France. In the meantime he and his descendants had been formally excluded from the succession by a vote of the Cortes in 1836. On arriving in France the castle of Bourges was assigned him as a residence, and he was also detained a prisoner there for a considerable time owing to his refusal to make the renunciations demanded of him. In 1845 he resigned his claims in favor of his eldest son, and in 1847 was permitted to take up his abode in Trieste, where he died. Consult Baumgarten, "Geschichte Spaniens' (Leipzig 1861); ButlerClarke, 'Modern Spain (Cambridge 1906) with a useful bibliography; Hume, Modern Spain (London 1906), an account by one whose family took a considerable part in the events of the first half of the book, and who himself witnessed much of what is related in the last half.

CARLOTA, kär-lō'ta, Philippines, (1) a town of Negros Occidental, situated in the western part of the island of Negros, 20 miles south of Bacolod. Pop. 13,097. (2) A town in the eastern part of the island of Negros (Negros Oriental). Pop. 6,386.

CARLOTTA (MARIE CARLOTTA AMÉLIE), Empress of Mexico: b. near Brussels, 7 June 1840. She was the daughter of Leopold I, King of Belgium, and married Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, 27 July 1857. In 1863 she went with her husband to Mexico and remained there till 1866, when the dissatisfaction against the empire forced her husband to send her from the land of their adoption to ask help in France. She could obtain no assistance from Napoleon III and went to Rome to appeal to the Pope. Before negotiations there were completed, her health gave way under the strain, and after the end of the empire and the execution of her husband (19. June 1867) she became totally insane. She was taken at first to the Château of Laeken, and afterward to the Château de Bouchoute, near Brussels, Belgium, where she was still living in seclusion at the time of the invasion of her native land and the beginning of the war in Europe.

CARLOVINGIANS, or CAROLINGIANS, the second dynasty of the French or Frankish Kings, which supplanted the Merovingians, deriving the name from Charles Martel or his grandson Charlemagne (that is, Karl or Charles the Great). Its origin is usually traced to Saint Arnulf, bishop of Metz (d. 641), whose grandson, Pepin of Heristal, held the office of mayor of the palace in Burgundy, Neustria and Austrasia. This Pepin of Heristal, who died in 714, left as his successor a young grandson; but the actual inheritor of his ability was Charles Martel, a natural son. Charles Martel became mayor of the palace in 714 to the Merovingian roi fainéant Childeric, and in this office was succeeded by his son Pepin le Bref, who in 751 deposed the merely nominal King and himself assumed that title. He was succeeded by Charlemagne and his brother Carloman (768-71). Charlemagne became sole king in 771, and extended greatly the dominions of the family. In 800 Leo III crowned him Emperor of the West. On his death in 814 he was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious, who divided his empire among his sons, and at his death, in 840, his son Charles the Bald became King of Neustria, the Spanish Mark and

CARLOW, Ireland, an inland county in the province of Leinster, surrounded by Kildare, Wicklow, Wexford, Kilkenny and Queen's County. It is generally level or undulating except in the southeastern parts. The chief rivers are the Slaney and Barrow. From the remarkable fertility of its soil it is almost entirely an agricultural county, producing a great deal of butter, corn, flour and other agricultural produce for exportation. Agriculture is here carried on with as much skill and knowledge of recent improvements as anywhere in Ireland, and there is less poverty than in most parts. There is abundant limestone, and granite is quarried. Area 346 square miles. Pop. (1911) 36,252, of which 89.2 per cent are Roman Catholics.

CARLOW, Ireland, the capital of the county of Carlow, on the Barrow, 56 miles southwest of Dublin by rail, with which it is also connected by canal. It has two principal streets intersecting at right angles. A bridge of five arches leads over the Barrow to the suburban village of Graigue, in Queen's County. The principal public buildings are the Roman Catholic cathedral and college and the Protestant parish church. It is lighted by electricity, and has an excellent water supply. Carlow is the principal mart for the agricultural produce of the surrounding country, has brewing and corn milling industries, and anthracite coal is worked. On rising ground to the south stand the ruins of the ancient castle of Carlow, still presenting a very imposing appearance. In the Rebellion of 1798 Carlow was unsuccessfully attacked by the insurgent forces. Pop. (1911) 6,619.

