yan, His Life, Times and Work) (1885), is the most complete and authoritative. Froude's life in the English Men of Letters) (1880); and that by Canon Venables in the 'Great Writers Series are also good; to the latter a full bibliography is added. Consult also Dowden, 'Puritan and Anglican Studies) (1901) and James op. cit. (1902).

BUNZLAU, boontz'low, Germany, the name of several European towns, chief of which are:

1. A town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, near the Bober, 25 miles west of Liegnitz. Formerly surrounded by fortifications, handsome promenades now cover their sites. In the market-place is an iron obelisk to the Russian general, Kutusov, who died here in 1819. Earthenware, glass, iron, etc., are manufactured. Pop. 16,000.

2. JUNG BUNZLAU, a town of Bohemia, 31 miles northeast of Prague, the capital of the circle of Bunzlau. It stands on the left bank of the Iser, is well built, and has an old castle, an old and a new town house and other interesting buildings. Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in manufacturing cottons, woolens, starch, sugar, spirits, beer, etc. Pop. 11,500.

3. ALT BUNZLAU, a small town of Bohemia, situated on the Elbe.

BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, bwäl-show'enstin, Karl Ferdinand (COUNT), Austrian statesman: b. 17 May 1797; d. Vienna, 28 Oct. 1865. He was Minister in succession at Carlsruhe, Stuttgart, Turin and Saint Petersburg. He was second Austrian plenipotentiary at the Dresden Conference (1850), after which he was Minister at London until the death of Schwarzenberg recalled him to Vienna to hold the portfolio of foreign affairs. He presided at the Vienna Conference in 1855, and represented Austria at the Congress of Paris.

BUONAPARTE. See BONAPARTE. BUONAROTTI, bwō-när-rot'te, Filippo: b. Pisa, 11 Nov. 1761; d. Paris, 15 Sept. 1837. He received an excellent education under the auspices of the Grand Duke Leopold, but forfeiting the friendship of that prince on account of his sympathies with the French revolutionists, he resorted to Corsica, where he commenced a journal of so inflammatory a character that he became involved in difficulties with the government. After having spent some time in Sardinia, where he was invited to draw up a liberal constitution for the people, he went to Paris to urge the desire of the people of the Corsican island of Saint Pierre for annexation to France. French citizenship was conferred upon him; he was employed in important missions in Corsica and Oneglia and became an ardent partisan of the Terrorists. Having been detained for some time in prison after the fall of Robespierre, he founded the Pantheon Association and when this was dissolved by the government he joined the conspiracy of Babeuf and was sentenced to transportation, but was finally permitted to retire to Geneva, and afterward went to Brussels, where, in 1828, he published his Conspiration de Babeuf.' Returning to Paris after the revolution of 1830, he spent the rest of his life in poverty and obscurity.

BUONARROTI, MICHELANGELO.

BUONONCINI, bwō-non-chē'nē, Giovanni Battista, Italian composer: b. Modena 1672. In 1697 he went to Vienna and soon after to Berlin, where his opera Polifemo' had great success. After living a while at Rome, he went, in 1720, to London, and became there one of the most powerful rivals of Handel. Everything in England at that time was made to bear upon party politics, and Buononcini became the favorite of the Whigs, while Handel was supported by the Tories. But upon a trial of skill, in an opera of their joint composition, the talent and taste of Buononcini proved an unequal match for the genius of his rival.

BUONTALENTI, bwon-tä-lĕn'tē, Bernardo (DELLE GIRANDOLE), Italian painter, sculptor and architect: b. Florence 1536; d. 6 June 1608. When 11 years of age an inundation of the Arno broke into the quarter of Florence where his family resided, and carried off every member of it except himself. Cosmo de Medici, on learning the disaster, received him into his palace, and improved the taste which he had displayed for drawing by placing him in the schools of Salviati, Bronzino and Vasari. He displayed great versatility of mind, and excelled. not only in the kindred arts of painting, sculpture and architecture, but distinguished himself as a mathematician, a military engineer and an inventor of machines.

