Emperor Maximilian I,) embracing 135 cuts, with a text written by that Emperor; and a series, The Wise King,' including 237 cuts, in which the deeds of the same ruler are represented. Consult Woltmann in Döhme's 'Kunst und Künstler' (Vol. I); Dornhöfer, Über Burgkmair und Dürer) (1903).

BURGLARY, at common law, the breaking and entering the house of another in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felony be actually committed or not. Burglary at common law, and in its first degree in the statutes of the various States, must, in general, be committed in a mansion-house actually occupied as a dwelling, but if it be left by the owner animo revertendi, though no person resides in it in his absence, it is still his mansion. But at common law burglary may be committed in a church. In New York (Penal Code § 496), and in some other States in which the New York statute has been adopted, burglary at common law, or in the first degree, must be committed in the night, but in New York and in some other States burglary in the second and third degrees may be committed in the daytime, and it is burglary in the third degree in New York feloniously to enter a building, whether inhabited or not, either in the daytime or night. Before the offense is complete there must be both a breaking and an entry or an exit. An actual breaking takes place when the burglar breaks or removes any part of the house, or the fastenings provided for it, with violence. Constructive breakings occur when the burglar gains an entry by fraud, conspiracy or threats. The least entry, with the whole or any part of the body, hand or foot, or with any instrument or weapon, introduced for the purpose of committing a felony, will be sufficient to constitute the offense. Burglary is a felony in all of the States, and in North Carolina it may be punished with death or imprisonment. In New York it is punishable as follows: Burglary in the first degree, imprisonment for not less than 10 years; second degree, not exceeding 10 years; third degree, not exceeding five years.

BURGLARY INSURANCE. A contract of indemnity, (1) against direct loss by burglary, or by burglary, theft or larceny of any of the assured's property, occasioned by its felonious abstraction from the interior of the house, building or apartment occupied by the assured as a residence by any domestic servant or other employee of the assured, or by any other person or persons, excepting a person whose property is insured; also against direct loss by damage to property insured, and to the premises, caused by burglars or thieves; known as residence burglary insurance; (2) against direct loss by burglary of merchandise owned by the assured, or held in trust or on commission, or sold but not delivered, occasioned by its felonious abstraction from the premises, occupied by the assured for business purposes, by any person or persons, after entry into the premises by the use of force and violence, of which there are visible marks upon the premises; also for direct loss by damage to the merchandise, furniture, fixtures or premises caused thereby; known as mercantile burglary insurance; (3) against direct loss by burglary

of money, post office and revenue stamps, bullion, negotiable securities, drafts, promissory notes and merchandise, in consequence of the felonious abstraction of the same from a safe or safes after entry therein by the use of tools or explosives; also for direct loss by damage to the safe or safes, to the merchandise or to the furniture, fixtures or premises caused therefrom; known as mercantile safe insurance; (4) against direct loss by robbery of money, bullion, post office and revenue stamps, checks, negotiable securities, coupons, bills of exchange, drafts and notes, express, bank and post office money orders, watches, jewelry and other merchandise from the care or custody of any employee of the assured, while acting as messenger or paymaster, and while conveying the same to or from the place or places direct by the assured; also for direct loss by robbery of any of said property, feloniously, violently and forcibly abstracted from within the premises of the assured; also for direct loss by robbery, by force or violence of money intended for payrolls, from the person, care or custody of any employee of the assured, while acting as messenger or paymaster, or while conveying the same to and from the places directed by the assured; also for direct loss by robbery, of any property above described, from the safe or safes located on the premises of the assured, by any person or persons, after entry therein, by the use of tools or explosives; also for direct loss by damage to said property, or said safe or safes, or the furniture, fixtures or premises caused by such entry; known as combination messenger, paymaster, interior holdup and safe burglary insurance.

Burglary insurance was first written in this country in 1892, over 25 years ago, and from a very modest beginning, in which this form of underwriting was confined entirely to burglarizing private residences, the business has broadened and developed until the assured is protected now, not only in his home, against burglars, as well as theft and larceny by his own servants or employees, but also in his place of business, and even against loss by the robbery or holdup of his messenger or paymaster while going to or from the bank, or the store or office, or while en route to some distant place, with payrolls for employees working in a factory, mill or mine. The business grew quite slowly during the first five years, but in the next five years, from 1897 to 1901, premiums written amounted to $1,759,540, and losses paid to $622,765. During the next 10 years, the increase was much greater, with premiums of $20,000,000 and losses of $6,859,000. The figures for the five years ending 31 Dec. 1916, show premiums written, $21,938,671, and losses paid, $8,103,180, while for the year 1916 alone, the results were the most satisfactory in the entire history of the business, with 44 companies transacting some or all of the different forms above mentioned, and with premiums written of $5,427,977, and losses paid of $1,932,022.

