University 1892-93; consulting engineer to the New York city department of public works 1893-95, of parks and of docks 1895-97, and later of bridges. Since 1893 he has been professor of civil engineering at Columbia, and in 1904 became a member of the Isthmian Canal Commission. He is author of The Stresses in Bridge and Roof Trusses' (1879); Arched Ribs and Suspension Bridges (1913); Elasticity of the Materials of Engineering (1883); "The Theory of Masonry Arches,' 'Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal (1902), etc.

BURRAGE, Henry Sweetser, American clergyman: b. Fitchburg, Mass., 7 Jan. 1837. He was graduated from Brown University, 1861, and entering the 36th Massachusetts as a private, rose to the rank of captain and brevetmajor of volunteers. After the war he resumed his studies, graduated at Newton Theological Institution, 1867, was at the University of Halle, Germany, 1868-69, and became a Baptist clergyman in 1869. He was pastor at Waterville, Me., 1869-73; editor of Zion's Advocate, 18731905; recording secretary of the American Baptist Union, 1876-1904; recorder Maine Commandery, Loyal Legion, 1889-1912; chaplain National Soldiers' Home, 1905-12; trustee Colby College, 1881-1905; Newton Theological Institution, 1889-1906; fellow of Brown University since 1901. He has edited 'Brown University in the Civil War (1868); 'Henry W. Longfellow's 75th Birthday (1882); History of the 36th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers (1884); and has written (The Act of Baptism in the History of the Christian Church (1879); History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland' (1882); Rosier's Relation of Waymouth's Voyage to the Coast of Maine in 1605 (1887); 'Baptist Hymn Writers and their Hymns (1888); History of the Baptists in New England, (1894); History of the Baptists in Maine (1904); Gettysburg and Lincoln' (1906); Early English and French Voyages' (1906); Maine at Louisburg in 1745) (1910); 'The Beginnings of Colonial Maine' (1914.

BURRARD INLET, an inlet at the southwest corner of British Columbia, a little north of the mouth of the Fraser River. It is nine miles long, is one of the finest harbors on the Pacific coast, and has Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, on its southern shore.

BURRELL, David James, American clergyman and author: b. Mount Pleasant, Pa., 1 Aug. 1844. He was graduated at Yale in 1867 and at Union Theological Seminary in 1870. He spent four years in mission work at Chicago and thereafter was successively pastor at Dubuque, Iowa, 1876-87, Westminster Church, Minneapolis, 1887-91, and the Marble Collegiate Church, New York. He has published Religions of the World' (1891); Gospel of Gladness' (1892); The Early Church' (1897); The Religion of the Future) (1894); The Wonderful Teacher' (1902); Teachings of Jesus' (1904); The Lure of the City' (1908); The Cloister Book' (1909); In David's Town' (1910); At the Gate Beautiful (1911); The Home Sanctuary) (1911); The Gateway of Life (1912); The OldTime Religion' (1913) The Sermon' (1913); 'The Church in the Upper Room' (1913);

VOL. 5-5

'We Would See Jesus' (1914); and The Apostles' Creed' (1915); 'Why I Believe the Bible' (1917).

BURRELL, Martin, Canadian legislator: b. England 1858. He was educated at Saint John's College, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, and came to Ontario in 1886, where for 14 years he engaged in fruit growing near Niagara. He removed to British Columbia in 1900, and continued at fruit growing and began to take an interest in local politics. He became widely known as an authority on horticulture, and in 1907 the government of British Columbia appointed him fruit commissioner and sent him as lecturer to England. In 1908 he was elected as a Conservative to the House of Commons and re-elected in 1911. In the latter year he was appointed Minister of Agriculture in the Borden administration.

BURRIANA, Spain, town in the province of Castellón, eight miles south of the town of Castellón, on the river Seco, and about one mile from the Mediterranean. It is situated in a fertile region. Agriculture and fishing are the principal industries and it has a trade in oil, wine and fruit. Pop. 14,243.