CARLSBAD, kärls'bät, Bohemia, a town on the Tepl, near its influx into the Eger, 116 miles west by north of Prague by rail. It is widely celebrated for its hot mineral springs, and is perhaps the most aristocratic of the watering places of Europe. In the season, April to October, the visitors may number from 50,000 to 60,000. Set in most lovely scenery 1,165 feet above sea-level, the town is well built and offers good accommodation for its guests. The temperature of the hot springs varies from 47° to 165° F. The principal spring, the Sprudel, has a very large volume, and is forced up to a height of three feet from the ground. Altogether, the daily flow of the springs of Carlsbad is estimated at 2,000,000 gallons. Somewhere approaching 2,000,000 bottles of water are exported annually. The principal ingredient in the water is sulphate of soda. The whole town of Carlsbad appears to stand on a vast caldron of boiling water, which is kept from bursting only by the safety-valves the springs provide. Ascribing its foundation to the Emperor Charles IV (1347), Carlsbad was made a free town by Joseph I. Here were

formulated in 1819 the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees (q.v.). Pop. 17,446.

CARLSBAD, Congress of, a conference of ministers representing Austria, Prussia and many small German states, which met at Carlsbad in August 1819 to concert measures to arrest the democratic tendencies then manifesting themselves in Germany. Its members recommended to their governments and to the German Diet the famous 'Carlsbad Decrees,' which were adopted by the Diet, 20 Sept. 1819. Among the most important of the decrees were those recommending severe press censorship, the establishment at Mainz of a central commission for the investigation of political intrigues, the suppression of the secret student organization, the Burschenschaft, and government inspection of the universities.

CARLSBAD DECREES, the resolutions adopted in the summer of 1819 at the conference of the German ministers at Carlsbad, for the suppression of the so-called Demagogic Movement. The fear of a far-spreading conspiracy against the German princes, which had been excited by the murder of Kotzebue by Karl Sand, was skillfully employed by Metternich as an excuse for combining the German governments for the extermination of Liberalism. The representatives of Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Würtemberg, Baden, Mecklenburg, Nassau and Saxe-Weimar participated in the meeting. It was decided, that the censorship of the press should be rendered more strict, that the universities should be forbidden to spread liberal doctrines, that secret societies should be suppressed, and that a commission to sit at Mainz should be appointed to extirpate the revolutionary conspiracy which was supposed to exist. An attempt to determine more precisely the nature of the constitution permissible for the states of the German Confederation led to a stalemate between the conservative Austrians and the Würtembergers who already had a liberal constitution. This was only solved at the conference of Vienna the following year. (See METTERNICH). Consult de Martius, 'Nouveau recueil général des traités (Göttingen 1846).

CARLSBURG, kärls'boorg, or KARLSBURG, Austro-Hungary, a royal free city (ancient Apulum) on the right bank of the Maros, 48 miles south of Klausenburg. It consists of an upper and a lower town, situated on opposite sides of the river, and communicating by a long bridge. It is defended by a citadel, and has a cathedral (dating from 1443) with a number of ancient monuments, a mint where the gold and silver obtained in Transylvania are purified and coined, an observatory with a good collection of instruments, an excellent library, a theological college, a gymnasium, arsenal and barracks. Pop. about 12,000.

CARLSCRONA, kärls'krō-na, or KARLSKRONA ("Charles' Crown"), Sweden, a seaport at the southern extremity of the peninsula, on the Baltic, capital of the län or province of Blekinge or Carlscrona, 55 miles east by north of Christiansand. It stands on several rocky islets connected with one another and with the mainland by bridges, has broad, clean but somewhat steep streets, with houses mostly

built of wood. The harbor is safe and spacious and the entrance is protected by forts. It was founded by Charles XII in 1680. As the chief Swedish naval station the town largely depends on the trade thereby occasioned, but it has also a considerable export trade in timber, tar, potash, fish, etc. Pop. 27,434.

