introduced various reforms and useful measures, Shembaun (Tshen-bo-yen), the Emperor's brother, became regent as guardian for his nephew Momien; but he usurped the throne himself and conquered Siam. In 1771, however, Siam recovered its independence, while the principal part of the Burmese forces were engaged in a war with China. In this war they were victorious, and compelled the Chinese whom they took prisoners to intermarry with Burmese females, and to remain in their territory. In 1776 Shembuan left his empire, much enlarged, to his son, Chenguza. This prince lived in the unrestrained indulgence of every appetite till in 1782 he was dethroned and put to death. In consequence of the revolution, Mentaragyi, the fourth son of Alompra, ascended the throne. He ordered his nephew, Momien, who was a state prisoner, to be drowned, and in 1783 subdued the kingdom of Arracan. He then engaged in a war with Siam, which continued till 1793, when peace was made on certain conditions. About this period, it happened that some robbers fled from the Burmese empire, and took refuge in the territory of the East India Company. The Burmese de

manded that they should be delivered up, and on their demands not being immediately complied with, marched with a strong force into the offending country. At the same time they carried on a friendly negotiation with the government in Calcutta, which resulted in the surrender of the criminals, and the conclusion of a treaty of amity and commerce between the two governments, negotiated by Captain Symes. The last victory of the Burmese was in 1822 over the province of Assam. The party driven from Assam, together with the Burmese rebels, fled to the British territories, whence they intended to invade Burma. The British government disarmed the insurgents, but refused to deliver them up or to drive them from the island of Shapuri, which they had occupied. At length the Burmese sovereign demanded of the government at Calcutta the cession of northern Bengal as being a part of Ava, and in January 1824 his forces marched into Cachar, which was under British protection. Lord Amherst, as governorgeneral of the British East Indies, now declared war against Burma, and Gen. Archibald Campbell prosecuted it so successfully that after the victory at Prome (1-3 Dec. 1825), he obliged the monarch to conclude a peace at Palanagh in 1825. As the treaty was not ratified on the part of the Burmese Emperor by the time specified (18 Jan. 1826), Campbell renewed the war and stormed the fortress of Munnum. On 24 February the peace was ratified, and the war concluded with the cession of Arracan, Mergui, Tavoy, etc. In 1852 a second war broke out at the conclusion of which Rangoon and the whole of Pegu fell into the hands of the British. About 1860 the new city Mandalay supplanted Amarapura as the capital. In 1867 British steamers were permitted by treaty to navigate Burmese rivers, and not long after traffic was carried on up the Irrawadi as far as Bhamo. In 1885 the outrageous proceedings of King Theebaw provoked another war, and a British force proceeded from Rangoon up the Irrawadi River, took Mandalay and sent King Theebaw a prisoner to Rangoon. On 1 Jan. 1886, Theebaw's dominions were annexed to the British empire by proclamation of the viceroy of India (the

Earl of Dufferin). After the annexation there was a considerable amount of scattered fighting with dacoits and others, but this has ceased since 1890 and the country is now opened up to commerce, and is rapidly advancing in prosperity. In 1897 Burma was constituted a province, and placed under a lieutenant-governor instead of a chief commissioner.

Bibliography. Clifford, H. C., Further India' (New York 1904); Coxon, S. W., 'And That Reminds Me' (London 1915); Dautremer, J., Une colonie modéle- la Birmanie' (Paris 1912); Kelly, R. T., Burma, Painted and Described (London 1912); White, T., A Civil Servant in Burma' (London 1913).

CHARLES LEONARD-Stuart,

Editorial Staff of The Americana. BURMEISTER, boor'mis-tèr, Hermann, German scientific writer: b. Stralsund, 15 Jan. 1807; d. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2 May 1892. In 1842, he became professor of zoology at Halle. He distinguished himself as a geologist and zoologist in his native country, and settled permanently in Argentina, where he continued He traveled in South his investigations. America, and was for a time director of the Museum of Natural History at Buenos Aires. Among his works are 'Handbuch der Entomologie (5 vols., Berlin 1831-55); 'Geschichte der Schöffung' (Leipzig 1843); Systematische Übersicht der Tiere Braziliens' (3 vols., 185456); and many contributions to scientific periodicals.