BURRILL, Thomas Jonathan, American naturalist: b. Pittsfield, Mass., 25 April 1839. He was graduated at the Illinois State Normal University in 1865, and in 1867 was botanist of Powell's first Rocky Mountain Expedition. Since 1868 he has been a member of the faculty of the University of Illinois and has held the following offices in the university: Professor of botany and horticulture since 1868; dean of the College of Science, 1877-84; vice-president since 1879; acting president, 1889-90, 1891-94 and 1904; dean of the Graduate School since 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1893 by the Northwestern University. He is a member of several American and foreign scientific societies, and is well known from his writings under more than 100 titles, mostly upon the parasitic diseases of plants, bacteriology, microscopy, fruit growing, forestry, landscape gardening and modern education.

BURRILLVILLE, R. I., town of Providence county, 24 miles northwest of Providence, on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. It manufactures woolen goods. Nearby is Wallum Lake, a popular summer Burrillville is governed by a town council, chosen every year. Pop. 7,878.

resort.

BURRITT, Elihu ("THE LEARNED BLACKSMITH"), American reformer: b. New Britain, Conn., 8 Dec. 1811; d. 7 March 1879. The son of a shoemaker, he was educated in the common schools of his native village, and at the age of 16 was apprenticed to a blacksmith. An early conceived project of reading the Scriptures in their original language led him to philological studies in the intervals of labor, and by diligence and a remarkable facility he was soon able to understand works in several languages. He removed to Worcester to take advantage of the library of the Antiquarian Society there, and while still plying his trade became acquainted with the principal ancient and modern languages. In 1846 he went to England, where he formed the "League of Universal Brotherhood," whose object was "to

employ all legitimate means for the abolition of war throughout the world." He was constantly engaged in writing and lecturing, and took a prominent part in all the European peace congresses. He returned to America in 1853. He was consular agent at Birmingham, 1865-68. The promotion of temperance, cheap ocean postage and the abolition of American slavery were leading objects of his continued exertions. His principal publications 'Sparks from the Anvil' (1848); Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad' (1854); 'Chips from Many Blocks,' etc.

are

BURROUGH, BOROUGH, BURROWE, or BORROWS, Stephen, or Stefan, English navigator: b. Devonshire, 23 Sept. 1525; d. 1584. In 1553 he took a very active part in the expedition dispatched from the Thames under Sir Hugh Willoughby to look for a northwest passage to Cathay and India. There were three ships in the expedition, one of which was under the command of Burrough, who got separated from the other craft during a storm. He continued the voyage alone, reaching Nova Zembla and the island of Waigatz. In 1556 he made a second voyage into the same regions and in 1560 he took charge of another expedition to Russia. In 1563 he was appointed chief pilot and one of the four masters of queen's ships in the Medway, a position which he held for many years. Burrough, who reached 70° 30′ N. on one of his Russian expeditions, was looked upon, in his day, as a noted explorer. He seems to have been a very active and intelligent sailor.

BURROUGHS, George, American clergyman: d. Salem, Mass., 19 Aug. 1692. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1670, was a preacher at Falmouth, now Portland, Me., in 1676, and at Salem in 1680. In consequence of some dispute with his people he returned to Portland in 1683, but, when that town was destroyed by the Indians in 1690, came back to Salem. Though a person of unblemished character, he became one of the victims of accusation by the confessing witches. It was testified that two of his wives had appeared to the witnesses, saying that he was the cause of their death, and threatening, if he denied it, to appear in court. He was also accused of performing feats of extraordinary strength by diabolical assistance, such as carrying a barrel of molasses, holding out a gun by a finger placed in the muzzle, and of having "tortured, afflicted, pined, consumed, wasted and tormented one Mary Wolcott. Although he asserted his innocence so as to draw tears from the spectators, and recited the Lord's Prayer, which it was supposed no witch could repeat without mistake, he was condemned and executed.