BUOY, boo'i, boi or bwoi, any floating body employed to point out the particula situation of anything under water, as of a ship's anchor, a shoal, etc. They are of various shapes and constructions. The can buoy is of a conical form and is used for pointing out shoals, sandbanks, etc. In the United States it is prescribed by law that channel buoys be painted red on the starboard hand coming in from sea, and black on the port or left-hand side. They are also numbered in order from seaward, with even numbers on the starboard and odd numbers on the port hand. Mid-channel obstructions are marked with danger buoys, having black and red transverse stripes. Mid-channel buoys marking the fair way have longitudinal white and black stripes. Buoys marking sunken wrecks are painted green. White buoys designate anchorage limits or dumping limits. A yellow buoy designates a quarantine station. The cask buoy is in the form of a cask; the larger are employed for mooring, and are called mooring buoys. Spar buoys are wooden poles weighted at the thick end, by which they are moored. They are used in inland waters and in situations where, by reason of ice, iron buoys would be damaged in winter. Whistling buoys are provided with apparatus, operated by the waves, which compresses air and discharges it through a whistle. A bell buoy is a large fixed buoy to which is attached a bell which is sounded by the heaving of the sea, serving as a signal in foggy weather. The life or safety buoy is intended to keep a person afloat till he can be taken from the water. Its most usual form is a ring of cork covered with painted canvas and having beckets at its circumference. Life buoys are sometimes equipped with a portfire or signal light which is kindled by pulling a lanyard at the moment of heaving overboard. Gas buoys are charged with compressed gas and provided with a suitable burner. The gas being lighted, and burning continuously, such

buoys serve as a guide at night. Some buoys are fitted for generating and burning acetylene gas, and are often made to carry a charge to last six months or more. Electric buoys are illuminated by connection with power on shore by means of a cable.

BUPALUS, Greek sculptor:fl. at Chios about 500 B.C. He and his brother Athenis are best known for their satirical conflict with the poet Hipponax. Augustus adorned many of the Roman temples with works of the two brothers, who used the pure white marble of Paros. Pausanias represents Bupalus as being an elegant architect as well as a sculptor.

BUPHAGA, bū-fą’gą, a genus of birds of the starling family (Sturnida), whose species are found in various parts of Africa, where they are of great use from their habit of feeding on the parasites infesting cattle. They are popularly known as beef-eaters or OXpeckers, and are distinguished from the true starlings by a stouter beak, bare nostrils, more curved claws and some other characters. The South African ox-pecker (B. africana) inhabits Natal, while farther north the genus is represented by a red-billed species (B. erythrorhyncha). A third species is found still farther north and also in the Transvaal.

BUPHAGUS, in ancient mythology, a son of Japetus and Thornax, who was killed by Diana for an attempt upon her chastity. A river of Arcadia was named after him. Buphagus was also one of the surnames of Hercules, which was given to him on account of his gluttony.

BUPHONIA, bū-fō'nya (Gr. Bovoóvia oxkiller), an ancient Athenian festival in honor of Zeus, celebrated every year on the 14th of Scirophorion, on the Acropolis. Barley and wheat were placed on the altar, and the ox destined for the sacrifice was permitted to go and eat the grain, when a priest armed with an axe sprang forward and slew the ox, and then secreted himself. The other priests, as if not knowing the author of the deed, made inquiry, and, failing to ascertain anything, for lack of a better victim arraigned the axe, found it guilty and condemned it. The Buphonia were also called Diipolia.

BUPRASIUM, a town of ancient Greece, in Elis, often mentioned by Homer as one of the chief cities of the Epians. It had ceased to exist in the time of Strabo, but the name was still attached to a district situated on the left bank of the Larissus, and on the road leading from Dyme to Elis. The region is now identified with the plain of Bakouma.

