Ottoman sovereignty but the liberty-loving Albanians rose in rebellion against their oppressors in 1833, 1836 and 1842. The Albanians in the south followed the example of their northern brothers and rebelled in 1843 and 1847, but were mercilessly suppressed and crushed by Omer Pasha. Among other rebellions that took place in Albania mention must be made of that of 1872 when the Meredits joined hands with the Montenegrins and resisted stubbornly Dervish Pasha. Stimulated by the Turkish revolution of 1908 and the despotism of the Young Turks the powerful Malissori contributed to bring about the Balkan war (q.v.) of 1912. The Balkan allies wished to divide Albania among themselves, but were opposed by Austria-Hungary and Italy. At Valona 28 Nov. 1912 Albania was declared independent, a provisional government was set up under Ismail Kemal Bey and on 20 Dec. 1912 the London Ambassadorial Conference of the Great Powers acknowledged the autonomy of Albania, and later approximately defined the frontiers and appointed Prince William of Wied sovereign (in Albanian "M'pret," a corruption of Imperator) of the new country, to be supported by an International Commission of Control of six members. The Prince arrived in Durazzo 7 March 1914, but after the outbreak of the European war fled from the country with most of the members of the commission. An attempt made by Essad Pasha to set up a military form of government failed (5 Oct. 1914) and Albania fell into a state of anarchy. On 25 Dec. 1914 the Italians captured Valona. Had the new principality survived its area would probably have been 10,000 to 11,500 square miles and its population between 800,000 and 850,000. But the total Albanian population is computed to 1,700,000, of which number 250,000 live in Greece, 100,000 in southern Italy, while many thousands live in Asia Minor and in European Turkey.

Language. Authorities are not in complete accord over the origin of the Albanian language. By some it is thought to be the speech of the ancient Pelasgs, but Gustav Meyer and most of the later philologists believe it to be one of the eight chief Indo-Germanic groups, representing the ancient Illyrian; it is found not only in Albania, but in southern Italy and Sicily. The former notion that its affinities were prevailing Greek was derived from the number of Greek loan-words in its southern branch, the Toskish, the northern and the more primitive being called Gegish; the affiliation of the whole is rather to Slavic than any other. While retaining its grammatical structure, its vocabulary has been largely transformed by borrowing from its neighbors; Latin most, then Greek, Serbian and Turkish. The many suffixes of Latin origin, the simple and compound verbs made in accordance with Latin models, the formation of plurals by inflexion, etc., are the best proof that the Albanian language has been affected most by Latin influence. It has almost no literature, except folk songs, fables and tales. The Gegish use the Roman alphabet, the Toskish the Greek, with some changes, there being no common written alphabet. Apart from a few writings of the Roman Catholic propaganda (Varibabba with his 'Life of the Virgin Mary') mention should be made of de Rada's

attempt to collect Albanian national poetry and rhapsodies (19th century). In the most recent times Koustauban Kristoforidhis has written a grammar of the Albanian languages and endeavored to translate the Old and New Testaments.

Bibliography.- Consult the_bibliography compiled by Manek, Pekmezi and Stotz (Vienna 1909); also Legrand et Guys, 'Bibliographie Albanaise du XV siècle à l'année 1900 (Paris 1912); Durham, 'High Albania) (London 1909); id., The Struggle for Scutari (London 1914); Grothe, 'Durch Albanien und Montenegro (Munich 1913); Gopčevič, 'Das Fürstentum Albanien, seine Vergangenheit, ethnographische Verhältnisse, politische Lage und Aussicht für die Zukunft' (Berlin 1914); Peacock, Albania, the Foundling State of Europe' (London 1914); Gibert, Les pays d'Albanie et leur histoire (Paris 1914); Wace and Thomp son, The Nomads of the Balkans' (London 1914). Language.- Miklošich, Albanesische Forschungen (Vienna 1870-71); Meyer, Albanesische Studien (Vienna 1883-96); id. 'Albanesische Grammatik' (Leipzig 1888); Jokl, 'Studien zur Albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung) (Vienna 1911); Weigand 'Albanesische Grammatik in Sudgegischen Da lekt? (Leipzig 1913); Lambertz, Max and P mezi, 'Lehr-und Lesebuch des Albanesischen (Vienna 1914); Blanchus, Dictionarium Latino-Epiroticum' (Rome 1635); Lecce, Osser vazioni grammaticali nella lingua albanese (Rome 1716); Rossi, 'Vocabolario italiano-epirotico (Rome 1866); id., 'Vocabolario della lingua epirotica-italiana' (Rome 1875); Kahn, 'Albanesische Studien (Jena 1854); Dozon, Manuel de la langue tchipe ou albanaise (Paris 1879); Kristaforidhis, "Gpapparin s aλBATIKйs yawoons (Constantinople 1882).