BURROUGHS, John, American essayist and literary naturalist: b. Roxbury, N. Y 3 April 1837. In his youth he taught school for about 10 years; he began early to write for the magazines; in 1863 he became clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington, D. C., where he worked for 10 years, carrying on his literary activities simultaneously. Later he became a national bank examiner. In 1873 he built "Riverby," his home at West Park, on the Hudson, where he has since lived, devoting himself to fruit culture, nature

study and literature. In 1862 Mr. Burroughs wrote the poem, Waiting, by which he is perhaps more widely known than by any of his books. His first book, 'Walt Whitman, Poet and Person,' was written in 1867, he being the first person of note in the United States to give public recognition of Whitman. His later book on the Good Gray Poet, 'Whitman, a Study, was published in 1896, and was the result of many years of comradeship with the poet. Mr. Burroughs has gathered most of the harvest for his nature books near at home, either at "Riverby," in his bark-covered study, or in the region of "Slabsides," his retreat back from the Hudson, near West Park, or in later years at "Woodchuck Lodge, on the farm in the Catskills where he was born. He has, however, wandered away from these haunts occasionally, as his books testify-to many parts of the United States, to Bermuda, the West Indies, the Canadas, twice to Europe, on the Alaskan expedition of 1899 with E. H. Harriman, in the Yellowstone in 1903 with President Roosevelt, through the Southwest and Yosemite with John Muir, in 1909, and also to Hawaii. The personal element is very marked in his writings, and the charm of his easy familiar style, with his remarkable observation and interpretation of nature, has done much to popularize the study of nature in our day, while his work on literary criticism, his character studies and his philosophical essays are eagerly welcomed by lovers of good literature. His books, with the dates of their publication, are Walt Whitman, Poet and Person' (1867); 'Wake Robin' (1871); Winter Sunshine' (1875); 'Birds and Poets (1877); ‘Locusts and Wild Honey) (1879); Pepacton (1881); 'Fresh Fields> (1884); Signs and Seasons (1886); 'Indoor Studies' (1889); Riverby) (1894); Whitman, a Study) (1896); The Light of Day' (1900); Literary Values' (1902); 'Life of Audubon' (1902); Far and Near (1904); Ways of Nature) (1905); Bird and Bough Poems (1906); Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt' (1907); 'Leaf and Tendril' (1908); Time and Change) (1912); The Summit of the Years' (1913); The Breath of Life' (1915); Under the Apple Trees' (1916). Mr. Burroughs has also edited a volume of nature poems, 'Songs of Nature' (1901); and several books have been compiled from his works - 'Birds and Bees'; 'Afoot and Afloat'; 'Sharp Eyes'; 'Little Nature Studies; Squirrels and Other Fur Bearers'; A Year in the Fields; 'In the Catskills'; and 'Bird Stories from Burroughs.'

BURROWING BEE, any of the species that burrow in the ground and form their nests there. Among the principal kinds are the Adrena and Halictus. See BEE.

BURROWING OWL, a small owl (Speotyto cunicularia) common on the open plains of both North and South America, where it makes its nest in burrows. It is mottled gray in color, has very long legs, scantily feathered and stands erect upon them in a manner different from that of owls generally. It is gregarious, and is especially prevalent on the North American plains in the "towns" of the prairie dogs; and in South America it lives with the vizcachas and cavies, and is thought to warn them by

its excited notes whenever an enemy approaches. Among the many unowl-like traits of this curious little exile from the woods is its cry, which has no resemblance to the ordinary hoot of an owl, but more nearly resembles the chattering of a cuckoo. This owl makes its home wherever it can in some abandoned burrow of a ground-squirrel or other animal, but, failing this, it digs a little cave-like hole of its own, which it furnishes with a bed of soft materials, whereon are laid about eight globular white eggs. The food of these owls consists almost entirely of insects and mice. Consult Coues, E., Birds of the Northwest' (Washington 1874); Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology) (London 1888).