BUPRESTIDÆ, bu-pres'ti-dē, a family of coleopterous insects (bettles), many of which are remarkable for the splendor of their appearance. This family is included in the pentamerous section of Coleoptera, which was formed by Latreille, and so named because the members of it have five joints in the tarsi. The characteristics of the Buprestide are: body ovate, elongated, somewhat broad and obtuse in front, but pointed behind; eyes oval, with the antennæ finely serrate inserted between them; jaws powerful. The larvæ are mostly wood-borers although some of the smaller species mine in leaves or galls. They walk slowly, but fly with

great rapidity, especially in warm weather. They are very fond of sunning themselves on bushes or the branches of trees. When one attempts to seize them, sometimes even when one approaches them, they allow themselves to fall suddenly to the earth, or fly rapidly away. There are several hundred species belonging to this family, over 200 species occurring in North America, and the tropical species are those which are chiefly distinguished by the brilliancy of their colors. The prevailing color appears to be green, but species are often found of a blue, red, golden or other color. The most injurious is the Chrysobothris fermorata, an apple borer. The largest are the B. Chalcophora, which bore into pines. The B. gigas of Linnæus, which is about two inches in length, and one of the largest of the family, has bright golden elytra, or wing-cases, which are often used as ornaments by the inhabitants of South America, of which continent it is a native.

of

BUR-MARIGOLD, a large genus annual and perennial herbs (Bidens) of the family Asteraceae, mostly natives of North America, but widely distributed in other countries, chiefly as weeds, but some as garden plants. The best-known ornamental species is B. grandiflora, a native of Mexico. Several species are common in eastern North America, where they are variously known as devil's bootjack, stick-tight, beggar-tick, Spanishneedle, etc. They are especially troublesome in wool and on clothing, to which the seeds stick like burs. Some species are valuable as honey plants.

BURA, in ancient mythology, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to some authorities, the offspring of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura, or Buris, once a flourishing city of ancient Greece, on the Bay of Corinth, received its name.

BURA, in ancient Greece, one of the 12 original Achæan cities, which stood formerly close to the sea, on the Bay of Corinth, but, having been destroyed, with the neighboring town of Helice, by a terrible earthquake, the surviving inhabitants rebuilt it afterward about 40 stadia from the coast, and near the small river Buraicus. Bura was situated on a hill, and contained temples of Ceres, Venus, Bacchus and Lucina, the statues of which were sculptured by Euclidas of Athens. On the banks of the river Buraicus was a cave consecrated to Hercules, and an oracle usually consulted by the throwing of dice. The ruins of Bura are close to the road from Megastelia to Vostitza, and the cave of Hercules Buraicus is visited by tourists.

BURBANK, Luther, American naturalist, author and plant originator: b. Lancaster, Worcester County, Mass., 7 March 1849; of English-Scotch ancestry; educated in the common schools and local academy; worked as a boy for the Ames Plow Company, agricultural implement manufacturers, Worcester, Mass., where he exhibited marked inventive abilities, but soon began market-gardening and seedraising in a small way, developing the wellknown Burbank potato in 1873; removed to Santa Rosa, Cal., 1 Oct. 1875, where he has since resided and carried on his work. His many and important "new creations" of fruits, flowers, vegetables, timber trees, grains and

