-General. At this England to the Maharajah Runjeet period he drew up an able and elabo- Singh, arrived at Bombay, with a letrate paper on the Statistics of Wagur, ter of compliments from the minister which was forwarded to Government, for India, Lord Ellenborough, to the in January 1827, by Colonel Shuld- Sikh Chief. ham, Quartermaster-General, with many high encomiums on the industry and research of the reporter, and on the value of the information which the document contained. For this report Lieutenant Burnes received the thanks of Government, with a hand-ing that much information might be some reward in money. He had also the high testimony of the Governor, Mountstuart Elphinstone, in his favour. In the following year similar marks of approbation were bestowed on him for a valuable memoir on the Eastern Mouth of the Indus. In addition to the customary forms of approbation, Lieutenant Burnes was, on this occasion, specially complimented on the proofs which his labours afforded of a disposition to combine the advancement of general knowledge with the exemplary discharge of his official duties. A few months after he furnished the authorities with a Memoir supplementary to the report already mentioned. In the early part of the same year (1828) he presented a memorial, applying for permission to visit the line of country immediately beyond our north frontier, and lying between Marwar and the Indus, including the examination of the Loonee river. The projected journey was, however, for a time delayed, and on the 18th March he was appointed Assistant Quartermaster-General to the army. might be given to a deviation from That a better colour the customary route so far as Hydrabad, he was entrusted with presents to the Ameers of Scinde. escort of British troops was declined, A regular and a guard of wild Beloochees was found sufficient to ensure protection, while they permitted an intercourse with the natives which a more regular force would have prevented. The expedition moved from Mandavee, in Cutch, on the 1st of January 1831, and on the 28th arrived at the western mouth of the Indus. After many annoying delays and obstructions thrown in their way by the jealousy of the Ameers, the party reached Hydrabad on the 18th of March. The unlooked for detention, meanwhile, had been turned to good account, a full survey of all the mouths of the Indus, and a In September 1829 he was appointed and of the land route to Tatta, having map of the lower portion of its course, to act as assistant to the political agent been the fruits. in Cutch, in prosecution of the survey they once more embarked on the InOn the 23d of April of the north-west frontier, Lieutenant dus; and, after visiting the various (now Major) Holland, of the Quarter- places of note along that river, armaster-General's department, hav-rived at Lahore on the 18th of July. ing been nominated to act with him They next proceeded across the Sutin the intended survey. An account ledge to Loodianah, and here Burnes of the expedition, written by himself, first met the present King of Cabul, will be found in the Transactions of the Schah Soojah-ool-Molk, then liv- ' the Royal Geographical Society of ing as a guest within the British terLondon, 1834. Early in the year 1830 | ritories, and maintaining, while a pen 790 |