BURMEISTER, Richard, German-American musical composer: b. Hamburg, Germany, 7 Dec. 1860. He received an academical education in Hamburg; studied with Franz Liszt, and in Rome, Budapest and Weimar; made concert tours in Europe in 1883-85 and in the winter of 1893; was at the head of the piano department of Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md., 1885-97; and settled in New York in the latter year. He made concert tours all over the United States and was director of the Scharwenka Conservatory, New York, in 1897-99. In 1903 he became head of the piano department of the Royal Conservatory of Dresden. Since 1907 he has been living in Berlin. He has composed "The Sisters' (a dramatic tone poem), numerous songs, and piano, violin and orchestra pieces; and arranged Liszt's 'Concerto Pathétique, originally for two pianos, for the piano and orchestra.

BURN, SIR George, Canadian banker: b. Thurso, Scotland, 10 April 1847. He was educated in Scotland and was trained in the Royal Royal Canadian Bank in 1866; in 1880 was apBank of Scotland. He joined the staff of the pointed general manager of the Bank of Ottawa. He was elected president of the Canadian Bankers' Association in 1915; has been prominently identified with philanthropic and patriotic work, and was knighted in 1917.

BURNABY, Frederick Gustavus, English soldier and traveler: b. Bedford, England, 3 March 1842; d. 17 Jan. 1885. He was educated at Bedford and Harrow, and entered the Royal Horse Guards in his 18th year as cornet. In 1861 he became lieutenant, in 1866 captain, major in 1879, lieutenant-colonel in 1880, and finally, in 1881, was appointed colonel, a rank which he held till his death. He was military

correspondent for the London Times with Don Carlos in Spain, and joined Gordon in the Sudan. In 1875 he made his famous ride to Khivaa journey that presented great difficulties. During the ride, which he undertook partly because he had learned that the Russian government kept Europeans out of central Asia, he suffered severely from the intense cold prevailing at the time when he crossed the steppes. In 1876 he rode through Asiatic Turkey and Persia. Of both these journeys he published narratives, namely, "Ride to Khiva' (1876, 11th ed., 1877, new ed., 1884), and On Horseback Through Asia Minor) (1877). In 1880 he was the unsuccessful candidate for the Birmingham seat in Parliament. While serving as lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Horse Guards in the Egyptian campaign, he was killed at the battle of Abu-Klea, Consult Mann, 'Life of Burnaby (London 1882) and Wright, 'The Life of Colonel Fred Burnaby? (London 1908).

BURNAND, SIR Francis Cowley, English author: b. 29 Nov. 1837; d. 21 April 1917. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and at first studied with a view to entering the Church of England, but when in 1858 he became a Roman Catholic he devoted himself to legal studies, and was called to the bar in 1862. By that year he had already achieved some success as a writer, and in consequence he seldom practised. After about a year's connection with Fun he joined the staff of Punch in 1863, and was editor from 1880 to 1906. His book, 'Happy Thoughts, republished from Punch went through several editions, and was followed by More Happy Thoughts (1871); 'Happy Thought_Hall"ˇ (1872); Quito at Home (1890). Other successful productions of his are the extravaganzas, New Light on Darkest Africa, and Ride to Khiva' (making fun out of Stanley and Colonel Burnaby respectively), the parody on Ouida's novel, 'Strathmore, which he published under the title of Strapmore, and The Modern Sandford and Merton. Numerous plays have come from his pen, mostly of the nature of burlesques and light comedies, such as the plays 'Black-eyed Susan (a burlesque of Douglas Jerrold's drama), and 'The Colonel.' He issued a history of the Amateur Dramatic Club which he had founded at Cambridge University. He collaborated with Sir A. Sullivan in the light operas The Chieftain,' produced in 1894, and "Contrabandista.' He was knighted in 1902, and published an interesting volume of 'Records and Reminiscences.'

BURNE-JONES, SIR Edward, English painter: b. Birmingham, 28 Aug. 1833; d. London, 17 June 1898. In 1852 he went to Exeter College, Oxford, where he was a fellow student of William Morris, and afterward became acquainted with A. C. Swinburne (who dedicated his 'Poems and Ballads' to him). His first intention was to enter the Church of England, and it was not till he had reached his 22d year that he seriously devoted himself to art studies; but, going to London in 1855, he came under the influence of D. G. Rossetti and the PreRaphaelite movement, and soon attained considerable success in various departments of artistic work. In 1859 he set out on a journey through Italy in order to see the productions of the early Italian painters and sculptors, and on