grasses have made him the best known plantoriginator in the world. The characteristics which are the special factors in the success of his work are, the large extent of his experiments, his keenness of perception of slight variations in plant qualities and the rapidity with which he develops new qualities, this rapidity being due to a combination of multiple hybridizing, selection and grafting of seedling plants on mature stocks, so that immediate results as to flowers and fruits are obtained from seedling stems. But the final and most important factor in Burbank's success is the inherent personal genius of the man, whose innate sympathy with nature, aided by the practical education in plant biology derived from 50 years of constant study and experiment, enable him to perceive correlations and outcomes of plant growth which seem to have been visible to no other man. As the history of Burbank's life is the history of his work, the remainder of his biographical sketch may advantageously be devoted to a brief consideration of the character and method of creation of some of his principal new plant varieties. Burbank has originated and introduced a remarkable series of plums and prunes. No less than 60 varieties are included in his list of offerings, and some of them, notably the Gold, Wickson, Apple, October, Chalco, America, Climax, Formosa, Bartlett, Santa Rosa and Beauty plums and the Splendor, Sugar, Giant and Standard prunes are among the best known and most successful kinds now grown. He has also perfected a stoneless prune, the Abundance, and has created an absolutely new species, the plumcot, by a combination of the common plum and the apricot. The Sugar and Standard prunes promise to supplant the French prune in California. The Bartlett plum, cross of the bitter Chinese simoni and the Delaware, a Burbank hybrid, has the exact fragrance and flavor of the Bartlett pear. The Climax is a cross of the simoni and the Japanese triflora. The Chinese simoni produces almost no pollen, but few grains of it ever having been obtained, but these few grains have enabled Burbank to revolutionize the whole plum shipping industry. Most of Burbank's plums and prunes are the result of multiple crossings, in which the Japanese varieties have played an important part. Hundreds of thousands of seedlings have been grown and carefully worked over in his 40 years' experiments with plums and single trees have been made to carry as many as 600 varying seedling grafts.

Burbank has originated and introduced the Van Deman, Santa Rosa, Alpha, Pineapple, "No. 80," Dazzle and other quinces; the Leader, Opulent and National peaches, cross-bred from the Muir, Wager and White nectarine; the Winterstein and Goldridge apples; and has made interesting, although not profitable, crosses of the peach and almond, and plum and almond.

Next in extent, probably, to his work with plums is his long and successful experimentation with berries. This work has extended through 35 years of constant attention, has involved the use of over 50 different species of Rubus, and has resulted in the origination and introduction of 10 new commercial varieties, mostly obtained through various hybridizations

of dewberries, blackberries and raspberries. Among these may especially be mentioned the, Phenomenal, a hybrid of the Western dewberry (R. ursinus) and the Red raspberry (R. ideaus), fixed in the first generation, which ripens its main crop far ahead of most raspberries and blackberries, and the berry is of enormous proportions and exquisite quality; the Iceberg, a cross-bred white blackberry derived from a hybridization of the Crystal White (pistillate parent) with the Lawton (staminate parent) and with beautiful snow-white berries so nearly transparent that the small seeds may be seen in them; the Balloon berry, selected from a complicated cross of many species; the Himalaya, the most rapid growing and by far the most productive blackberry in existence, of unequalled quality and of great value in California and other mild climates; also a wonderful series of absolutely thornless blackberries of great productiveness and superior quality. The thornless berry has not yet been generally introduced, but will no doubt supplant the thorny varieties nearly everywhere. An interesting feature of Mr. Burbank's brief account, in his "New Creations" catalogue of 1894, of the berry experimentation, is a reproduction of a photograph showing "a sample pile of brush 12 feet wide, 14 feet high and 20 feet long, containing 65,000 two- and three-year-old seedling berry bushes (40,000 Blackberry X Raspberry hybrids and 25,000 Shaffer X Gregg hybrids) all dug up with their crop of ripening berries." The photograph is introduced to give the reader some idea of the work necessary to produce a satisfactory new race of berries. Of the 40,000 Blackberry-Raspberry hybrids of this kind 'Paradox' is the only one now in existence. From the other 25,000 hybrids two dozen bushes were reserved for further trial."

Leaving Burbank's other fruit and berry creations unmentioned, we may refer to his curious cross-bred walnut results, the most astonishing of which is a hybrid between Juglans californica (staminate parent) and J. regia (pistillate parent), which grows with an amazing vigor and rapidity, the trees increasing in size at least twice as fast as the combined growth of both parents, and the clean-cut, glossy, bright-green leaves, from two to three feet long, having a sweet odor like that of apples. This hybrid produces no nuts, but curiously enough the result of a nearly similar hybridization (i.e., pollen from nigra on pistils of californica) produces in abundance large nuts of a quality superior to that possessed by either parent. These new species of walnut are now known as "Paradox" and "Royal' respectively.