BURROWS, William, American naval officer: b. near Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Oct. 1785; d. at sea, 5 Sept. 1813. He served in the war with Tripoli and commanded the sloop Enterprise in its successful action with the British brig Boxer off the coast of Maine. Both Burrows and the British commander were killed in the fight, and they were buried side by side at Portland. Congress struck a medal in honor of the victory and its hero.

BURSA, in anatomy, a sac containing a clear fluid between surfaces which move one upon the other. There are two varieties mucous, or simple cavities between the skin and bony protuberances, as at the knee, and synovial, or sacs between the muscles or tendons and bony protuberances.

BURSAR, or BURSARY, an endowment in one of the Scotch universities, corresponding to an exhibition in an English university, and intended for the support of a student during his ordinary course and before he has taken a degree in the faculty in which he holds the bursary. Each of the four universities of Scotland has a greater or smaller number of bursaries. As yet the University of Aberdeen is better provided than any of the others with this class of endowments. Bursaries are in the gift sometimes of the Senatus Academicus of the university to which they belong, sometimes of the town council of the city in which the university is situated and sometimes of private individuals. With regard to the manner in which they are bestowed, some are obtained after competitive examination and others are given by the patrons for special reasons. As the former method of bestowing them is found to be the more beneficial in its results, it is gradually becoming the prevailing one, as at Aberdeen it has always been. Bursaries which are in the gift of the Senatus Academicus are all bestowed in this way. In a monastery, the bursar was the one who held and disbursed the income. In the sense of subtreasurer, the term is still used in English universities and in Harvard University and elsewhere. In England it is also applied to candidates for the elementary school-teaching profession receiving maintenance from the state.

BURSITIS, inflammation of a bursa, most commonly caused by injury. The well-known housemaid's knee is a good example of bursitis. See JOINTS, DISEASES OF.

BURSLEM, England, market town and municipal borough in Staffordshire, within the parliamentary borough of Hanley, in "The Potteries." It is the oldest of the six towns forming the potteries and is known as the "Mother of the Potteries." It is well built, chiefly of brick; has electric tramways, a fine town-hall, covered market, public baths, hospital and the Wedgwood Institute, comprising a free library, a museum and a school of art, erected in honor of Josiah Wedgwood, who was born at Burslem in 1730. The building is an excellent exemplification of the structural application of ceramics. It has extensive manufactures of china and earthenware, and carries on coal mining. Pop. 41,556.

She

BURT, Mary Elizabeth, American educator: b. Lake Geneva, Wis. She studied at Oberlin College and entered the teaching profession. For three years she was a member of the Chicago board of education. Later she undertook editorial work and lecturing. edited 'Little Nature Studies for Little People'; 'Seed Thoughts from Robert Browning, etc.; has contributed frequently to periodical literature and is the author of 'Browning's Women' (1889); Literary Landmarks' (1889); "The World's Literature) (1890); German Iliad (Siegfried) (1892); Stories from Plato and Other Classic Writers' (1893), and collaborated in writing 'The Literary Primer' (1901); "The Boy General' (1901); Poems Every Child Should Know (1904); Prose Every Child Should Know' (1907); 'Adventures of Pinocchio (1908).

BURT, Thomas, English labor leader: b. Northumberland, 12 Nov. 1837. He began work in the coal mines at 10 years of age. He early became immersed in the labor movement; was secretary for the Northumberland miners from 1865-1913; has represented Morpeth as a Liberal since 1874; was parliamentary secretary of the Board of Trade from 1892-95, and in 1906 was made a privy councillor.

BURT, William, American Methodist Episcopal clergyman: b. Cornwall, England, 23 Oct. 1852. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1879 and at Drew Theological Seminary in 1881. He spent five years in churches at Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 1886 was appointed presiding elder of the district of Milan in the Italian conference. He was in Rome from 1890 to 1904, and there founded schools and a publishing house. In 1904 he was made a bishop. His work has been looked upon with disfavor by the Papal Curia because of the proselyting methods adopted. He has published 'Europe and Methodism' (1909).