his return to England he gave in his stainedglass designs and his pictures splendid promise of his subsequent triumphs. In 1865 he began a series of illustrations to Morris' 'Earthly Paradise, and he also executed some 70 designs for the Story of Cupid and Psyche,' besides pictures dealing with the same subject. He was elected a member of the Old Society of Painters in Water Colors in 1864, but withdrew from it in 1870, and from this year till 1877 scarcely ever exhibited in London. In the Grosvenor Gallery exhibition of the latter year, however, his works formed the chief attraction. He received the Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1880, was elected in 1885 Associate of the Royal Academy, a position which he resigned in 1893 (having only exhibited one picture at the Academy, The Depths of the Sea'), and he was created a baronet in 1894. His most important pictures are 'Day, Night'; 'Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter (1867-68); The Wine of Circe (1869); Chant d'Amour) (1873); 'Beguiling of Merlin (1877), an illustration of Tennyson's 'Merlin and Vivien'; 'Six Days of Creation' (1877); The Golden Stairs (1880); The Wheel of Fortune) (1883); Wood Nymph'; 'King Cophetua' (1884); Laus Veneris; The Depths of the Sea (1886); and 'The Briar Rose' series (1890). He holds a specially high place as a designer for stainedglass windows, and in many other departments of decorative art. His leading characteristics as a painter are his fertile imagination and fine poetic feeling, qualities which no painter of the century has possessed in anything like the same degree. The Old-World dreaminess of his work is finely aided by his wonderful power as a colorist. In common with his friends, Morris and Rossetti, he exercised a most potent imfluence on Victorian art. Consult Bell, 'Edward Burne-Jones' (1902).

BURNELL, Arthur Coke, English Orientalist: b. Gloucestershire 1840; d. 1882. He was educated at Bedford and King's colleges, entered the Indian Civil Service, and became immersed in South Indian palæography. His 'Handbook of South Indian Palæography' was regarded by Max Müller as indispensable to every student of Indian literature,' A 'Classified Index to the Sanskrit MSS.' in the palace at Tajore appeared in 1880. The Law of Partition and Succession' showed how well he had grasped the fundamentals of Indian law. He left unpublished A Translation of the Ordinances of Manu' (1885); and (jointly with Colonel Yule) Hobson-Jobson; being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases (1886). He was a remarkable linguist, having a knowledge of Sanskrit, Tibetan, Pali, Kawi, Javanese, Koptic and Arabic, and in his later years he became deeply absorbed in the Italian writers of the Renaissance. ardent booklover himself, he overflowed with helpfulness and generosity to other students. His collection of over 350 Sanskrit MSS. was gifted in 1870 to the India Library, and by the time of his death he had again collected an equal number, which were purchased from his heirs on behalf of the same institution.

An

BURNES, SIR Alexander, Scottish soldier and traveler; b. Montrose 1805; d. Cabul, 2 Nov. 1841. Having obtained a cadetship, he joined the Bombay native infantry in 1821:

to

Here his proficiency in Hindustani and Persian procured him two regimental appointments as interpreter, and contributed greatly to his future promotion. In 1830 he was appointed to proceed to Lahore, ostensibly for the purpose of delivering a present of horses from the King of England to Runjeet Singh, but really for the purpose of acquainting himself with the lower Indus, with the view of opening it up to com mercial enterprise. On returning from this mission, which he successfully accomplished, he proposed a mission into central Asia, and having obtained the sanction of the government, set out in January 1832, descended the Sutlej to Lahore, and proceeded thereafter Peshawur, Cabul and Bokhara. He afterward traveled with a caravan across the desert of Merv, visited the Shah of Persia in his capital of Teheran, traveled southward to the Persian Gulf and reached Bombay after a year's abscence. He published an account of this journey in 1834, under the title of Travels into Bokhara. He was afterward sent to England as the bearer of his own despatches, received the special thanks of the court of directors and was presented with the gold medal of the Royal and the silver medal of the French Geographical Society. He returned to India in 1835, and in the following year was sent on a commercial mission to Cabul. While there he discovered that Russia was intriguing to detach the Emir, Dost Mohammed, from the British alliance, and on finding the Emir disposed to be friendly to Great Britain, he urged Lord Auckland to come to terms with him. His advice was, however, rejected, and a force was dispatched in 1839 to reinstate Shah Sujah on the throne. Burnes accompanied the force as second political officer, and received the honor of knighthood. On the breaking out of an insurrection in Cabul, he was murdered with his brother and several other Europeans.

