Navalists and Antinavalists: The Naval Policy Debate in the United States, 1785-1827

12th Congress 1st sess 2d sess advocates Alexander Hamilton Alfred Thayer Mahan Algerines American commerce American Naval Power Annals Antinavalists appropriation argued arguments army attempt augmentation authorized Barbary battleships bill Britain British build Carolina Cheves Cheves's claimed coast Committee congressmen construction continued cost crisis defense diplomatic European favored Federalist fleet foreign fortifications France French Gallatin gunboats guns History House Ibid immediate increase James January Jefferson John Adams John Quincy Adams Lemuel Sawyer Madison maritime Mediterranean Messages military militia million mission Naval Affairs naval establishment naval expansion naval force naval policy debate Navalist-Antinavalist Navalists necessary object opponents opposed peace peacetime naval pirates political possession present president proposed protection Quasi-War Republicans Rodgers Royal Navy Samuel Samuel McKee Secretary Senate ships six frigates sloops squadron Statutes at Large Stoddert three frigates tion trade United States Navy vessels victory vols vote Warhawks warships Washington William Branch Giles York