mann, Quellen, Vorbilder, Stoffe zu Shelley's Poetischen Werken (1890); and Woodberry's introduction and notes in the Cambridge ed. of Shelley. MARION TUCKER.

ADONIJAH, the fourth son of King David, by Haggith. His claim to the throne was best after Absalom's death, and the chief commander Joab and the high-priest Abiathar supported him; but the captain of the bodyguard Benaiah, the priest Zadok, the prophet Nathan and Solomon's mother Bathsheba, induced the old King David to make Solomon associate at once. Adonijah fled to the tabernacle for protection; but after the death of David he was slain by order of Solomon on the pretext that his request for a concubine of David's was a claim to the throne.

ADONIS, a-do'nis, in Greek legend, son of Myrrha, daughter of Cinyras King of Cyprus: born in Arabia. Before the birth of her son she was transformed into the tree which produces the fragrant gum called by her name; this, however, did not hinder his being brought into the world in due season. He grew up a model of manly beauty and was passionately beloved by Aphrodite (Venus), who quitted Olympus to dwell with him. Hunting was his favorite pursuit, until, having gone to the chase against the entreaties of his mistress, he was mortally wounded in the thigh by a wild boar. Venus, coming too late to his rescue, changed his blood into flowers. After death he was said to stand as high in the favor of Persephone (Proserpine) as before in that of Aphrodite; but, the latter being inconsolable, her rival generously consented that Adonis should spend half the year with his celestial, half with his infernal mistress. This is a highly decorated form; the simpler and older myth seems to have been that Aphrodite and Persephone contested the beautiful child's possession, and Zeus ordered that he should spend four months with each and four as he chose. The fable has been variously interpreted. The alternate abode of Adonis above and under the earth is typical of the burial of seed, which in due season rises above ground for the propagation of its species. How much of the myth was cause and how much result of the famous Greek woman's festival, the Adonia, cannot be said. This represented the union of Adonis and Aphrodite on one day and the sorrow over his death the other, and the women performed the funeral rites over small images of him; also planting quick-growing herbs like fennel and lettuce in shards filled with earth, and throwing them into springs after the burial. It was a worship of the reproductive principle of plants, which after a short life die and are buried and again spring up; naturally, it was involved with the grossnesses of phallic worship, for which all growth-cults tended to be an excuse. The name is Semitic, adon, "lord,"

though of course all the local gods were "adons" of the place,- and the cult was widespread in the east; in Phoenicia the Adon was termed Thammuz, "the hidden." The Greek celebration was often performed by the priestesses of Aphrodite, courtesans; but Theocritus' charming Idyl XV shows that in his time at least it was perfectly respectable for decent women to attend.

ADONIS, a genus of plants of the family Ranunculacea, or crowfoot family. The plants are natives of Europe, and only a single species, A. autumnalis, the "pheasant's eye" of the flower-garden, is grown commonly in the United States. It is a low leafy annual with scarlet or crimson flowers, darker in the centre. It is said to have been stained with the blood of Adonis.

ADONI-ZEDEK, a-dō'nai tzh-ë-dëk, King of Jerusalem at the time of the invasion of Canaan by the Israelites under Joshua. He was the head of an alliance of five kings designing to stop the progress of Joshua's invasion. The kings were defeated and took refuge in a cave. By Joshua's order the mouth of the cave was closed and a guard set until the pursuit was The kings were then brought out and made to prostrate themselves, when Joshua and his generals placed their feet upon the necks of the kings in token of triumph. The kings were then executed and their bodies hung on trees until evening when the bodies were taken down and put in the cave which was blocked with stone.

over.