BURNET, Gilbert, British prelate and historian: b. Edinburgh, 18 Sept. 1643; d. London, 15 March 1715. Having graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, he zealously devoted himself to the study of law and divinity. In 1661 he qualified as a probationer in the Church, and traveled into Holland in 1664. On his return he was made fellow of the Royal Society in London, and ordained to the living of Saltoun, Haddingtonshire, in 1665. In 1669 he was made a professor of divinity at Glasgow, where he published his Modest and Free Conference between a Conformist and a Nonconformist,' and wrote his 'Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton (1676); and was offered a Scottish bishopric, which he refused. His 'Vindication of the Authority, Constitution, and Laws of the Church and State of Scotland, in which he maintains the cause of episcopacy, was much approved of at court, and several bishoprics were successively offered him and refused. In 1673 he was made chaplain in ordinary to the King, and was in high credit both with Charles and the Duke of York. Removing to London he received the appointment of chaplain to the Rolls Chapel in 1675, and shortly afterward the lectureship at Saint Clement's. The nation being alarmed on account of the progress of Catholicism, Burnet undertook a History of the Reformation in England.' He gave a first volume to the public in 1679, when the affair

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of the popish plot was in agitation. It procured for the author the unprecedented honor of thanks from both houses of Parliament. The second appeared in 1681; the third, which was supplementary, in 1714. The high character of Burnet as a divine caused him to be sent for by the witty and profligate Earl of Rochester, when, exhausted by a course of libertinism, he was sinking into the grave. The result of his conferences with the dying nobleman he gave to the world in his celebrated Account of the Life and Death of the Earl of Rochester.' About this time he wrote a letter to the King. censuring his public misgovernment and private vices. His connection with the opposition party was now very intimate, and he attended Lord William Russell to the scaffold, when executed for his share in the Rye House plot. He published during this period several works in favor of liberty and Protestantism, and wrote the lives of Bishop Bedell and Sir Matthew Hale (1682); and in 1683 made his translation of More's Utopia.' On the accession of James he made a tour in France and Italy, and in 1687 he published an account of his travels in a series of letters to Robert Boyle. When at Utrecht he was invited to The Hague by the Prince and Princess of Orange, and had a great share in the councils relative to Britain. James caused a prosecution for high treason to be commenced against him in Scotland, and demanded his person from the States, who refused to deliver him up. In the revolution he took an active part, accompanying the Prince of Orange to England as chaplain, and was rewarded for his services by the bishopric of Salisbury. On taking his seat in the House of Lords, he displayed his usual moderation in regard to the non-juring clergy and dissenters. As a prelate, Bishop Burnet distinguished himself by fervor, assiduity, tolerance and charity. In 1699 he published his 'Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles. The scheme for the augmentation of poor livings out of the first-fruits and tenths due to the Crown, known as Queen Anne's Bounty, originated with Burnet. He left behind him in manuscript his well-known History of His Own Times (1723-34), upon which the best judgment to-day is that nothing could be more admirable than his general candor, his accuracy as to facts, the fullness of his information and the justice of his judgments, both of those whom he vehemently opposed and of those whom he greatly admired. The value of the work, says a recent authority, "as a candid narrative and an invaluable work of reference, has continually risen as investigations into original materials have proceeded."

BURNET, Jacob, American jurist: b. Newark, N. J., 22 Feb. 1770; d. Cincinnati, Ohio, 10 May 1853. He was graduated at Princeton 1791, was admitted to the bar in 1796, removed to Cincinnati, then a village with about 500 inhabitants, and was a member of the territorial government from 1799 till the establishment of a State government in 1803. In 1821 he was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and was elected United States senator in 1828, and was prominent in the legislation to remove the national debt of the Middle West for public lands; and for the completion of the Miami Canal. Burnet was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences upon the recom

mendation of Lafayette, and published in 1847 a volume of Notes on the Northwestern Territory. He was prominent in civic enterprises in Cincinnati for over half a century, assisting to establish the Lancastrian Academy; helping to found the Cincinnati College, whose first president he was; besides being president of the Ohio Medical College and the Cincinnati Colonization Society and the Cincinnati branch of the United States Bank.

BURNET, John, Scottish engraver, painter' and art-critic: b. Musselburgh, near Edinburgh, 20 March 1874; d. 1868. He learned etching and engraving, and, with Sir William Allan and Sir David Wilkie, was a student in drawing and painting at the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh. In 1806 he went to London, where he engraved Wilkie's Jew's Harps'; 'Blind Fiddler'; 'Rent Day'; 'Rabbit on the Wall'; Chelsea Pensioners Reading the Gazette of the Battle of Waterloo (his largest and most elaborate work); 'Letter of Introduction'; 'Death of Tippoo Sahib'; and 'Village School. He also engraved plates from several recent painters, from the Rembrandts in the National Gallery and from several of his own paintings. Among his written works, for which he still maintains a reputation, are Practical Treatise on Painting' (1827); Rembrandt and His Works' (1849); 'Life and Works of J. W. M. Turner, with Cunningham (1852). He was a sound and careful painter, but possessed little originality. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1860, receiving a civil pension, he retired. Consult Pye, Patronage of British Art' (in Art Journal 1850, 1868).

