opinion from him; made himself an object of terror to his subjects by frequent executions, and while famine and pestilence raged in the city, persuaded the wretched, deluded inhabitants to a stubborn resistance of their besiegers. The city was at last taken, 24 June 1535, by treachery, though not without a brave defense, in which Rothmann and others were killed, and the kingdom of the Anabaptists destroyed by the execution of the chief men. Bochhold, and two of his most active companions, Knipperdolling and Kretchting, were tortured to death with red-hot pincers, and then hung up in iron cages on Saint Lambert's steeple, at Münster, as a terror to all rebels. In the meantime, some of the 26 apostles, who were sent out by Bochhold to extend the limits of his kingdom, had been successful in various places; and many other teachers, who preached the same doctrines, continued active in the work of founding a new empire of pure Christians, and propagating their visions and revelations in the countries above mentioned. It is true that they rejected the practice of polygamy, community of goods, and intolerance toward those of different opinions, which had prevailed in Münster; but they enjoined upon their adherents the other doctrines of the early Anabaptists and certain heretical opinions in regard to the humanity of Christ, which seemed to result from the controversies of that day about the sacrament. The most celebrated of these Anabaptist prophets were Melchior Hoffmann and David Joris. The former, a furrier from Suabia, first appeared as a teacher in Kiel in 1527; afterward, in 1529, in Emden; and finally in Strasburg, where, in 1540, he died in prison. He formed, chiefly by his bold promises of a future elevation of himself and his disciples, a peculiar sect, whose scattered members retained the name of Hoffmannists in Germany till their remains were lost among the Anabaptists. They have never owned that Hoffmann recanted before his death. David Joris, or George, a glass-painter of Delft, born in 1501, and rebaptized in 1534, showed more depth of mind and warmth of imagination in his various works. In his endeavors to unite the discordant parties of the Anabaptists, he collected a party of quiet adherents in the country, who studied his works (as the Gichtelians did those of Böhme), especially his book of miracles, which appeared at Deventer in 1542, and revered him as a kind of new Messiah. Unsettled in his opinions, he traveled a long time from place to place, till at last, to avoid persecution, in 1554, he became a citizen of Basil, under the name of John of Bruges. In 1556, after an honorable life, he died there among the Calvinists. In 1559 he was accused, though without much reason, of profligate doctrine and conduct, and the Council of Basil ordered his body to be burnt. Undoubtedly by no means all the Anabaptists of Germany indulged in social and political excesses. The fanaticism which characterized some of the early Anabaptists is sufficiently explained by the tendency of human nature to rush into extremes. The iron hold of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, which had cramped the Church for ages, being suddenly relaxed, men had yet to learn what were the genuine conditions whether of civil or religious liberty. But these considerations were overlooked, and the reformed churches, with one consent, regarded the Ana baptists with horror and disdain. The correspondence of the Reformers is full of allusions to the subject. Anabaptists are spoken of with reprobation, and a distinction is not sufficiently made between the sober Christians and the worst fanatics of the party. It is probable, at least, that their faults have been exaggerated even by the best writers. Menno Simons inaugurated a new and prosperous era for the Anabaptists. He gathered together the scattered remnants of the sect and founded numerous congregations in Germany and the Netherlands. Later they became known as Mennonites, and are now known as Taufgesinnte in Germany, and as Doopsgezinden in Holland. These terms are very close to the English term Baptists, and avoids all association with the early Anabaptists. Menno explained his doctrine in his work 'Elements of the True Christian Faith, which is still authoritative among the sect. Especial emphasis is laid on a reception of the doctrines of Scripture with simple faith and conforming one's life to them, at the same time making no special prize of learning or the scientific explanation or elaboration of doctrines. Oaths, war, revenge, infant baptism, divorce, except for adultery, are repudiated, as also undertaking the functions of magistrates, who are regarded as a necessary present_evil, in