EDWIN W. DELEON. BÜRGLEN, Switzerland, village in the canton of Uri, about a mile from Altorf, is the traditional birthplace of William Tell. The supposed site of the patriot's house is now

occupied by a chapel, erected in 1522, upon the walls of which are represented certain well-known scenes from his history. Pop. 1,852.

BURGOMASTER, the title of the chief magistrate of a city or a large town in Germany and the Netherlands, practically equivalent to mayor. He is elected by the people, but in most German towns he must have the confirmation of the government.

BURGOMASTER, a sailor's name for certain large domineering gulls of the genus Larus.

BURGON, John William, English Biblical scholar and critic: b. Smyrna, 21 Aug. 1813; d. Chichester, 4 Aug. 1888. He was the son of a Turkish merchant, was sent to study at London University, and later was graduated at Oxford in arts and finally in theology (1848). He became vicar of Saint Mary's, Oxford (1863), Gresham professor of divinity (1867) and dean of Chichester (1876). He was the bitterest and at the same time ablest and most learned of the critics and opponents of the revised New Testament including the revised Greek text. His publications, which are very numerous, include, in addition to controversial tracts and periodical literature, 'The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham) (2 vols., London 1839); A Plain Commentary on the Four Holy Gospels (8 vols., 1855); Ninety Short Sermons for Family Reading) (2 series, 2 vols. each, 1855-67); (Portrait of a Christian Gentleman' (1859); The Revision Revised' (London 1883); The Lives of Twelve Good Men' (2 vols., 1888); The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels Vindicated and Established and Causes of the Corruption of the Traditional Text' (1896).

BURGOS, boor'gōs, Francisco Javier de, Spanish statesman and poet: b. Motril, Granada, 1778; d. 1845. In his dramatic compositions he sought to restore the classical Spanish comedy. Among them are 'The Three Equals'; 'The Masked Ball'; and 'The Optimist and the Pessimist.' He wrote a celebrated 'Ode to Reason.

BURGOS, Spain, city, the capital of the province of Burgos, and formerly of Old Castile, and once the residence of its kings. It stands on the declivity of a hill, on the right bank of the Arlanzon. The streets are narrow and dark, the finest in every respect being that called the Huerto del Rey. Places of promenade are numerous; the one most frequented, and justly forming the boast of the town, being the Espolon. The most remarkable structure is the cathedral, one of the finest buildings of the kind in Europe. It was begun in 1221, but was not finished for several centuries. It is built of white marble in the form of a Latin cross, and is about 300 feet long by 200 broad, and its size is such that service can be performed in eight chapels at once without confusion. Its interior, as well as its exterior, is of great magnificence, is adorned with fine carvings and paintings, and contains numerous monuments, in particular the tombs of Don Fernando and the Cid, both natives of Burgos, and celebrated throughout Spain for their heroic achievements in the wars with the Moors. There are several other fine churches, but the rest of the public buildings are not deserving of notice. The wool of Old Castile passes principally through Burgos, and

it has some woolen manufactures and hat making. Burgos is the see of an archbishop, and at one time contained a university. It was founded about the close of the 9th century as the capital city of the courts of Castile and León and soon became a flourishing city, reaching the height of its prosperity in the 15th century, when it shared with Toledo the prestige It of being occupied as a royal residence. declined rapidly after the removal of the court to Madrid in 1560. To-day, despite its decay, the city is dominated by the grand old cathedral and the personality of the national hero, the Cid Campeador. Pop. about 31,400. The province of Burgos is bounded on the north by Santander, east by Alava, Logroño and Soria, south by Segovia and west by Palencia and Valladolid. The area is 5,650 square miles. Pop. about 340,000.