CARLSEN, Emil, American artist: b. Copenhagen, Denmark, 19 Oct. 1853. He came to the United States in 1872 and studied art in Boston. Since 1891 he has lived in New York and has exhibited frequently there. His especial field is still life painting, but he is also favorably known as a landscape artist. His landscapes are sincere and direct in presentation, and his marines are particularly good in the movement of the water. He excels especially in line and in arrangement. Among his best known works are 'Sooty Kettle'; 'A Connecticut Hilltop'; The Rising Storm'; 'Night American Artists); Wind in the East'; 'A Old Wyndham' (1905, Webb prize, Society of Lazy Sea'; 'A Stormy Afternoon' (1909); "The Sky and the Ocean' (1914). He is represented in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, by a still life and two marines, of which 'Surf Breaking is especially fine; also in the Brooklyn Institute Museum and the Worcester Museum. He received a gold medal at the Saint Louis Exposition in 1904, and is a member of the National Academy of Design and of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

CARLSHAMN, kärls'häm ("Charles' Haven"), Sweden, a seaport town 27 miles west of Carlscrona, in a beautiful valley at the mouth of the Mie-Á. It is regularly built, and its square market-place, planted on all sides with trees, has a fine appearance. It has an elegant townhouse, a good harbor and an active trade. Timber and articles of timber, granite, charcoal and fish constitute the chief exports. manufactures are sail-cloth, sacking, tobacco, leather, etc.; and there is also some ship-building. It was founded in 1664. Pop. about 7,000.

The

CARLSON, Anton Julius, American physiologist: b. Bohuslan, Sweden, 1875. In 1891 he came to the United States, and after studying at Augustana College, Ill., and Leland Stanford University, he became instructor and assistant professor in physiology in 1904 at Woods Hole laboratory. In 1909 he received the appointment of professor of physiology at the University of Chicago. He is the author of Physiology of the Nervous System of the Snake and the California Hagfish' (1904) and of numerous articles in physiological journals on saliva and saliva secretion, on the thyroids, parathyroids and pancreas, lymph and lymph formation, heart and circulation.

CARLSON, Fredrik Ferdinand, Swedish historian: b. Upland, 13 June 1811; d. Stockholm, 18 March 1887. After leaving the University of Upsala, he became tutor to the royal family at Stockholm (1837-46). He returned to the university as professor of history (1849) and became rector (1860). He represented the university in the National Diet; later he sat for the Swedish Academy of Sciences (1858); and represented Gefleborg in the first chamber from 1873. He was appointed head of the Department of Public Worship, which post he held from 1863-70 and

again from 1875-80. He was prominent in public matters for many years, being Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 1863-70 and again, 1875-78. He completed Geijer's History of Sweden' (7 vols., Stockholm 1855-85).

CARLSRUHE, kärls'roo-u, or KARLSRUHE ("Charles' Rest"), Germany, the capital of the grand duchy of Baden, 39 miles north-northwest of Stuttgart. It was laid out in 1715, and is one of the most regularly built towns in Europe. The castle of the Grand Duke stands in the centre of the city, and from this point a number of streets radiate fan fashion, at regular distances from each other. Other streets intersect these in parallel circles. The roads leading to the city correspond to this regular disposition, which, as is apt to be the case in strictly regular cities, often leaves upon the traveler the impression of monotony rather than that of agreeable order. The city is ornamented with several beautiful public buildings, including the palace, in front of which is a bronze statue of the founder of the city, the Margrave Charles William, the Parliament house, town-hall, etc. The court library contains 150,000 volumes; there are also here several valuable museums and cabinets, a botanic garden, several institutions for the promotion of literature and the fine arts. The city has a largely developing trade in engines, carriage works, furniture, paper and plated goods. Pop. (1911) 134,313.

CARLSTAD, kärl-stät, Sweden, town and the capital of the län of Vermland, on an island in Lake Wener formed by the two mouths of the Klar, and connected with the mainland by a bridge across either stream. It is beautifully situated, regularly built, is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral, gymnasium, townhouse, etc., and some trade in copper, timber, iron, machinery, tobacco, matches and grain, and also exports wooden ware and iron. The city was founded in 1584 and rebuilt after the fire of 1865. A conference between Sweden and Norway was held here in 1905 to decide on the discontinuance of the union between these countries. Pop. 17,000.

CARLSTADT, Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein, German theologian: b. Carlstadt, Franconia, 1480; d. Basel, Switzerland, 25 Dec. 1541. He is celebrated in the history of the Reformation for his fanaticism as well as his misfortunes. He studied at Erfurt (1500-03), Cologne (1503) and Wittenberg (1510), where he was finally appointed professor of theology in 1513. In 1515 he went to Rome to study law and took the degree of LL.D. His learning enabled him to render great support to Luther in his first steps for the introduction of a reformation. In 1520 he was included in the bull which condemned Luther; and his spirited appeal from the Pope to a general council, of which he gave the first example, as well as his opinion openly expressed, in favor of the marriage of the priesthood, was among the many proofs which he gave of his zeal for the Reformation. While Luther was at Wartburg Carlstadt's zeal urged him to acts of violence. He even instigated the people and students to the destruction of the altars and the images of the saints, greatly to the displeasure of Luther, who lost the friendship of Carlstadt by his opposition to his excesses. He publicly declared himself the