no wise necessary to God's kingdom. Grace is universal and the Church is the community of the saints, whose purity is to be maintained by strict discipline. In Germany and Switzerland their worship is closely akin to that of the Lutherans. Bishops, elders and instructors receive no remuneration. Children receive their name at birth, adults joining the body are rebaptized and baptism takes the place of worship. About the beginning of the last century all the congregations of Holland were merged into one body. Consult Lindsay, 'History of the Reformation' (Vol. II, New York 1907). ANABASIS. The Anabasis is the story in which Xenophon tells how the Ten Thousand (really some 14,000) Greeks in the year 401 B.C. went up with the younger Cyrus to help him oust his brother Artaxerxes from the Persian throne. The Anabasis' proper, i. e., the going up, covers only the first book; the remaining six books tell how these Greeks, under Xenophon's leadership, came back down to the sea and finally got home. Xenophon's story, which has been for ages the first book read by students in a classical course, has made the brilliant and generous but unfortunate young Persian prince one of the best known characters in the world's literature; as the inimitable account of perhaps "the most famous retreat in military history," it has also immortalized the author and made him one of the most fascinating figures in Greek history. It is mainly a story of adventure in distant lands and in large part among almost unknown primitive peoples, offering a wealth of material, ethnological and geographical; incidentally also valuable information as to the constitution of the Greek army and its spirit, so much like that of the popular assembly at Athens. The purpose of the book? It may have been intended partly as an apologia or refutation of criticism of Xenophon's conduct of the expedition. It was probably intended also to indicate to his countrymen how rotten at the core was the Persian ANABLEPS-ANACHARSIS empire, ready for some other Agamemnon to lead against it another victorious Hellenic host, as indeed Agesilaus attempted to do in 396 B.C. "Xenophon could not see all that was meant in the future by the expedition in which he shared as soldier and historian; yet the premonition of it is everywhere cheerfully present; and even in the later books, when little has to be told but of trial and loss, there is still apparent the serene confidence of a nation that was already preparing itself for another Anabasis, which should be no mere brilliant and ineffectual episode, but the sure foundation of a new order of things. It is in this way that the Anabasis of Cyrus, as recorded by Xenophon, was the prologue and preparation for the mighty conquests of Alexander." (Marshall). For the general reader the 'Anabasis' will remain simply a very interesting account of the most important episode in Xenophon's experience a story of warlike adventure and exploit told in clear and simple, if not always the purest, Attic Greek. It is very far from being "Xenophon's military stuff" which "we force upon our boys," as the editor of the Review of Reviews said to a classical club. So the classics must suffer sometimes even from would-be friends. I found the story fascinating when I read it in Greek at fifteen and when I came to edit it at fifty kept thinking, "How ridiculously interesting and easy it is!" A few years ago a professor of English, who is author of half a dozen books in prose and verse, came to me, after rereading the 'Anabasis, jubilant over the interest of the story and the art of the story-teller. "A more delightful yarn it would be hard to find," he said. Its best lesson to the modern, in the way of style, will doubtless always be its clearness and simplicity, in proof of which let one passage, which is perhaps the best of many fine ones, be cited. The weary and footsore Greeks had been for many months marching and fighting through desert and mountain wilds when at last a guide came and told them he could lead them in five days to a place whence they could see the sea. "If I don't," said he, "you may put me to death." "On the fifth day they came to a mountain named Theches. And when the foremost reached the summit a great shout arose. Xenophon and the rear guards heard it and thought other enemies were attacking in front. But as the cry grew louder and nearer and the men as they came up ran forward to join those that were shouting, and the cry became louder as the number grew larger, Xenophon, thinking it something serious, mounted his horse and with Lycius and the horsemen went to the rescue. Soon they heard the soldiers shouting The sea, the sea!' and passing the cry along. Then