BURGOYNE, bėr-goin', John, English general and dramatist: b. 24 Feb. 1723; d. London, 4 Aug. 1792. He was the son of Capt. John Burgoyne, and grandson of Sir John Burgoyne of Bedfordshire, although reputed to be a natural son of Lord Bingley. Educated at Westminster, he entered the army at an early age, and while a subaltern eloped with Lady Charlotte Stanley, daughter of the Earl of Derby. Soon after his marriage he sold his commission to pay his debts. He then lived abroad for seven years, but entered the army again in 1758 as captain of the Foot Guards. In 1759, as lieutenant-colonel of the Coldstream Guards, he served at Belle Isle. After an election to Parliament in 1761, he served with distinction in Portugal, and was sent to America in 1775. He joined General Gage at Boston, with large reinforcements, and witnessed the battle of Bunker Hill, of which he has left an animated description. After proceeding to Canada as governor, he returned to England, but in 1777 was despatched to take command of that expedition from Canada against the United States, the failure of which so largely contributed to the establishment of American freedom. Indeed, few battles have led in their ultimate influence to results so great as did the surrender of Burgoyne with 5,791 fighting men, well provided with artillery, at Saratoga, to the army of General Gates. On his return home, he was received by the King with marked disfavor. His wife died in 1776. He had several natural children by Susan Caulfield, an opera singer, one of whom was Field Marshal Sir J. F. Burgoyne. Burgoyne did not possess the genius of a great general, and was in many respects utterly inadequate to the tasks imposed upon him, yet no one can read his work written in his own defense, State of the Expedition from Canada' (London 1780), without acknowledging his courage, and detecting qualities which in a less exalted station might have been of much service to his country. Disgusted with his treatment by the government, he retired to private life, and devoted his leisure to the production of dramas, some of which, as The Maid of the Oaks,' 'The Lord of the Manor, etc., were highly popular in their day. His best play, 'The Heiress,' has been successful not only in its original tongue, but also in several foreign versions. He was made commander-in-chief in Ireland in 1782, and in 1787 was one of the managers of the impeachment of

Warren Hastings, whose trial lasted through several years after Burgoyne's death. He was buried at Westminster Abbey. (See SARATOGA, BATTLES OF). Consult De Fonblanque, 'Episodes from the Life and Correspondence of Burgoyne (London 1876); O'Callaghan (editor), Orderly Book of Lieutenant General John Burgoyne (Albany 1860); and Stone, Čampaign of Lieutenant General Burgoyne' (Albany 1877).

BURGOYNE, SIR John Fox, English officer of engineers: b. 24 July 1782; d. 7 Oct. 1871. He was the son of Gen. John Burgoyne; was educated at Eton and at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich; entered the Royal Engineers in 1798; served at Malta in 1800, in Sicily with General Stewart in 1806, in Egypt in 1807 and in the Peninsula with Sir John Moore and Wellington from 1809 to 1814. He shared in the celebrated retreat on Corunna and was present at all the sieges, generally as first or second in command of the engineers, and at most of the battles of the Peninsular War, in which he was twice wounded. During the War of 1812 he assisted as lieutenant-colonel and chief engineer in the attack on New Orleans. In 1826 he accompanied the army of General Clinton to Portugal in the same capacity. He was appointed chairman of the board of public works in Ireland in 1830 and in 1845 became inspector-general of fortifications in England. He was made a lieutenant-general in 1851, and on the outbreak of the Crimean War was sent to Turkey to provide for the defense of Constantinople. After returning to England he was again sent out to Sebastopol, where he was chief of the engineering department till recalled in 1855. He received the order of the Medjidie from the Sultan of Turkey, was made a general in 1855, the following year was created a baronet, in 1868 a field-marshal and for some years, up to his death, held the appointment of constable of the Tower of London. In 1859 a work was published in London under the title of Military Opinions of Gen. Sir J. F. Burgoyne,' in which many of his official writings were collected.

BURGRASS. See SANDBUR.

BURGRAVE (cf. Ger. Burg, town, + Graf, count, governor), a count who in the Middle Ages had command of a castle or burg. Burgraves were appointed to their office by the Emperor or by the bishops, and belonged to the nobility by virtue of their office, which became hereditary. Their powers differed in different places, but as a rule they were entrusted with keeping the public peace, the oversight of trade and the market, and the command of the troops and the police in their districts. As the free cities grew in power they were separated from the jurisdiction of the burgrave. The office lost its significance in the course of the 13th century, but the title is retained by some princely families to the present day, as, for instance, by the Kings of Prussia, who have the title of Burgrave of Nuremberg.