Revised by WOISLAV M. PETROVITCH, Chief, Slavonic Division, New York Public Library.

ALBANS, St. See ST. ALbans.

ALBANY, äl'ba-nî, Louisa Maria Caroline or Aloysia, COUNTESS OF, a princess of the Stol berg-Gedern family: b. 1753; d. 29 Jan. 1824 She married in 1772 the English pretender, Charles Edward Stuart, after which event she bore the above title. Her marriage was unfruitful and unhappy. To escape from the barbarity of her husband she retired in 1780 to a cloister and afterward to the house of her brother-in-law at Rome where she met the poet, Alfieri, to whom, soon after the death of her husband, she was privately married. Alfieri attributed to her his poetic inspiration. (See place of residence, in her 72d year. Her ashes ALFIERI). She died at Florence, her usual and those of Alfieri now repose under a common monument in the church of Santa Croce at Florence.

gas and electric lighting plants and waterworks. Pop. (1910) 8,190; (1916) 12,500.

ALBANY, Mo., city and county-seat of Gentry County, on the Chicago, B. & Q. Railway, about 82 miles northeast from Kansas City. The Central Christian College and the Northwest Missouri College are situated there. The city, first settled in 1845, is governed by a mayor and council. Pop. 2,000.

ALBANY, N. Y., State capital and seat of Albany County, on the right (west) bank of the Hudson, 143 miles north of New York, 200 miles west of Boston, 297 miles east of Buffalo. Besides its political importance as the capital, its commercial and manufacturing status is high. For many years the starting point of all the enormous eastern travel and traffic to the West, over the Erie Canal (q.v.), connecting it with the Great Lakes at Lake Erie, and now virtually the terminus of the new State Barge Canal System, it is an important port and the intersecting point of the great western as well as northern rail and water routes. With New York and the ocean it is connected by the imperial Hudson, of which it is the head of navigation for large steamers (smaller ones_going_on_to Troy, six miles above). The Barge Canal is a great commercial advantage and will soon be more so; while the Champlain-Barge Canal gives access not only to western Vermont, but to the Saint Lawrence and the heart of Canada, with the foreign business centring at Montreal. It joins the western and northern traffic of the New York Central Railroad system (the Adirondack region, Vermont and Canada) and that of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad with the western traffic of central New England over the Boston & Albany branch of the New York Central road, the Fitchburg branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad and the Rutland Railroad.

re

Trade and Manufacturing.- The through freight lines now leave little transshipment to be done at Albany, but the city still mains an important passenger centre, and is the second largest express and the third largest mail transfer point in the United States. Commerce and industries are conservative and it retains much of both given it by its position in earlier times as a distributing point and terminal. In particular, the great Canadian and Adirondack forests to the north have made it an immense lumber port. Its manufactures are of wide and well-known importance, the greatest being iron goods,- foundries and stove works,- wood and brass; combined wood and metal, as carriages and wagons; brick, shirts, collars and cuffs, clothing and knit goods, shoes, flour, tobacco and cigars; and brewery products, billiard balls, dominoes, checkers and embossed blocks. The United States census (1914) reported 477 manufacturing establishments of factory grade, employing 11,405 persons, of whom 9,399 were wageearners receiving a total of $5,652,000 in wages. The capital employed aggregated $26,683,000 and the value of the output $25,289,000; the value added by manufacture being $13,864,000. In addition there are also the extensive car and locomotive shops of the New York Central Railroad.