Of new vegetables Burbank has introduced, besides the Burbank and several other new potatoes, new tomatoes, sweet and field corn, squashes, asparagus, etc. Perhaps the most interesting of his experiments in this field is the successful production of a whole series of giant spineless and spiculess cactus, both for forage and fruit (the spicules are the minute spines, much more dangerous and harder to get rid of than the conspicuous long, thorn-like spines), edible for stock, and indeed for man. This work is chiefly one of pure selection, for the cross-bred forms often seem to tend

strongly to revert to the ancestral spiny condition.

Among the many new flower varieties originated by Burbank may be mentioned the Peachblow, Burbank, Coquito and Santa Rosa roses, the Splendor, Fragrance (a fragrant form) and Dwarf Snowflake callas, the enormous Shasta and Alaska daisies, the Ostrich plume, Waverly, Snowdrift and Double clematises, the Hybrid Wax myrtle, the extraordinary Nicotunia, a hybrid between a large, flowering Nicotiana and a petunia, numerous hybrid Nicotianas, a hundred or more new gladioli, an ampelopsis. numerous amaryllids, various dahlias, the Fire poppy (a brilliant flame-colored variety), striped and carnelian poppies, a blue Shirley (obtained by selection from the Crimson field poppy of Europe), the Silver lining poppy (obtained by selection from an individual of Papaver umbrosium showing a streak of silver inside) with silver interior and crimson exterior, and a crimson California poppy (Escholtzia) obtained by selection from the familiar golden form. Perhaps his most extensive experimenting with flowers has been done in the hybridizing of lilies, a field in which many botanists and plant breeders have found great difficulties. Using over half a hundred varieties as a basis of his work, Burbank has produced a great variety of new forms. "Can my thoughts be imagined," he says, in his 'New Creations of 1893, "after so many years of patient care and labor (he had been working over 16 years) as, walking among them (his new lilies) on a dewy morning, I look upon these new forms of beauty, on which other eyes have never gazed? Here a plant six feet high with yellow flowers, beside it one only six inches high with dark red flowers, and further on one of pale straw, or snowy white, or with curious dots and shadings; some deliciously fragrant, others faintly so; some with upright, others with nodding flowers, some with dark green, woolly leaves in whorls, or with polished, light green, lance-like, scattered leaves."

So far no special reference has been made to the more strictly scientific aspects of Burbank's work. Burbank has been primarily intent on the production of new and improved fruits, flowers, vegetables, trees, grains and grasses for the immediate benefit of mankind. But where biological experimentation is being carried on so extensively it is obvious that there must be a large accumulation of data of much scientific value in its relation to the great problems of heredity, variation and species-forming. Burbank's experimental gardens may be looked on from the point of view of the biologist and evolutionist as a great laboratory in which, at present, masses of valuable data are, for lack of time and means, being let go unrecorded. Of Burbank's own particular scientific beliefs touching the "grand problems" of heredity we have space to record but two; first, he is a thorough believer in the inheritance of acquired characters, a condition disbelieved in by the Weismann school of evolutionists; second, he believes in the constant mutability of species, and the strong individuality of each plant organism, holding that the apparent fixity of characteristics is a phenomenon wholly dependent, for its degree

of reality, on the length of time this characteristic has been ontogenetically repeated in the phylogeny of the race. See PLANT-BREEDING.

For other accounts of Burbank and his work, consult articles in the illustrated magazines; 'New Creations in Plant Life,' by W. S. Harwood. Burbank has written 12 large volumes, 'Luther Burbank, His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application'; 'The Training of the Human Plant; and his series of catalogues, 1893-1901, called 'New Creations'; and has several other volumes under preparation covering an enormous amount of experimental data on plant life in all its aspects. VERNON L. KELLOGG, Professor of Entomology, Leland Stanford Junior University.