BURGUNDY, Louis (DUKE OF), Dauphin of France: b. Versailles, 6 Aug. 1682; d. 18 Feb. 1712. He was grandson of Louis XIV and father of Louis XV. A boy of ungovernable passions and temper, great haughtiness of bearing and sensuality of life, he is said to have

been much corrected in character and conduct by the influence of his preceptor, the saintly Fénelon. At the age of about 15 he married Princess Adelaide of Savoy; was made generalissimo of the army in 1701, but he failed to show any ability and the result of the unfortunate campaign of 1708 was laid at his door, after which he returned, discredited, to Paris. On the death of his father he became heirapparent to the throne. He was called the Grand Dauphin. Throwing himself into_the party of St. Simon and his old teacher, Fénelon, he boldly advocated liberal measures that would have removed many of the worst evils of the old régime. But before his party had more than barely outlined their scheme, he was stricken with smallpox. With him perished the hopes of the party. His wife died two days previous to his death. His second son became Louis XV of France. Consult St. Simon, 'Memoirs (Paris 1829-30), and Farmer, 'Versailles and the Court under Louis XV (New York 1896).

BURGUNDY, a region of western Europe, so called from the Burgundians, a Teutonic people originally from the country between the Oder and the Vistula. In consequence of the wars against the Alamanni, in which they were defeated, they migrated to the region of the upper Rhine and in the beginning of the 5th century they passed over into Gaul, and, as allies of the Romans, after a long struggle obtained possession of the southeastern part of this country. Here they founded a kingdom, which had as its seat of government sometimes Lyons and sometimes Geneva; but having become engaged in a war with the Franks, they were at last wholly subdued in 534. More than one kingdom of Burgundy, so called, subsequently arose, as well as the important county of Burgundy (Upper Burgundy, FrancheComté); but the most important state of this name was the duchy of Burgundy (Lower Burgundy), consisting principally of the French province Bourgogne (Burgundy, properly so called). The long line of ancient dukes of Burgundy became extinct in 1361 with the death of Duke Philip, and Burgundy was immediately united by King John of France with the French crown. The dignity of Duke of Burgundy was restored in 1363 by his grant of the dukedom to his youngest and favorite son, Philip the Bold (q.v.). In 1368 he married Margaret, the widow of the last Duke Philip of the old line, only daughter and heiress of Louis III, Count of Flanders, and thereby greatly augmented his possessions, which now included Flanders, Mechlin, Antwerp and Franche-Comté. In 1402 he was made regent of France, an appointment which gained him the hatred of the King's brother Louis, Duke of Orleans, and led to the struggle between the Orleanist and the Burgundian factions. In 1404 Philip died and was succeeded by his son, John the Fearless, who was stabbed by the companions of the Dauphin in 1419. His son and successor, Philip the Good (q.v.), gained great accessions of territory, including Hainault, Holland, Zealand, Namur and, in 1431, Brabant and Limburg, which reverted to him from a younger branch of his family. In 1441 he also obtained the duchy of Luxemburg. On his marriage with his third wife, Isabella, daughter of King John of Portugal,

he founded the order of the Golden Fleece (1429). His son, Charles the Bold (q.v.), who succeeded him in 1467, became the inveterate enemy of Louis XI of France, and one of the most powerful princes in Europe. He acquired Guelders in 1475, but perished in the fatal battle of Nancy in 1477, leaving behind him a daughter, Maria, the sole heiress of his states. She married Maximilian of Austria, who thus obtained the Netherlands and Upper Burgundy. The King of France received the dukedom of Burgundy, which he assumed as a male fief. Henceforth the territories that had belonged to Charles shared the fortunes either of France or of the empire. In the empire what was called the circle of Burgundy for a time embraced Franche-Comté and the Netherlands. In the Peace of Madrid, in 1526, Francis I was obliged to agree to the cession of the duchy of Burgundy to Charles V of Germany, but the cession was never carried out, and in the Peace of Cambray, in 1529, Charles renounced his claim to it. Franche-Comté was conquered by Louis XIV and retained by him at the Peace of Nimeguen in 1678. After this time the name Burgundy is best known as designating one of the provinces or governments of France. The name is now applied to one of the four departments of Yonne, one of the most productive regions in France. Consult Plancher, U., 'Histoire générale et particulière de Bourgogne' (Dijon 1739-81); John, O., 'Geschichte der Burgundionen (Halle 1874); Barante, B. de, 'Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois (Paris 1833-36).