BURTON, Edwin Hubert, English clergyman and writer: b. London, 12 Aug. 1870. He was educated at Ware, Ushaw and Oscott; studied law 1888-93; solicitor, High Court of Justice, 1893. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1898; was curate at Saint Mary and Michael's, London, 1898, when he was appointed

to the staff of Saint Edmund's College, Ware, becoming vice-president in 1902, professor of Church history in 1907 and Weld lecturer in ascetic theology in 1909. He is a fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, the Royal Historical Society and of the East Herts Archæological Society. He contributed about 300 articles to The Catholic Encyclopedia,' to the Dublin Review, and is editor of The Edmundian. He has published Catalogue of Books in the Libraries at Saint Edmund's College, Old Hall, printed in England, and of Books written by Englishmen printed Abroad to the Year 1640 (1902); Life and Times of Bishop Challoner' (2 vols., London 1909); Meditations on the Passion by Richard Rolle, Hermit of Hampole, done into Modern English' (London 1906); co-author of 'Biographies of English Catholics in the Eighteenth Century'; 'Lives of the English Martyrs' (Vol. I, London 1913).

BURTON, Ernest De Witt, American Biblical scholar: b. Granville, Ohio, 4 Feb. 1856. He was graduated at Denison University in 1876 and at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1882, and went to Europe for further study in Leipzig and Berlin. From 1882-83 he taught in the Rochester Theological Seminary and from 1883-92 in the Newton Theological Institution, first as associate professor and later a professor of New Testament interpretation, In 1892 he was appointed head professor of New Testament interpretation in the University of Chicago. Among his works are 'Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek'; 'Harmony of the Gospels for Historical Study,' and 'Handbook of the Life of Christ' (in collaboration with W. A. Stevens); 'Records and Letters of the Apostolic Age'; 'Handbook of the Life of Paul'; 'Constructive Studies in the Life of Christ' in collaboration with Shailer Mathews (1901); Principles and Ideals of the Sunday-School' (1903); Biblical Ideas of Atonement' (1909); Studies in Mark' (1904), and 'Some Principles of Literary Criticism and their Application to the Synoptic Problem' (1904). In 1892 he became associate editor of the Biblical World and in 1897 of the American Journal of Theology.

BURTON, John Hill, Scottish historian: b. Aberdeen, 22 Aug. 1809; d. 10 Aug. 1881. He was educated at the grammar school and Marischal College in that city. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He never succeeded in gaining much practice and soon turned his attention to literature, contributing to the Westminster, the Edinburgh and North British Reviews; acted for a short period as editor of the Scotsman, and committed that journal to a free-trade policy. With Sir John Bowring he edited Bentham's works, as well as an illustrative 'Benthamiana,' with the aim of making more widely known the opinions of the great apostle of utilitarianism and radicalism. His first original work of importance was the 'Life and Correspondence of David Hume' (1846), followed next year by the 'Lives' of Lord Lovat and Duncan Forbes of Culloden. In 1849 he published his Political and Social Economy; in 1852 he compiled 'Narratives from Criminal Trials in Scotland.' He commenced in 1853 the publication of his chief work, the History of Scotland,' with two volumes covering the period from the revolution

His

of 1688 to the extinction of the last Jacobite rebellion in 1746. This was afterward completed by seven volumes commencing with Agricola's invasion and ending with the revolution of 1688. A second edition of the complete history was published in eight volumes in 1873. A series of literary and historical sketches contributed to Blackwood's Magazine formed the basis of two of his best-known books, "The Scot Abroad' and 'The Book Hunter." last important historical work was the 'History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (1880). In 1854 Mr. Burton was appointed secretary to the Scottish Prison Board, and he continued his connection with this department as a commissioner of prisons until his death. The success of his 'History of Scotland' brought him the appointment of historiographer royal for Scotland. Consult article in Blackwood's Magazine for September 1881, and the memoir by his widow prefixed to 'The Book Hunter.

