Russia and Rumania. Many are translated into English and other languages. Ivan Vlaikoff depicts peasant life and writes psychological romances; Michailovski is a brilliant political journalist, a mystical poet and a satirist of French education; Aleko Constantinov was a lawyer, literary critic and translator of French and Russian masterpieces, and a humorist of a high order. Perhaps the greatest literary artist of all was Pencho Slaveikov, philosopher, poet and revolutionist, who died in 1912 by the hand of an assassin. Competent critics have designated him "the Bulgarian Shakespeare" on account of his beautiful language and deep insight into the mysteries of the soul. His mantle fell on the shoulders of Petko Todoroff, dramatist, poet and philosopher. Velitchkov translated from Shakespeare, Molière and Dante; he fought against the Turks in his younger days and later held a government position. Tserkovsky is to Bulgaria what Burns was to Scotland, the bard of the peasantry. Among the younger poets there are P. Yavoroff, K. Christoff, C. Boteff and A. Strashimiroff, all intensely national in the spirit of their works. Bulgaria can also boast of a number of writers in other spheres. In history, law, philosophy and economics, V. Zlatarsky, M. Daneff, the well-known statesman, S. Radeff and Stepan Bobtcheff. D. Ivanoff is the Tolstoy of the Bulgarian short story and has all the grim realism of the Russian mas

ter.

In the scientific field are Ivan Georgoff, D. Michaltchieff, P. Neukoff, G. Bontcheff and Stepan Petkoff. Literary criticism has its representatives in B. Penneff, Balabanoff, Krstieff and Ivan Shishmanoff. There are several literary societies and important reviews dealing with all aspects of human culture.

Bibliography. See also under Bulgaria. Constantinoff, A., 'Bai Ganio' (Paris 1911); Dozon, L., Chansons bulgares' (Paris 1875); Leskien, A., Handbuch der altbulgarischen Sprache (Weimar 1886); Miklositch, F., Vergleichende Grammatik der Bulgarischen Sprache (Vienna 1879); Miladinoff Brothers, 'Folk-Songs and Proverbs' (Agram 1861); Miletitch, L., 'Staroblgarska Grammatika' (Sofia_1896); Monroe, W. S., 'Bulgaria and Her People' (Boston 1914- an excellent, comprehensive work); Morfill, W. R., Grammar of the Bulgarian Language' (London 1897); Pypin and Spasovitch, 'History of the Slavonic Literature (Paris 1881); Slaveikoff, P., The Shade of the Balkans' (London 1904); Strausz, A., Bulgarische Volksdichtungen' (Vienna 1895); Teodoroff, 'Blgarska Literatura' (Philippopolis 1912); Vazoff and Velitchkov, 'Bulgarian Chrestomathie' (Philippopolis 1884); Vazoff, I., Under the Yoke (London 1912); Vymazal, F., Bulgarisch' (Hartleben's Bibliothek der Sprachenkunde, Vienna 1888); Winlow, Clara, 'Our Little Bulgarian Cousin' (Boston 1913); World's Best Literature, Vol. 24 (New York 1897).

HENRI F. KLEIN,

Editorial Staff of The Americana. BULGARIN, bool'gär-in, Faddéï Venediktovich, Russian author: b. Minsk 1789; d. 13 Sept. 1859. He served in the Russian army, but, finding himself neglected, in 1810 joined Napoleon. In 1819 he returned to Saint Petersburg where his writings attracted no

In

tice by their intense satire and servility. 1825 he started the Severnaja Pechelá (Northern Bee), a daily paper, which for long was alone permitted to discuss political questions. A zealous supporter of reaction and of absolutism, he enjoyed, through relations with the secret police, an unlimited power. He was a witty and versatile writer, and published travels, histories, novels and statistical works, even signing his own name to the work of N. A. Ivanoff, professor at Dorpat.

BULGARIS, bool-gä'rēs, Demetrius, Greek statesman: b. Hydra 1803; d. Athens, 11 Jan. 1878. While a young man he held office in his native city and took a prominent part in the Grecian war for independence. In 1831, after the downfall of Cape d'Istria, he had charge of the administration of the Department of Marine, but on the accession of King Otho he retired from office. After the revolution of 1843 he was a member of the Senate, and from 1848 to 1849 was Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Canaris. During the Crimean War he was at the head of the cabinet and as Minister of the Interior put an end to internal disorder and conciliated the Powers. In 1857 he resigned and entered the Senate as a leader of the opposition. At the outbreak of the revolution of 1862 he was made regent and chose Canaris and Rufos as his colleagues, but was deposed by the former. In 1865, 1872 and 1874-75 he was again at the head of the cabinet.