Finances. The assessed valuation of real property in 1917 was $104,701,690 and the net

327

public debt in 1910 was $2,458,644.08. The annual and municipal outlay is about $2,283,000, of which $492,286 was for schools, $244,885 for police and $250,610 for the fire department. There were four discount banks and trust com

panies with aggregate capital of $3,000,000, and seven savings banks with a surplus (at market value) of $4,621,941, and amount of deposits of $83,973,602. Tax rate (1917) per $100 was $2.56 (includes State, county and city taxes).

Interior. The city has a river frontage of little over four miles and extends west about nine miles, from a narrow alluvial strip often flooded in the spring, over a steep rise to a sandy tableland 150 to 200 feet above tidewater, divided into four elevations and their corresponding valleys. It has 97.5 miles of streets, paved with granite, asphalt and brick; gas and electric light plants; and about 42 miles of electric street railways within its limits, several suburban lines running to towns at a distance, centring in Albany: these lines reach Troy, Cohoes, Saratoga, Glens Falls, Lake George and Warrensburgh in the north, a distance of 71 miles; Sand Lake in the northeast, a distance of 15 miles; Schenectady, Amsterdam, Johnstown and Gloversville in the west, a distance of 50 miles, and Hudson in the south, a distance of 38 miles. The river is crossed by two railroad and foot bridges and one wagon bridge to Rensselaer (formerly Greenbush). The water supply is partly taken by gravity from an artificial lake five miles west, and partly pumped from the river, with a public filtration system. This plant covers 20 acres of ground, has eight filter-beds and filters 15,000,000 gallons of water daily. The parks, 11 in number, contain 402 acres; the largest is Washington Park of 90 acres with a lake 1,700 feet long. This park contains the celebrated "Burns" statue by Charles Calverly, and the bronze and rock fountain "Moses at the Rock of Horeb," by J. Massey Rhind, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. The three cemeteries cover 440 acres. President Arthur's tomb is in the handsome Rural cemetery of 280 acres, situated four miles north of the city.

Buildings. The great show building of Albany is the magnificent capitol, begun in 1871 and continued by several different architects at a total outlay to date of some $29,000,000. The lack of unity in plan makes itself perceptible both in looks and cost, millions have been spent in alterations and reconstructions, and some of the mechanical work and material have been poor. It is of Maine granite, in the Renaissance style; is 300 x 400 feet and covers more than three acres; it occupies a most sightly position on the hillside facing the river, and including part of the site of the old capitol built in 1806. Besides its rooms for the legislative bodies and officials and the court of appeals, it contains many interesting relics of the Revolution and Civil War. The grand western staircase in the western end of the building is said to be the finest staircase in the world. Fire nearly destroyed the building in 1911.

The State House and the City Hall face the capitol; the former of white marble and the latter of red sandstone with grand campaniles and Romanesque doorways. The custom-house and post-office are in the government building at the foot of State street. Among other

buildings are the County courthouse; the State armories; the old Schuyler Mansion, once used as an orphan asylum, but dedicated in 1917 as an historical monument; the Albany Institute and Historical and Art Society, containing many archives of Albany history; the Hotel Ten Eyck; the Delaware and Hudson building; and the new High School. In 1893 the second Van Rensselaer manor-house, built 1765, was removed to the Williams College campus, of Williamstown, Mass.

Religion, Education, Etc.-Albany is the seat of both Roman Catholic and Protestant Episcopal bishoprics, and has 74 churches. Very notable are the cathedrals of the Immaculate Conception (R. C.) and All Saints (P. E.). Saint Peter's Church (P. E.) is reputed one of the finest specimens of the French Gothic type of architecture in the United States. The Madison Avenue and First Reformed churches were organized in 1642, incorporated in 1720 and continued as one church until 1799, when separate edifices were built; these two churches continued under one government until 1815.

The State Education Building is exceedingly attractive, four stories and basement. The materials used on the front and ends are for the most part white marble, terra cotta and dark granite. The building contains offices for the Board of Regents and Department of Education, the State Library, with an attractive reading room, and a stock room capable of accommodating 2,000,000 volumes, the State Library School, and the State Museum, which contains the State collections in geology, mineralogy, paleontology, archæology, botany and zoology. There is also a large auditorium in the building. Several large and attractive mural paintings adorn the walls.