all ran, even the rear guards, and the pack-animals and horses were urged on. And when all reached the summit they wept for joy and embraced one another and the generals and captains. Suddenly someone gave the word and they brought stones and made a great heap, on which they placed a great number of raw hides and staves and captured shields, the guide himself cutting up the shields and exhorting others to do this." Under somewhat similar circumstances many a man has since remembered this scene and repeated the cry. General von Moltke relates that when he and his attendants first saw near 601 Samsun the gleaming sea, "the same that drew from the Greek soldiers their celebrated aλarra, they too broke into shouts of joy." Best of all is Virgil's imitation: Italiam, Italiam primus conclamat Achates, For an extended discussion of the 'Anabasis, both from a historical and military point of view, consult Goodwin and White, Anabasis; the introduction to Dakyn's Works of Xenophon (Vol. 1); article "Xenophon" (in 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography'); Hertzberg, 'Der Feldzug der Zehntausend Griechen. CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, Professor of Greek and Classical Philology, University of Wisconsin. ANABLEPS, a genus of fishes of the order Malacopterygii Abdominales, family Cyprinida (Cuvier), family of Cyprinodontida (Agassiz). It is characterized by a structure of the eyes to which there is nothing similar in any other vertebrated animal. This consists in a division of the cornea and iris into two somewhat unequal elliptical parts by transverse bands, so that the creature seems to have four eyes, and there are really two pupils on each side. This peculiar structure is supposed to have been formed for the purpose of enabling the fish to see both above and below water, as it swims along the surface. The fish itself is elongated, scaly, with a flat, rounded back and depressed head. The young are born alive and in a considerably advanced stage of development. It occurs along the coasts and the rivers of South America, keeping to the shallow waters. The creature cannot dive to any depth, but is capable of moving over mud flats. ANABOLISM, the building-up process of organic life. The term metabolism (q.v.) is used to express the interchange of the life process constantly going on in living plants and animals. ANACAONA, ä'na-kä'o-na, or GOLDEN FLOWER, Haitian princess, sister of Behechio and wife of Caonabo, both chiefs of the Indians of Haiti when Columbus discovered that island, in 1492. On her brother's death she became the head of the tribe, and after the death of her husband remained on friendly terms with the Spaniards until 1503, when she gave a feast in honor of Ovando, the Spanish governor, in the midst of which she was put to death by his order. ä'na-kär'di-a'cëë, a ANACARDIACEÆ, family of dicotyledonous plants, consisting of trees and shrubs, with acrid, resinous sap, sometimes irritating and poisonous. It embraces about 50 genera and 500 species, mostly confined the only species indigenous to the United States. to the tropics. The sumach and poison oak are The most important genera are the Mangiferæ, Spondice, Rhoide and Semecarpeæ. Resins and tannins are obtained from all, and are valuable for the manufacture of lacquers, varnishes and tanning materials. Wholesome and agreeable fruits are produced by some of the species, and are extensively cultivated in the tropics. See MASTIC GUM; MANGO; PISTACIA; SUMAC. ANACHARSIS, än'a-kär'sis, the name of a Scythian philosopher who flourished about 600 B.C. and was a friend of Solon, by whose influence he was received into Athenian society. Returning to Scythia, he was put to death because of his performance of certain Greek religious ceremonies. Modern readers have been familiarized with the name through J. J. Barthélmy's famous (Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce (1788). ANACHRONISM, an inversion of chronclogical relation, unintended or otherwise. In common parlance it is confined to the antedating of customs or events, particularly in imaginative works with a basis of history. ANACONDA, Mont., city, the county-seat of Deer Lodge County, 27 miles northwest of Butte, on the Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Butte, Anaconda & Pacific railways. It was founded in 1884, following the erection of its great copper-smelting works, which are the largest in the world. They treat daily between 5,000 and 10,000 tons of ore mined in the vicinity. The copper produced by the Washoe Reduction Works of the Anaconda Mining Company comprises 10 per cent of the world's output. Deposits of graphite and sapphires are found near