The,

one which arose in Spain toward the end of the 8th century. Its leaders were Felix, bishop of Urgel, and Elipand, archbishop of Toledo; they modified the doctrine of Nestorius (see NESTORIANISM) to the opinion that Christ was the Son of God only in his divine nature, and in his human nature only so by adoption. It was hoped that this doctrine would be more acceptable to the Mohammedans than the orthodox view, and a means toward their conversion; and Elipand was a zealous missionary among them. Felix introduced it into Frankish Spain, and Charlemagne called a synod at Regensburg (Ratisbon) in 792 to have him explain and justify it. Instead he renounced it, confirming the renunciation by a solemn oath to Adrian I, to whom the synod sent him; yet on returning to his diocese he taught it as before. Another synod was held at Frankfort in 794, and the doctrine was formally condemned, neither Felix nor any of his followers attending. After some controversy a commission of clergy was sent to Spain to put down the heresy. Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons, one of the commission, persuaded Felix to go before a synod at Aix-laChapelle in 799 and recant; which after a week's dispute with the great Alcuin he did, and was prevented from further relapse by being kept under surveillance at Lyons for the rest of his life, to 816. Elipand, at Toledo, maintained his Adoptian views despite their ban by the Church; but after his death they were abandoned by practically all. Occasional advocates afterward arose during the Middle Ages, however, and the question has been discussed even in modern times.

ADOPTION, the act of taking a stranger into one's family, as a son or daughter; or the taking of a person, a society, etc., into more intimate relations than formerly existed with another person or society; or the taking as one's own, with or without acknowledgment, an opinion, plan, etc., originating with another; also the selecting one from several courses open to a person's choice.

the Italian General Baratieri was defeated by the Negus Menelek, 1 March 1896, when 7,000 men, 250 officers and the whole artillery were lost.

ADRA, ä'drą, (the ancient ABDERA), seaport of southern Spain, in the province of Almeria, 29 miles west southwest from the town of that name, near the mouth of the Adra, on an eminence facing the Mediterranean. The inhabitants are employed in agriculture, fishing, distilling brandy and manufacturing lead from the ore produced from the extensive mines in the neighborhood. Pop. about 12,000.

ADRAR', a-drär', Sahara, a district peopled by Berbers, possessing camels, sheep and oxen and cultivating dates, wheat, barley and melons. Chief towns, Wadan, pop. 4,000, and Shingit, which has inexhaustible beds of rock-salt. The region embraces about 30,000 square miles and since 1892 is a part of the French possessions.

ADRASTUS, in Greek legend, King of Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache. Polynices, being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos, where he married Argia, daughter of Adrastus. The King assisted his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army led by seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed the burying of the Argives fallen in battle. Theseus went to his assistance and was victorious. In a later story Adrastus after a long reign died from grief occasioned by the death of his son Egialeus. He was worshipped at Sicyon, Megara and Athens, perhaps also at Argos and the Troad. See ARGOS; THEBES.

ADRENALS, also known as suprarenal glands. Paired structures, which in the human animal are located in the kidney fat just above the kidney. They have no physiological relation with that organ. They are a vital necessity to life and removal of the glands by accident, experiment or disease causes almost instant death. Disorders of the glands are numerous and of enormous importance to the well being of the body since by their internal secretion, the hormone, known as adrenalin, the blood pressure of the body is regulated. They belong to a group of structures, known as the glands of internal secretion, which are a part of the vegetative nervous system of the body, and the action of the hormone is chiefly made effective through the sympathetic fibres of this vegetative nervous system.

The suprarenal glands are made up largely of chromaffine tissue, which like the cells of the sympathetic ganglia is derived from neuroblasts of the central nervous system. The cortex of the suprarenals is made up of entirely different types of cells. Chromaffine cells are found also in the sympathetic paraganglia of the solar plexus, Zuckerkandl's aortic ganglia, the cardiac paraganglia, the coccygeal and cartoid ganglia of Luschka, and the tympanic paraganglia. The tissues themselves are richly supplied with sympathetic nerve fibres.

The chromaffine tissues produce a true internal secretion adrenalin, whose chemical

Its nearest relative is tyrosin, a well-known product of protein decomposition. The chief action of adrenalin is through the sympathetic nervous fibres increasing their reactive capacity, or sensitizing them as it were. The routine function of the chromaffine tissue is to react to metabolic stimuli largely in response to desire and fear. Their emergency function, as Cannon has termed it, is to provide the necessary over-response to emotional hyperactivity, i. e., to increased or diminished desire and fear which, as their correllates love and hate, are the ultimate expressions in the symbolic sphere of what are instinctively known as useful or harmful agencies to the organism and to the race. This over- or under-response brings about, through widespread vegetative nervous system activities, including those upon other endocrinous glands, the approximately necessary metabolic adjustment. This takes place chiefly through the regulation of the blood volume and of the organic and inorganic constituents of its plasma. Adrenalin itself is present in the plasma in proportions of 1 to 20,000,000. Notwithstanding this extreme dilution it acts upon unstriped muscle fibre and on sympathetic receptors. Adrenalin then is a typical product which demonstrates the metabolic regulation mechanisms of the vegetative nervous system. In addition to this broad function of keeping the sympathetic nerve fibres in adjustment it has certain specific functions, over- or under-activity of which give rise to a typical hyperadrenalemia and to hypoadrenalemias. The latter syndrome, when well developed, is known as Addison's disease.