BURTON, Lewis William, American clergyman: b. Cleveland, Ohio, 9 Nov. 1852. He was first honor graduate in 1873 of Kenyon College, with A.B., later A.M. and D.D. from University of the South. He was graduated from the Philadelphia Divinity School 1877; ordained deacon 1877 and priest in 1878, in the Protestant Episcopal Church; was successively in charge of parishes in Cleveland, Richmond, Va., and Louisville. He was consecrated bishop of the diocese of Lexington (eastern half of Kentucky) 1896. He has published sermons, Episcopal charges and addresses and was author of 'Annals of Henrico Parish' in J. S. Moore's Virginiana' (1904). He traveled abroad in 1880 and was a member of the Lambeth conferences of the bishops of the Anglican Communion in 1897 and 1908. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and of the Society of Colonial Wars; a trustee of Kenyon College and of the University of the South. He is Episcopal head of Margaret College, Versailles, Ky., and of Saint John's Collegiate Institute and Industrial School, Corbin, Ky.

BURTON, Marion Le Roy, American clergyman and educator: b. Brooklyn, Iowa, 30 Aug. 1874. He was educated at Carleton College and at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from the latter institution in 1907. He became assistant professor at Yale for one year and in 1908 was in charge of the church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn. After a year's travel in Europe, he was inaugurated president of Smith College, Northampton, Mass., in 1910. He has written The Problem of Evil (1909); 'The Secret of Achievement' (1913); Our Intellectual Attitude in an Age of Criticism' (1913); 'Life Which is Life Indeed' (1914); 'First Things (1915); also various addresses and reports.

BURTON, Richard, American poet and journalist: b. Hartford, Conn., 14 March 1859. He was graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, and took a degree at Johns Hopkins University in 1887. He was managing editor of the Churchman 1889-90, literary editor of the Hartford Courant 1890-97 and professor of English literature in the University of Minnesota 1893-1902; now in charge of the English department of the University of Minnesota. He has published 'Dumb in June) (1895); 'Memorial Day (1897); Literary Likings (1898);

Lyrics of Brotherhood (1899); 'Song of the Unsuccessful (1900); Life of Whittier' (1900); Forces in Fiction (1902); Message and Melody) (1903); Literary Leaders of America (1904); Three of a Kind' (1908); 'Masters of the English Novel' (1909); A Midsummer Memory' (1910); The New American Drama' (1913); How to See a Play' (1914).

BURTON, SIR Richard Francis, English traveler, linguist and author: b. Barham House, Hertfordshire, 19 March 1821; d. Trieste, Austria, 20 Oct. 1890. He was educated at Oxford with the intention of entering the Church, but in deference to his own urgent request his father obtained a commission for him in the East India Company's service. He joined the army in 1842, served for some years in Sind under Sir C. Napier, explored the Neilgherry Hills, published an important work on Sind and acquired a complete knowledge of the Persian, Afghan, Hindustanee and Arabic languages. Returning to England in 1851, he soon afterward set out to explore Arabia, disguised as an Afghan pilgrim, and published on his return a 'Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca' (1855) as the result of this daring adventure. His next expedition was into the Somali country in East Africa, from whence he proceeded to the Crimea, where he was chief of the staff of General Beatson, and organized the irregular cavalry. After peace was proclaimed, Burton set out in 1856 along with Captain Speke to explore the lake region of central Africa. The expedition was absent three years, and during that time the great Lake Tanganyika was discovered by Burton. Subsequently he made a journey in the Western States of North America and published an account of the Mormon settlement at Utah in his City of the Saints.' In 1861 he married, and he received the same year an appointment as consul at Fernando Po. While fulfilling his duties there he explored the Bight of Biafra, visited the Kamerun Mountains and conducted a dangerous mission to the King of Dahomey. Afterward he was transferred to the consulate of Santos in Brazil, and here he explored his own province, visited the Argentine Republic, crossed the continent to Chile and Peru, returned home after exploring the Pacific coast and published his Explorations of the Highlands of the Brazil.' He was now (1871) made consul of Damascus but was soon recalled, and in the following year, after a journey to Iceland, an account of which he wrote, he was appointed consul at Trieste. While occupying this position he led two expeditions into Midian (1876-78), and in company with Commander Cameron he conducted an expedition into the gold-producing country behind the Gold Coast. He remained English consul at Trieste until his death. In his latter years his services to geographical science were acknowledged by the gold medals of the French and English Geographical societies, while in 1886 his services to his country were tardily recognized by the honor of K.C.M.G. Besides the books of travel already mentioned, he was the author of many others, such as 'Sind, or the Unhappy Valley) (1851); Goa and the Blue Mountains' (1851); 'Falconry in the Valley of the Indus) (1852); 'First Footsteps in