BURBOT, a fresh-water fish (Lota lota) of the cod family, inhabiting northern Europe and America. It is numerous in the inland waters of the Northern States and Canada, where it displays the nocturnal voracity of its race. It ordinarily weighs about five pounds, but has little market value. It is more often called cusk, ling or loche among us, than burbot, which is the British designation.

BURBRIDGE, Stephen Gano, American soldier: b. Scott County, Ky., 19 Aug. 1831; d. 1894. He organized the famous 26th Kentucky Regiment, which he led for the Union at Shiloh, where he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He was engaged in the Vicksburg expedition under General Grant; led the charge at Arkansas Post and at Port Gibson, being the first to enter each of these places; was retired with the brevet of majorgeneral in 1865.

BURCH, Charles Sumner, American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. Pinckney, Mich., 30 June 1855. A graduate of the University of Michigan in 1875; after engaging in publishing business in Chicago; he was editor of the Grand Rapids Evening Press from 1897 to 1905. He had taken deacon's orders in 1895 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1905. He was rector of Saint Andrew's, Staten Island, N. Y., until 1911, when he was consecrated suffragan bishop of New York.

BURCHARD, Samuel Dickinson, American clergyman: b. Steuben, N. Y., 6 Sept. 1812; d. Saratoga, N. Y., 25 Sept. 1891. He was graduated at Centre College in 1836 and became a prominent lecturer in Kentucky on the antislavery and temperance questions. He was for many years a Presbyterian pastor in New York. In 1885 he became pastor emeritus. During the presidential campaign of 1884 a company of clergymen, about 600 in number, called on James G. Blaine, the Republican candidate, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York. Dr. Burchard made an address, in which he affirmed that the antecedents of the Democracy were "rum, Romanism and rebellion," and this denunciatory speech on the very eve of the election created intense excitement throughout the United States and alienated from Blaine many Democratic votes upon which he had reckoned. It is generally conceded that Burchard was thus largely instrumental in electing Grover Cleveland.

BURCHIELLO, boor-che-ěl'lō, Domenico, Italian poet: fl. 15th century at Florence, where he was probably born. He died at Rome, about 1449. He was the son of a barber named Giovanni, and was called originally only Domenico. He assumed the name of Burchiello afterward for reasons that cannot be assigned. His fame began about 1425. He was first registered as a barber in 1432. Some writers have reproached him for shameful vices, and represented him as a low buffon who did everything for money. Others have defended him. His shop was so famous that learned and unlearned, high and low, assembled there every day, and Cosmo the Great caused a picture of it to be painted on one of the arches of his gallery. It appears here divided into two portions; in one Burchiello is acting the part of a barber; in the other that of a musician and poet. The portrait of Burchiello himself is painted over his shop. It is extremely difficult to decide upon the absolute value of his satires, as the local and personal allusions in them are obscure. They were composed of his contemporaries, with a studied obscurity and extravagance of expression. His style is, nevertheless, pure and elegant. His burlesque sonnets are enigmas, of which we have no intelligible explanation, notwithstanding what Doni has done. The narrative and descriptive parts are very easily understood; but the wit they contain is, for the most part, so coarse, that the satire fails of producing its effect. They are, on the whole, lively, but licentious. The best editions of his sonnets are those of Florence (1568) and of London (1757).

BURCKHARD, Max Eugen, Austrian writer on jurisprudence, poet, novelist and dramatist: b. Korneuburg 1854; d. 1912. He studied at the University of Vienna, rendered efficient service for several years as a member of the ministry of education, and received in 1890 his appointment as director of the Hoftheatre (court theatre) in Vienna, an office so well suited to his talents that it called forth a series of appropriate works. Thus, in 1896 he published Das Recht des Schauspielers'; next followed the comedy 'Rat Schrimpf) (Berlin 1905); 'Gottfried Wunderlich' (1906); Das Theater) (Frankfurt am Main 1907); 'Im Paradiese (Wien 1907); 'Die verfixten Frauenzimmer (1909); Jene Asra' (Salzburg 1910); a novel of distinction entitled "Trincaria in 1910; and in 1912 his 'Cillis-Sina Gabrielle Briefe von und an Carl Rahl. It should be noted that, before his appointment as director of the court theatre, he had published his 'Gesetze und Verordnungen in Kultussachen' (1887) and the poem entitled 'Das Lied vom Tannhäuser) (1888).