Furthermore, very minute amounts produce results antagonistic to those from large doses. This bears upon the facts known concerning the antagonisms of sympathetic and autonomic impulses. This idea should prove of service in the entire range of opotherapy in calling attention to the results obtained by large and by small doses.

Hypoadrenalemia.- The most acute form which is present in complete or great loss to the suprarenals is rare. Pende, in Patologia del apparato surrenale' (Milan 1909), has described six types to which he gives the names impromptu death of suprarenal origin, pseudoperitoneal type, cholera-like or gastro-intestinal adrenalemia, apoplectiform type, meningoencephalitic type and myocardial type. In the first form individuals suddenly die without warning, without symptoms save perhaps an epileptiform cry or acute dyspnea or angina. Caseous degeneration of the suprarenals has been observed. The pseudoperitoneal forms resemble an inexplicable attack of acute peritonitis with death. The gastro-intestinal form behaves

like an acute poisoning. The apoplectiform resembles a cerebral hemorrhage, but autopsy has shown no cerebral defect but suprarenal hemorrhage. The cases are extremely difficult of diagnosis and are rarities. Less severe types may be met with, among which the attacks of vomiting of pregnancy may be considered.

Addison's Disease.— This is a more chronic type due to more or less total involvement. As early as 1855 this disorder was first described by Thomas Addison whose outline practically covered the essential symptomatology. It is a disorder of adult life, 30 to 40 years. Its chief features are a gradually developing asthenia, with arterial hypotension. There is morning nausea or vomiting, lumbar pains, an advancing yellowish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, amyatrophy. depression, unwillingness to do anything, with episodic occurrence of myoclonic, tetanoid or epileptiform convulsions with periodic palsies, confusional states, delirium, chronic paranoid ideas, coma, death. The chief lesion found is tuberculosis of the medulla of the suprarenal glands. The more complete symptom picture may be consulted in works on general medicine.

Partial Hypoadrenalemias.- These have been termed the abortive or latent types of Addison's disease. The melanoderma is absent, but the other symptoms noted are observed. Constitutional hypoadrenalemic states no doubt are very numerous and show themselves as rare and obscure forms of lowered vascular tonus, cardiac instability, muscular asthenia, visceral and ligamentous ptoses. These are often correlated with a chronic sclerosing adrenal.

Hyperadrenalemia. Several types are known, the most striking of which are: (a) Genito-adrenal syndrome of pseudohermaphroditism, (b) virilism, (c) precocious macrogenitosomia. The fact that these syndromes occur only in women, as well as the pathological data, point to a simultaneously invoked ovarian disturbance. These are feminine hermaphroditic forms externally with virile secondary male sexual characters. The earliest case reported was by Creechio in 1865, of a woman of 52, taken to be a 'man. She had a large penis-like clitoris with hypospadias, no scrotum nor testicles, a uterus with two tubes, two ovaries without trace of corpora lutei, and an enlarged and voluminous suprarenal. She had been markedly asthenic, dying in a syncopal attack with vomiting and persistent diarrhoea. Other cases show other combinations such as amenorrhea, gynecomastia, adiposity, hypertrophied clitoris, hypertrichosis, masculine voice, muscular activity, nervous and agitated, even overactive. Others only show continued hypertension and secondary arteriosclerosis possibly with glycosuria. Some patients pass through a nervous agitated crisis with all signs of marked hypertension, approaching a manic episode.

The virile type are made up of those intensely masculine females with traces of beards and often with marked homosexual traits.

The third type consists of the "infant hercules" anomalies, who at the ages of from four to eleven years develop genital hair, beards, general hypertrichosis and markedly older skeletons. Sometimes the intelligence is precocious, again they are imbeciles.