East Africa (1856); The Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa' (1860); 'Abeokuta, or an Exploration of the Kamerun Mountains' (1863); Narrative of a Mission to the King of Dahomey) (1864); The Nile Basin' (1864); "Vikram and the Vampire' (1869); Zanzibar' (1872); 'Gorilla Land' (1875); Ultima Thule, or a Summer in Iceland' (1875); Etruscan Bologna (1876); Sind Revisited' (1877), and 'The Gold Mines of Midian' (1878). In 188588 he published a remarkable literal translation of the Arabian Nights' entitled 'Ten Thousand Nights and a Night,' on which his reputation is firmly established. His manuscript translation, with notes, from the Arabic of 'The Scented Garden,' of great value to scholars, was burned by his widow, who deemed it an immoral work. Consult Lives' by Hitch(1887), Lady Burton (1893), Stisted (1897), Wright (2 vols., 1906).

man

BURTON, Robert, English clergyman and author: b. Lindley, Leicestershire, 1577; d. 1640. He was educated at Oxford, took orders and became rector of Seagrave in Leicestershire. His learning, which was varied and extensive, is copiously displayed in the Anatomy of Melancholy, by Democritus Junior,' first published in 1621 and repeatedly reprinted. He was a man of integrity and benevolence but subject to strange fits of hypochondriac melancholy which rendered his conduct flighty and inconsistent. He is reputed to have undertaken the composition of his Anatomy of Melancholy) with a view to the dissipation of his morbid feelings. Among those who have been most deeply indebted to Burton is Sterne, as may be seen in his "Tristram Shandy.' See ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY.

BURTON, Theodore Elijah, American statesman: b. Jefferson, Ohio, 20 Dec. 1851. He received his education at Ohio College and at Oberlin; entered the practice of law, which he later abandoned for the political field. In 188991 he was in Congress and again in 1895-1909. He was re-elected in 1909-11 but resigned to become senator. While in the House he rendered important services as chairman of the Committee on Harbors and Rivers. He served as delegate to the Republican conventions of 1904 and 1908, nominating William H. Taft to the Presidency at the latter. In 1913 he became chairman of the senatorial Committee on Canadian Relations and has also been president of the American Peace Society. His published works are 'Financial Crises and Periods of Commercial and Industrial Depression' (1902); Corporations and the State' (1911); Life of John Sherman' (1906).

BURTON, a special form of tackle, known either as top burton or sail burton. The former are used aboard ship to support the yards when these are rigged for hoisting heavy loads; the latter are used to hoist sails up to the yard where they are to be bent. They consist of a guide-block, fastened to the under purchaseblock and traveling on the hauling line. They help keep the tackle straight and prevent the sail from yawing as it is hoisted aloft. See TACKLE.

BURTON-UPON-TRENT, England, a municipal and county borough in Staffordshire, 11 miles southwest of Derby, on the north bank