opponent of Luther, and the Elector Frederick banished him from the country in September 1524. Carlstadt then commenced the controversy respecting the sacrament, denying, in opposition to Luther, the bodily presence of Christ in the sacramental elements, and recognizing in the rite a token of remembrance simply. This controversy was carried on with the bitterest animosity; and Zwinglius having declared himself in favor of Carlstadt's doc-. trine, a dispute ensued between the Swiss and Wittenberg theologians which ended in the separation of the Calvinists and Lutherans. Carlstadt in the meantime being suspected, not with- . out reason, of having taken part in the revolt of the peasants in Franconia, was obliged to wander through Germany, and being ultimately reduced to extreme distress, sought relief of Luther who procured him an asylum at Kemberg, on condition that he should refrain from the expression of his opinions. Here he lived nearly three years. His restless mind, however, soon led him to break his promise, by the publication of some writings in 1528; and he even went so far as to plot against Luther's person. To escape from the consequences of his conduct he repaired to Switzerland at the end of the same year, where he was appointed vicar of Altstadt, in the valley of the Rhine; in 1530, deacon at Zürich; and in 1534, vicar and professor of theology at Basel. Consult, for his biography, Jäger, J. C. (Stuttgart 1856) and Lindsay, History of the Reformation) (Vol. I, New York 1906). Many of his letters are in Ólearius, (Serinium Antiquarium' (Halle 1698).

CARLSTADT, Austria, a town in Croatia, 34 miles southwest of Agram, agreeably situated in a perfectly level and richly cultivated plain near the junction of the Kulpa, Korana and Dobra, which are here navigable. It consists of the town proper and the citadel, together with the suburb of Dubovacz. It is the seat of a Greek bishopric, is tolerably well built and has an important trade. It also has a higher gymnasium and military school and has a distillery and a turbine rolling mill. Pop. 16,000.

CARLSTADT, N. J., borough of Bergen County, 10 miles north of Jersey City, on the Erie Railroad. It has brass, onyx and marble works, silk mills, cotton cloth mills, sable cloth works and air valve manufactories. It is governed by a mayor and council, the former_being chosen for a period of two years. Pop. 3,807.

CARLYLE, kär-lil', Alexander, Scottish clergyman: b. Prestonpans, 26 Jan. 1722; d. Inveresk, 28 Aug. 1805. He was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and afterward studied at the University of Leyden. Licensed as a preacher in 1747 he became minister of the parish of Inveresk, in Midlothian, where he continued to the end of his life. He was one of the leaders of the Moderate party in the Scottish Church, the party which, during the latter half of the 18th century, ruled with such predominating sway, and included the names of Robertson, Blair and Home among its members. As an eloquent debater and skilful ecclesiastical leader in the General Assembly he had no rival. He was of such striking personal appearance that he was called "Jupiter

Carlyle." He strenuously resisted all attempts to give additional influence to the popular element in ecclesiastical matters. He left behind him a well-known autobiography, which, though commenced in his 79th year, is a singularly interesting production, both from the vigor and sprightliness of its style, and the pictures which it presents of Scottish society in the 18th century, and the more or less intimate account it gives of such noted characters as Home, the dramatist, Adam Smith and David Hume. After remaining long in manuscript it was published in 1860, under the editorship of John Hill Burton.

CARLYLE, Jane Baillie Welsh, Scottish letter writer: b. Haddington, Scotland, 14 July 1801; d. London, 21 April 1866. She was the daughter of John Welsh, a Haddington surgeon, and was married to Thomas Carlyle (q.v.) 17 Oct. 1826. Her letters, edited by her husband, were published in 1883. Consult Ireland, 'Life' (London 1891); and 'New Letters and Memorials' (London 1903).