BULGARUS, Italian jurist: b. Bologna in the 11th century; d. 1166. He lived to a great age and was one of the trusted advisers of Emperor Frederick I. He was one of the famous group of writers known as the "Four Doctors" of Bologna, and his most noted work is a legal commentary, 'De Regulis Juris.' It was edited at Bonn (1856) by F. G. C. Bechhaus.

BULGURLU, Mount, on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, rises over Skutari to a height of 850 feet. From the summit a magnificent view may be obtained of Constantinople, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, the valleys of Thrace and the valleys and mountains of central Asia Minor. Most of the ascent can be made in an hour by carriage. An imperial kiosk near the summit was built in 1660 by Muhammad IV.

BULIMIA, a disease characterized by insatiable hunger. Persons suffering from this disorder are never satisfied. When the stomach is surfeited they throw off the food they have taken, half-digested, and with violent pain. It frequently occurs in the insane, in cases of paresis, and usually appears as a concomitant of other diseases, as certain intermittent fevers and diseases of the stomach and bowels, particularly such as are produced by the tapeworm.

BULIMUS, a genus of land-snails of the family Helicide, the species of which are mainly restricted to South America, especially Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Some of the species are very large, as are also their eggs, those of B. oblongus being about the size of a sparrow's. There is an egg of another species in the British Museum which measures exactly one and threefourths inches in length.

BULKELEY, Morgan Gardner, American_politician: b. East Haddam, Conn., 26 Dec. 1837. At the age of 15 he entered a mercantile

house in Brooklyn, IJ. Y., and in a few years became a partner in it. When the Civil War broke out he went to the front as a private in the 13th New York regiment and served during the McClellan-Peninsula campaign under General Mansfield at Suffolk, Va. In 1872 he came to Hartford, organized and became president of the United States Bank in that city, and later (1879) was elected president of the Etna Life Insurance Company, a position he has long held. For 30 years he has been a prominent figure in local and State politics. He was four times elected mayor of Hartford (1880-88), and in 1889 was elected governor. At the State election in November 1890, the first gubernatorial election under the new secret ballot law, the Democratic ticket received a considerable plurality over the Republican, but a majority being necessary to elect, there was some doubt whether there had been a choice by the people for governor or treasurer. Accordingly the matter went before the general assembly, which met in January 1891, and in which the Republicans had a majority of four on joint ballot, the senate being Democratic. A long contest ensued between the two houses, the senate claiming the election of the recent Democratic candidates and refusing to recognize in any manner Governor Bulkeley and the other hold-over Republican officials. The matter was finally settled on 5 Jan. 1892, when the State Supreme Court, in the quo warranto suit brought against Governor Bulkeley by the Democratic candidate for governor, found "Morgan G. Bulkeley to be governor, both de facto and de jure," and his right to hold over till both houses of the general assembly should unite in declaring the election of his successor was affirmed. As the two houses could not agree, the governor remained in office for another full term. In November 1892 the Democratic ticket swept the State. He was United States Senator from 1905 to 1911. Governor Bulkeley has since, as chairman of the Connecticut highway and bridge commission, interested himself earnestly in trying to procure a fine stone bridge across the Connecticut at Hartford.

BULKELEY, Peter, American colonist and clergyman: b. Bedfordshire, England, 31 Jan. 1583; d. Concord, Mass., 9 March 1659. He was educated at Cambridge, and for 21 years was rector of a Bedfordshire parish. Being removed from this by Archbishop Laud, for non-conformity, he left England and became the first minister at Concord, in the colony of Massachusetts, of which famous town he was the chief founder. He was the author of some Latin poems, which are contained in Cotton Mather's History of New England'; also of some English verse and of a theological treatise, The Gospel Covenant Opened,' published in London in 1646. He was as remarkable for his benevolence and kind dealings as for the strictness of his virtues. Consult Tyler, 'History of American Literature) (New York 1878); Mather's Magnalia' (London 1702), and an article, 'Life and Times of Rev. Peter Bulkeley, in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register) (Vol. XXXI, Boston 1877).

BULKHEAD, the name given to a variety of forms of partition. In its nautical sense a

bulkhead is a wall or partition extending across the ship for the purpose of dividing the hold into compartments, for separating classes of merchandise, for strengthening the vessel, or more especially for confining water which may leak in to the compartment in which the breach occurs. In large vessels longitudinal bulkheads are employed, as well as those running athwartships, and communications between the compartments are maintained by means of doors which can be instantly closed in case of accident and for the purpose of maintaining forced draught. One of the most important bulkheads in a ship is the one farthest forward, which is built with great strength, being designed to withstand the shock of ramming and confining the damage to a small portion of the vessel. It is hence known as the collision bulkhead. Another form of bulkhead is a strong framework used in the construction of tunnels, to prevent the irruption of water, quicksand, etc., into the workings. The term is also applied to the facing (generally of timber) that supports the sea-wall of a harbor, and somewhat illogically to the sloping flap doors often used to cover the entrance of a dwelling-house cellar. See SHIP-BUILDING.