BURCKHARDT, boork'hart, Jakob, Swiss author, eminent as a student and critic of Italian art and as an historian: b. Basel 1818 d. 1897. At the university of his native town, and later at the University of Berlin, he studied history and theology. His first appointment was as professor of the history of art and civilization at the University of Basel, and this connection he maintained to the end of his life, with the exception of a few years spent at Zürich as an instructor in the Polytechnic Institute of that city. His most important works are 'Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen' (Leipzig 1880); 'Der

VOL. 5-3

Cicerone; Eine Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Italiens, 4 Auflage, unter Mitwirkung des Verfassers und anderer Fachgenossen bearbeitet von Dr. Wilhelm Bode' (parts 1 and 2, Leipzig 1879) with its English versions, The Cicerone, or Art Guide to Painting in Italy) (ed. by A. von Zahn and trans. by Mrs. A. H. Clough, London 1873), and a translation of that portion which relates to painting, published in New York in 1910; 'Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (1st ed., 1860, 8th ed., 1902, and English translation, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy,' London 1890); 'Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien) (3 ed., 1890-91); Griechische Kulturgeschichte (3 vols., 1898-1900). Material additions to and enhancement of the value of 'Der Cicerone) must be credited to Dr. Bode and the other editors. BURCKHARDT, Johann Karl, German astronomer: b. Leipzig, 30 April 1773; d. 22 June 1825. He acquired a fondness for astronomy from the study of the works of Lalande, and made himself master, at the same time, of nearly all the European languages. He wrote a Latin treatise On the Combinatory Analytic Method (Leipzig 1794). He then studied practical astronomy with Baron von Zach at the latter's observatory on the Seeberg, near Gotha, and assisted his patron, from 179597, in observing the right ascension of the stars. Von Zach recommended him to Lalande, at Paris, who received him at his house 15 Dec. 1797. Here he distinguished himself by the calculation of the orbits of comets; participated in all the labors of Lalande and those of his nephew, Lefrançois Lalande; took an active part in the observatory of the Ecole Militaire; and translated the first two volumes of Laplace's 'Mécanique Céleste' into German (Berlin 1800-02). Being appointed adjunct astronomer by the board of longitude, he received letters of naturalization as a French citizen 20 Dec. 1799. His important treatise on the comet of 1770, which had not been visible for nearly 30 years, although, according to the calculations of its orbit, it should have returned every five or six, was rewarded with a gold medal by the Institute in 1800. This treatise, which proposed some improvements in Dr. Obler's mode of calculation, is contained in the Memoires del'Institut for 1806. During this year he was made a member of the department of physical and mathematical sciences in the Academy; in 1818 was made a member of the board of longitude; and, after Lalande's death, astronomer in the observatory of the Ecole Militaire. In 1814 and 1816 he published in French, at Paris, 'Tables to Assist in Astronomical Calculations." He also wrote some treatises in Von Zach's "Geographical Ephemerides.'

BURCKHARDT, John Lewis, English African explorer: b. Lausanne, Switzerland, 24 Nov. 1784; d. Cairo, 17 Oct. 1817. He was educated at Neuchatel, Leipzig and Göttingen. In 1806 he went to London with introductions to Sir Joseph Banks, who accepted his proffered services on behalf of the African Association, founded to explore the interior of Africa. After studying at Cambridge, and inuring himself to hardship and exposure, he sailed for Malta in 1809; and from Malta he went to Aleppo as an Oriental, and studied there for two years Arabic and Mohammedan law. In 1810 he