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Therapy Polyglandular opotherapy with careful analysis of each type may give relief in certain cases. The indications are slowly crystallizing but cannot be even summarized here. Consult Jelliffe and White, 'Diseases of the Nervous System' (1917); Sergent, 'Les Glandes Surrenales' (1917); Pende, Patologia dell apparato surrenale) (1909); Falta, 'The Ductless Glands' (1915); Gley, 'The Internal Secretions' (1917). SMITH ELY JELLIFFE.

He

ADRETS, Baron des, dā'za'dra', Francis de Beaumont: b. Dauphiné 1513; d. 1587; a violent French Huguenot, who distinguished himself by many daring exploits as well as cruelties. From 1562 on he made himself noted for a ferocity matching his opponents, but seemingly from no religious motive. subsequently became a Catholic, but died as he had lived, in general detestation. At some places he obliged his prisoners to throw themselves from the battlements upon the pikes of his soldiers. Reproaching one for retreating twice from the fatal leap, "Sir," replied the man, "I defy you, with all your bravery, to take it in three." This keen rejoinder saved his life.

ADRIA, ä'drē-a, Italy, in the province of Rovigo, between the Po and Adige, is one of the oldest cities in Europe, having been founded by the Etruscans. So late as the 12th century A.D. it was a flourishing harbor on the Adriatic Sea, to which it gave name; but by the continual deposition of alluvium on the east coast of Italy it has been gradually separated from the sea, from which it is now 15 miles distant. It still retains several interesting remains of Etruscan and Roman antiquity, with a fine cathedral. It has a considerable trade in cattle, grain and wine, silk, linen, leather and pottery. Pop. about 18,000.

ADRIA, an abbreviated name of the Adriatic Sea. It is used by Milton in 'Paradise Lost.'

ADRIAN, Emperor. See HADRIAN.

ADRIAN I, Pope, b. Rome; succeeded Stephen III in 772; d. 795. Like his predecessor, he had to struggle against the power_of the Longobards, who had invaded the Exarchate and other provinces bestowed by Pepin, King of the Franks, on the Roman see. Adrian applied to Charlemagne for assistance against Desiderius, King of the Longobards, Charlemagne crossed the Alps, defeated Desiderius and overthrew the Longobard kingdom in 774; he then went to Rome, where Adrian acknowledged him as King of Italy, and the latter renewed Pepin's grant. Charlemagne paid another visit to Adrian at Rome in 787, when his son Pepin was christened by the Pope. In 787 the 7th General Council of the Church was held at Nicæa. Adrian died after a pontificate of nearly 24 years. He was a man of talent and dexterity; he succeeded in gaining and preserving the friendship of the greatest sovereign of his time and saved Rome from the last barbarian invaders of the Western Empire. He was the first Pope to change his name on election.

ADRIAN II: b. Rome; succeeded Nicholas I 867; d. 872. He had been married and had a daughter by his wife Stephania, from whom he afterward separated in order to live in

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celibacy. During his pontificate Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, withdrew from the Church of Rome; from which time dates the schism between the Greek and Latin Churches. He was succeeded by John VIII.

ADRIAN III: b. Rome; succeeded Marinus 884 and died the following year.

ADRIAN IV, the only Englishman ever raised to the papacy; succeeded Anastasius IV, 1154; d. 1 Sept. 1159. He was Nicholas Brakespeare, and for some time filled a mean situation in the monastery of St. Albans. Being refused the habit in that house, he went to France and became a clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus, of which he was afterward chosen abbot. Eugenius III created him cardinal in 1146, and in 1148 made him legate to Denmark and Norway, which he converted to Christianity. As Pope he granted to Henry II a bull for the conquest of Ireland. In 1155 he excommunicated the King of Sicily; and about the same time the Emperor Frederick II, meeting him on a journey, held his stirrup while he mounted his horse. Adrian took the Emperor with him and consecrated him King of the Romans in St. Peter's Church. The next year the King of Sicily submitted and was absolved. His term was stormy; the Romans, influenced by Arnold of Brescia (whom he put to death), opposed him; his high claims for the papacy opened the long struggle with the Hohenstaufen house; and he was about to excommunicate Frederick II when he died. He was succeeded by Alexander III.