BURNET, John, Scottish classical scholar: b. Edinburgh, 9 Dec. 1863. He was educated at the Royal High School and University, Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford, and has been professor of Greek in Saint Andrew's University since 1892. His works include 'Early Greek Philosophy (1892); Greek Rudiments (1897); Platonis Opera' (5 vols., 1899-1907); Plato's Phædo' (1911); 'Greek Philosophy, Part I (1914).

BURNET, Thomas, English divine and philosopher: b. Croft, Yorkshire, about 1635; d. London, 27 Sept. 1715. He was educated under Dr. Ralph Cudworth at Cambridge, and afterward traveled as tutor to several young noblemen. In 1681 he made himself known by his 'Telluris Theoria Sacra,' which he subsequently translated into English. In 1685 he became master of the Charterhouse and after the revolution of 1688 was appointed chaplain in ordinary and clerk of the closet to King William. In 1692 he published Archæologiæ Philosophicæ, sive Doctrina Antiqua de Rerum Originibus, but the freedom of opinion displayed in this work led to the removal of the author from the clerkship of the royal closet. Two posthumous works of this author appeared in 1727 the treatise 'De Fide et Officiis Christianorum'; 'De Statu Mortuorum Resurgentium. All the works of Burnet exhibit him as an ingenious speculator, rather than as a patient and sober inquirer concerning the moral and natural phenomena of which he treats. His great work, the Theory of the Earth, is one of the many systems of cosmogony in which Christian philosophers have attempted to reconcile the Mosaic account of

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the creation, paradise and the deluge, with the traditions of the ancient and the principles of modern science. His speculations are recommended by sublimity of description and eloquence of style. In his Archæologiæ Philosophicæ he has combatted the literal interpretation of the history of the fall of man; and to expose its improbability he has introduced an imaginary dialogue between Eve and the serpent, which, as coming from the pen of a divine, is singular enough. It is only to be found in the first edition of the work.

BURNET, William, American colonial governor: b. The Hague, Holland, 1688; d. Boston, 7 Sept. 1729. He was a son of Gilbert Burnet (q.v.) and was appointed governor of New York and New Jersey in 1720. Two years later he founded at Oswego the earliest English trading post on the Great Lakes as the first step in his able Indian policy in New York which accomplished very much for the interests of the mother country and the colonies. In 1728 he was transferred to the governorship of Massachusetts and New Hampshire and was speedily involved in disputes with the assembly of the former colony over the question of salary. He was fond of astronomical studies and published observations in the 'Transactions' of the Royal Society.

BURNET, the popular name of two genera of plants of the family Rosacea. (1) Garden Burnet (Sanguisorba), a perennial plant which grows to the height of about two feet; leaves smooth, alternate, imparipinnate, composed of serrate leaflets; flowers arranged in rounded heads of a purplish color, with the female flowers above and the male flowers below. It is a native of Europe but has become naturalized in sunny places among rocks and in open fields, from New York to Maryland. It is cultivated in kitchen gardens for its aromatic leaves, which are used to season salads. (2) Canadian Burnet (S. canadensis) is also a perennial plant; calyx of four divisions; stamens four. Its stem is straight, from three to six feet in height; leaflets ovate, smooth, This plant grows chiefly in bogs and wet places from Labrador to Georgia, and west to Michi

gan.

BURNET MOTH, the name for the genus of hawkmoths, called Anthrocera, or, by some, Zygana. Anthrocera filipendula is the six-spot burnet moth. The six spots, which are on the superior wings, are red, while the rest of the wings are green. Its caterpillar, which feeds on the plantain, trefoil, dandelion, etc., is yellow, spotted with black. A. loti is the five-spot burnet moth. It is less common. The caterpillar feeds on honeysuckle, bird's foot, trefoil, etc.

BURNETT, Frances Eliza Hodgson, Anglo-American novelist: b. Manchester, England, 24 Nov. 1849. In 1856 went to Tennessee with her widowed mother, and lived there until her marriage in 1873 to Dr. S. M. Burnett. She has since lived in Washington and Europe. Between the ages of 16 and 20 Mrs. Burnett wrote numerous stories for magazine publication - including 'Vagabondia'; Theo'; The Fortunes of Philippa Fairfax,) etc. This girlish work was collected later by Charles Scribner's Sons in an edition known as Mrs. Burnett's Earlier Stories.' Her first serious