CARLYLE, John Aitken, English physician, brother of Thomas Carlyle: b. Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, 7 July 1801; d. Dumfries, 15 Dec. 1879. He studied at Edinburgh where he took his degree of M.D. in 1825, and later completed his education in Germany. He practised for a short time at London, where he was unsuccessful. He attempted literature for a while, assisting his brother in translating Legendre's 'Geometry. He then received an appointment as traveling physician to Lady Clare (1831-37), and later to the duke of Buccleuch (1838-43). Retiring to a place near the Chelsea residence of his brother, he devoted himself to literary labors and in 1849 published a translation of Dante's Inferno,' a very scholarly and finished work. A very friendly relation existed between the brothers, as evinced by letters and the will of Thomas. Dr. Carlyle edited also Irving's 'History of Scottish Poetry) (1861).

CARLYLE, Joseph Dacre, English Orientalist: b. Carlisle 1759; d. Newcastle-uponTyne, 12 April 1804. He was graduated from Cambridge, became chancellor of Carlisle in 1793, professor of Arabic at Cambridge in 1795 and was subsequently appointed to the Turkish embassy. He published Specimens of Arabic Poetry (1796); Poems (1805), and a translation of an Arabic history of Egypt. His Arabic Bible was published in 1811, completed and edited by H. Ford, professor of Arabic at Oxford.

CARLYLE, Thomas, Scotch essayist, historian and miscellaneous writer: b. Ecclefechan, near Annandale, in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, 4 Dec. 1795; d. London, 4 Feb. 1881. Carlyle's ancestors were said to have come to Annandale from Carlisle, England, in the time of David II, but at the author's birth the immediate family was living in very straitened circumstances at Ecclefechan, where the grandfather, Thomas, was village carpenter and his five sons masons. The second of these, James, a man of "largest natural adornment," assertive, choleric, honest and pious, with an uncommon gift of forcible expression, married as his second wife Margaret Aitken, a woman of affectionate nature and piety of mind. By her he had four sons and five daughters, of whom

care.

the eldest was Thomas. The third son, John Carlyle (q.v.), became distinguished as the translator of Dante. Thomas, like the other children, was brought up with much affectionate His parents intended him for the Church and gave him all the education in their power. He early learned his letters and soon became a voracious reader. At 10 he was sent to the grammar school at Annan, where, as a moody, sensitive child, he was much bullied by the other boys, and probably suffered acutely. At the age of 13 he was ready to enter Edinburgh University, which he attended from 1809 to 1814, without, however, taking a degree. His individuality did not readily allow itself to be molded to the academic routine. Finding himself unable, because of religious doubts, to enter the ministry, he went to Annan Academy as tutor in mathematics, in 1814. Later he taught at Kirkcaldy, where he made the acquaintance of Edward Irving (q.v). one of his warmest friends. Irving's friendship was of great value to Carlyle, and his library enabled the latter to gratify his love of reading and to mitigate the distaste which he felt for teaching. In October 1818 the work became so repellent that he resigned from his school, saying that "it were better to perish than to continue school-mastering." Then he went to Edinburgh to try to earn his living.

The next three years were perhaps the most trying of his life. He was tormented to an uncommon degree by his lifelong enemy, dyspepsia, and as a result was greatly depressed in spirit. Uncertain what career to follow, trying his hand at many vocations and different studies, miserably poor, finding his only employment for a time in writing hack articles, he was "mentally and physically adrift" in the sense that is described in his "Everlasting No" of 'Sartor Resartus.' Toward the middle of 1821, however, he seems, by much resolution and energy of will, to have shaken off much of the depression, to have attained the position of the "Everlasting Yea." The men who at this time most influenced him were the Germans, particularly Goethe, the mystic Richter, and the philosopher Fichte. German literature was now his most absorbing study, and later this study bore fruit in his 'Life of Schiller' (1823-24), his translation of Goethe's 'Wilhelm Meister (1824) and in several essays. These books mark his formal entrance into literature. Up to the time of their publication Carlyle's published writing had been a series of articles for Sir David Brewster's 'Encyclopedia, a translation of Legendre's 'Geometry, to which he prefixed an Essay on Proportion, and miscellaneous hack work. The Life of Schiller' and the translation of 'Wilhelm Meister' met with favorable reviews, and the translation is usually regarded as one of the best of all renderings into English. While he was at work on these books he was (1822-24) tutor in a well-to-do family, the Bullers, from whom he received £200 a year for not disagreeable work. In spite of the kindness of his patrons, he managed, as was usual with him during life, to find much fault with his surroundings and to utter complaints with very little fairness or reserve. A trip (1824) to London and Paris broke the monotony of his existence, and gave him many new impressions and opinions in what was a critical period of his growth.