ADRIAN V, a Genoese, succeeded Innocent in 1276, and died five weeks after his election. He was succeeded by John XX.

ADRIAN VI, succeeded Leo X 1522; d. 1525. He was born at Utrecht, of an obscure family, advanced himself by his talents to the post of vice-chancellor of the University of Louvain. Ferdinand of Spain gave him the bishopric of Tortosa. After Fedinand's death he was coregent of Spain with Cardinal Ximenes. He was elected Pope chiefly through the influence of Charles V, whose authority was then spreading over Italy. He was succeeded by Clement VII.

ADRIAN, Mich., city and county-seat of Lenawee County; on the Raisin River, and on the N. Y. C., the Wabash and the Detroit, T. and I. railroads, 33 miles west of Toledo, Ohio, and 60 miles southwest of Detroit It is situated in the midst of a prosperous agricultural section and is fast becoming an important manufacturing centre owing to its favorable location and railway advantages. Among the chief industries are wire-fence plants, condensed milk plant, steel and iron casting foundry; and manufactories of cotton knitted underwear, screens for doors and windows, electric bells and horns, pianos, organs, leather, rockers, razor strops, concrete products, steel posts and rural mail boxes, baskets, gloves, mittens and toothpicks. Tomato preserving and tomato seed growing are also important industries with headquarters at Adrian. The United States Census of 1914 reported 68 manufacturing establishments on a factory basis employing 1,506 persons of whom 1,256 were wage earners, and a combined capital of $5,032,000. The annual value of the products amounts to $5,442,000. There are five

banks with a combined capital and earnings of $737,298 and deposits of $4,805,834. The city has a fine system of public schools with 2,500 pupils and is the seat of Adrian College (q.v.); St. Joseph's Academy for Girls (Catholic) with 500 pupils; a good business college, and the State Industrial Home for Girls. There are many fine churches, a Y. M. C. A. building, a new post office, a public library with 23,264 volumes. Streets shaded with maple trees and lighted with electricity and handsome private residences make Adrian an attractive home city. It was founded in 1825 by Addison J. Comstock, incorporated as a village in 1828 and chartered as a city in 1853. The government is the commission form with a mayor and two commissioners. The city has a good sewerage system, water works, public steam heating and an electric street car line, and is connected by an interurban line with Toledo. Pop. (1910) 10,763; (1917)

12,000.

ADRIAN, Bull of (1156), issued by Pope Adrian IV (q.v.), granting the sovereignty of Ireland to Henry II in return for his undertaking to support the papal authority and to pay Peter's Pence.

AD VALOREM DUTY, a tax or duty the amount of which is not fixed, but is calculated at a rate of so much per cent on the value of the article imported.

ADRIAN COLLEGE, Michigan, located at Adrian, county-seat of Lenawee County, a Methodist Protestant coeducational institution, one of the oldest in the United States, organized at Leoni, Mich., in 1852, and in 1859 transferred under a new charter to Adrian. The college grounds cover 22 acres with five large collegiate buildings on the campus. The departments of instruction comprise: College of literature, science and arts; school of theology; commercial school; school of domestic science; school of fine arts; conservatory of music. The college library contains over 10,000 valuable reference works. The conservatory of music is equipped with a superior modern $20,000 four-manual pipe organ. From the time of its organization the college has maintained a reputation for thorough work as one of the best educational institutions in the country and with its facilities continually improved and kept abreast of the times, presents advantages for securing thorough scholarship, superior to those of any previous period. Special advantages are offered to the children of Methodist Protestant ministers and to candidates for the Methodist Protestant ministry. The average annual enrolment of students is over 200.

ADRIAN DE CASTELLO (ADRIANO DI CASTELO, ädrē-ä'nō dē käs-tel'ō), Italian cardinal and scholar: b. Corneto, Tuscany, c. 1460; d. 1521. He was educated at Rome; sent by Innocent VIII to England, and to Scotland and reconciled James III to his subjects; after that monarch's death at Sauchieburn he remained in England, and obtained a prebend and rectory from Henry VII. After Innocent's death in 1492 he returned to Rome and became prothonotary or secretary to Alexander VI (Borgia), and finally cardinal just before Alexander's death in 1503. The story that Alexander fell a victim to his own attempt to poison Adrian in order to inherit his great fortune is