the city. Anaconda has also large railway shops, brick works, machine-shops and other manufactories, banks, telephone and telegraph service, and daily and weekly newspapers. It has parks, likewise a race track and fair grounds, Hearst Free Library containing about 6,000 volumes, two opera houses and a daily and weekly newspapers. Anaconda has grown rapidly with the development of its great copper industry. In 1880 it was a small mining camp; 10 years later its population was 3,975. Pop. (1910) 10,134; (1913) 12,500. ANACONDA, a South American constricting serpent, the water-boa (Eunectes murinus). This is the largest of the boas (q.v.), and like the Ceylonese python (to which the name originally belonged), may exceed 30 feet in length. It inhabits the swampy forests of the Amazonian region, where it is unpleasantly numerous and greatly feared by the natives, although not at all aggressive toward mankind, which it seeks to avoid rather than to attack. Like other boas it may hang from tree-limbs awaiting chance prey passing beneath, which it may seize and, by throwing powerful folds about its body, crush to death, meanwhile holding firmly to its support by its prehensile tail. Having crushed the animal, if large, into a sausage-like mass it descends and slowly swallows it, after which it lies quiet for a long time while the meal is digested. In captivity, for these reptiles are common in zoological gardens, several months sometimes elapse before another meal is wanted. It is rarely found far from water, and the larger part of its time, as a rule, is spent lying in the water or partly submerged on the bank, where it can seize small aquatic animals and swimming birds, which constitute most of its fare. The nostrils in this species open at the top of the snout in adaptation to this aquatic habit. During the day these water-boas live in holes in the bank, whose entrances are likely to be under water, and usually go forth only at night in search of food. Although strong enough to overcome animals as large as a jaguar or a crocodile, it will not attempt to swallow one larger than a medium-sized dog. The females produce their young alive at irregular but long intervals and in varying numbers, one captive specimen in New York yielding 34 at a birth; but few of these survive the risk of drowning or the attacks of eagles, peccaries and other enemies. The markings of the anaconda are leopardlike, the coat being greenish yellow above with one or sometimes two series of large, blackish cross-spots, and a lateral line of dark spots with white centres. The belly is gray spotted with black. ERNEST INGERSOLL. ANACORTES, Wash., city in Skagit County, 90 miles north of Seattle, on the Great Northern Railroad. It is a port of call for several steamship companies. The prominent features of the city are the Carnegie library, Cap Santa Park and Deception Pass. It has good water power facilities which are used to advantage in the city's industries, comprising lumber mills, fish-curing and canning plants, oil and glue works, glass and box works and shipyards. The city is governed by a mayor and council. Pop. 6,000. ANACREON. The Anacreon of history was born at Teos in Asia Minor (hence Byron's "Teian muse") in the 6th century B.C. and, driven thence by the Persian invasion, lived at the courts of Polycrates of Samos and Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens. He sang in a variety of lyric measures of love and wine and revelry, and also wrote hymns to the gods and some serious epigrams in the Greek sense of the word. The Alexandrian scholars possessed his poems in five books, of which about 15 pages of fragments remain. Here are two specimens in rough renderings: Love's purple ball my heart hath hit But she from Lesbos' island rare Why with timid sidelong glances Know that could I but come near thee Anacreon thus became the type of the Dionysian old man, the white-haired bard of wine, love and song. It was later a fashionable literary exercise to compose in his name little verses on these themes. Thus without any conscious intention of forgery arose the collection of so-called Anacreontea which, preserved in the Palatine Anthology, has usurped the name and fame of the true Anacreon. They are not in the Ionic dialect; they do not refer to the details of Anacreon's life; they are rarely if at all quoted by the ancients as of Anacreon; they are composed not in the variety of Greek lyric measures, but in a monotony of tripping iambics; for the mighty god Eros of Anacreon they substitute a bevy of Alexandrian or Pompeian Eroses; they are obviously spurious. The publication of Stephanus' edition of the Anacreontea in 1554 was a literary event of the |