The public school property is valued at nearly $2,000,000. Other institutions of learning are the law and medical departments of the Union University at Schenectady (originally independent academies of 1851 and 1839), Albany Academy, the State College for Teachers, Saint Agnes School, the Albany Female Academy and the Convent of the Sacred Heart; also the Dudley Observatory and the Bender Hygienic Laboratory. Albany has a fine city hospital built in 1899 on the pavilion plan and covering 16 acres with 150,000 feet of floor space; the Homopathic and Saint Peter's hospitals; the Albany penitentiary, dating from 1848 from three to four hundred prisoners a year are confined in this institution.

Government.- Biennial mayor; city council, the president elected at large, the aldermen by wards; and boards constituted as follows: (1) Finance, comptroller, treasurer and a board of estimate composed of the mayor, comptroller, corporation counsel, president of the common council, city engineer and treasurer; (2) Public Works, commissioner who appoints superintendents of waterworks and parks; city engineer; a board of contract and supply; (3) Public Safety, commissioner who appoints chiefs of police and fire departments with their subordinates and a health officer with assistants; (4) Public Instruction, three commissioners of education, term six years, who appoint superintendent of schools and teachers; (5) Assessment and Taxation, four assessors, two elected every two years for a term of four

years; (6) Charities and Correction, commissioner who appoints overseer of the poor and assistants; (7) Judiciary, one police court justice who holds office six years and three city court justices; (8) Law, corporation counsel, assistant and subordinates. Of these officials, the comptroller, treasurer, assessors and police and city court justices are elected. All others are appointed by the mayor.

Population. (1800) 5,289, (1820) 12,630, (1840) 33,721, (1860) 62,367, (1880) 90,758, (1890) 94,923, (1900) 94,151, (1910) 100,253, (1917) 109,843.

History. Albany, as an old frontier town and strategic post against the French settlements in the 18th century wars, is of much historic interest. Next to Jamestown, Va., and Saint Augustine, Fla., it was the oldest settlement in the Union; if the 13 colonies only are included, and Jamestown thrown out as deserted since 1676, it may perhaps be called the oldest with a continuous life, though its actual settlement as a residence is later than Plymouth. (For early discovery, see AMERICA; HUDSON; VERASSANO). About 1540 a French trading-post was set up there for a time. In 1614 the Dutch, following Hudson's lead, established a factory on Castle Island, called Fort Nassau, in 1617 removed to the mainland and called Beverwyck. The first settlers were 18 Walloon families (Huguenot refugees from Belgium-Peter Minuit, the first directorgeneral of New Amsterdam, was a Walloon), and Fort Orange (Latinized Aurania) was built the same year near the present capitol. In 1626 a war with the Mohawks forced the temporary abandonment of the village. In 1629 Killian Van Rensselaer, having obtained from the Dutch government a large land-grant near by, colonized it with Dutch settlers and rented the land to them as patroon. (See ANTI-RENT WAR; PATROON). This, as always, ended in a chronic dispute over the extent of his legal rights and jurisdiction, which was not settled till after the ownership of the Dutch settlements was transferred by the English conquest to the Duke of York and Albany (later James II) after whom Fort Orange was renamed. In 1686 it received a city charter (its bi-centennial was celebrated in 1886) from Gov. Thomas Dongan; its first mayor (appointed by the governor, though the council was elected) was Peter Schuyler. The English settlers rapidly increased, but Albany was long a Dutch city. In the French and Indian wars it was a stockaded rendezvous, arsenal and hospital, the refuge of the border. In 1754 it was the meeting-place of the first Provincial Congress, which formed "a plan of a proposed union of the several colonies." (See ALBANY CONGRESS). In 1777 it was Burgoyne's objective point, where he was to meet the expeditions up the river and from Canada. After being for many years the occasional seat of State government, it became the permanent capital in 1797, the centennial of which it celebrated 6 Jan. 1897. Its rapid growth began with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, making it the terminal for western business. Within 35 years it had increased five-fold. In 1848 the city was partially destroyed by fire.

Bibliography. Weise, A. J., The History of the City of Albany (Albany 1884); Munsell, J., The Annals of Albany) (10 vols., Al