BURGUNDY (called also Burgundy Proper or Lower Burgundy), formerly a province in the east of France, lying on the west of Franche-Comté and on the south of Champagne. It now forms the four departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire and Ain. It is one of the most productive regions in France. The principal product is wine. See BURGUNDY WINES.

BURGUNDY PITCH, the resinous exudation of the stem of the spruce fir (Abies excelsa or Pinus abies), melted and strained. It is obtained from Switzerland, but is seldom genuine. It is hard and brittle, opaque, of a dull reddishbrown color, empyreumatic odor and aromatic taste. It gives off no water when heated, is not bitter and is free from vesicles. It consists chiefly of resin and a little volatile oil, whence its odor. The resin resembles that of turpentine. The resin is melted in hot water to remove some of the oil and is then strained through a coarse material. Pitch plaster acts externally as a slight stimulant to the skin. Burgundy pitch enters also into the composition of the iron plaster. It takes its name from Burgundy in France, where it was first prepared. A pitch resembling it can be prepared from common resin and palm oil, which, unlike Burgundy, is non-soluble in glacial acetic acid.

BURGUNDY WINES, famous French wines, deriving their name from the ancient province of Burgundy. They have a reputation superior to their present popularity. They are nevertheless wines of delicious flavor and bouquet. It has been supposed that they would not well bear a sea-voyage, but it is now set

tled that when transported to America and back, their quality is greatly improved. Burgundy has a medium content of alcohol, acids and solids, is very low in tannin and rather lacking in color. The vineyards, consisting of Pinots, Gamai Noir and Meunier grapes, are located half-way up the hillsides (800-1,000 feet high) in the Côte d'Or, between Dijon and Châlons. Three classes of red Burgundy and two of white are recognized. The most renowned red wines of Burgundy are Romané-Conti, ClosVougeôt, Chambertin and Richebourg. Chambertin was the favorite wine of Louis XVI and Napoleon. Chablis, a white wine, has many admirers but is inferior to the best growths of the Garonne and the Rhone.

BURHANPUR, boor-han-poor', a town of the Nimar district, Central Provinces, British India, formerly the capital of Khandesh, is situated on the Tapti River about 300 miles northeast of Bombay, 210 miles east of Surat. It is situated on high ground and is well planned and built, with a rampart of brick and a palace of brick, known as the Red Fort, built by Akbar, who adorned the town with marble halls. It has a mosque and other buildings worthy of note, and was once famous for its manufactures of gold and silver brocade, muslin and silks, which still exist to some extent, though the town has long been declining. Pop. 22,777. BURHEL. See BAHRAL,

BURI, the grandfather of Odin, in Norwegian mythology. According to the legends, 12 streams flowed from the spring Hvergelmir (the roaring cauldron) in Niflheim (the region of shadows), and later in their course were frozen, thus surrounding the region of elemental fire (Muspelheim) with blocks of ice. In the conflict of the ice with the fire, the rime, or frosty snow, was melted and the drops formed the giant Ymir and the cow Audhumla (darkness); from the cow's udder came four streams of milk with which the giant was fed. Audhumla was nourished by licking the salt ice-blocks, and as she licked them a man's hair appeared on the first day, a man's head on the second day and the whole man on the third day; this was Buri. He was of giant size and strength; he had a son Bor through whom he was the grandfather of Odin, Vili and Ve. Consult Anderson, Norse Mythology) (Chicago 1901).

BURIAL, the ordinary method of disposing of the dead, a practice which varies among different people. Among savage races, and even among some civilized peoples of the East, exposure to wild animals or birds of prey is not uncommon. The careful embalming of the dead by the ancient Egyptians may be regarded as a special form of burial. But by far the most common forms of disposing of the dead have been burning and interring. Among the Greeks and Romans both forms were practised, though among the latter burning became common only in the later times of the republic. In this form of burial the corpse, after being borne in procession through the streets, was placed upon a pyre built of wood, and profusely sprinkled with oils and perfumes. Fire was set to the wood, and after the process of cremation was complete, the bones and ashes were carefully gathered together by the relatives and