He

BULKLEY, Lucius Duncan, American physician and author: b. New York, 12 Jan. 1845. He studied at Yale University and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and took courses in dermatology in Europe. became attending and later consulting physician and dermatologist in various New York city hospitals. Among his works are Acne and Its Treatment (1885); Syphilis in the Innocent' (1889); Manual of Diseases of the Skin' (1898); Eczema and Its Treatment' (1901) Compendium of the Diseases of the Skin' (1912); Diet and Hygiene and Diseases of the Skin' (1913); 'Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment' (1915).

BULL, Charles Stedman, American physician: b. New York 1846; d. there, 17 April 1911. He was graduated from Columbia College in 1864, and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1868. He was house physician and surgeon at Bellevue Hospital, New York, and later studied in Vienna, Heidelberg, Berlin, Utrecht, Paris and London, and was a pupil of Von Arlt, Graefe and Donders. He Infirmary, consulting ophthalmic surgeon to was surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Saint Luke's and Presbyterian hospitals, and Saint Mary's Hospital for Children. He was professor of ophthalmology in Cornell University and ranked among the greatest oculists of his time. He became president of the American Ophthalmological Society in 1903-07. He wrote 'Eye Defects Which May Cause Apparent Mental Dulness and Deficiency in Children' (1901); Tuberculosis of the Eye) (1900); both in the Transactions of the New York Academy of Medicine; Vascular Tumors of the Orbit (1900), and other articles on his specialty in the Transactions' of the American Ophthalmological Society, the Medical News and Medical Record.

BULL, George Joseph, Canadian ophthalmic surgeon: b. Hamilton, Ontario, 16 Feb. 1848; d. 1911. He graduated at McGill University in 1869, studied in Paris, and began the

practice of medicine in Montreal, devoting himself especially to diseases of the eye. He made his residence in Paris in 1886, and won celebrity as an expert in ophthalmic subjects. He wrote Ophthalmia and Optometry,' and many similar works.

BULL, John, English musician: b. Somersetshire, about 1563; d. Antwerp, 12 March 1628. He was appointed organist in the Queen's Chapel in 1591; first music lecturer at Gresham College in 1596; and organist to James I in 1607. A Catholic, he fled beyond the seas in 1613, and at Brussels entered the archduke's service. In 1617 he became organist at Antwerp Cathedral. Little of his music has been printed. The claim advanced for his authorship of God Save the King,' is unfounded.

BULL, John, the popular personification for the English nation. Its origin is obscure. Its first literary use appears to have been in Arbuthnot's famous History of John Bull,' written in ridicule of the Duke of Marlborough. The name is also used for an Englishman.

BULL, Ole Bornemann, Norwegian violinist: b. Bergen, 5 Feb. 1810; d. near there, 17 Aug. 1880. He went to Cassel in 1829, where for a short time he studied under Spohr, returning later to Bergen. He went to Paris in 1831, where at first he met with little success, being robbed of his few belongings, including his violin. His attempt at suicide at this time secured him a patroness, Mme. Villeminot, who provided him with a Guarneri instrument. He secured great triumphs both throughout Europe and in America by his remarkable playing, which won for him a distinct and unique position in the musical world as a virtuoso of extraordinary talent and a master of the violin. He overcame serious discouragements in preparing for his career, throughout which public interest and admiration were no less awakened by his manliness and grace of bearing than by his skill as a musician. At his début (Paris 1833) he was honored by the presence of Paganini, and that master was witness to the young aspirant's triumph. Bull afterward studied and turned to good account the method of Paginini. In business life he met with various successes and reverses. He lost all his money in a scheme to found a colony of his countrymen in Pennsylvania, and had to take to his violin to repair his broken fortunes. He afterward married in this country, settled at Cambridge, Mass., and retained a summer residence in Norway. built a national theatre in Bergen and soon became involved in quarrels with the authorities. Consult Ole Bull: A Memoir' by Sara C. Bull (Boston 1883), and the Norwegian biography by O. Vik (Bergen 1890).

He

BULL (Lat. bulla, a knob, boss), a seal, usually of lead, appended to state documents to prove their authenticity. Such seals were used by the Roman Emperors, and by various monarchs during the Middle Ages. They finally went out of use in the northern countries but were retained in southern Europe where wax seals did not keep well. In form, the bull resembled a coin, being round with an inscription on each face. The best known seal of this type is the papal bull (q.v.).

BULL, a ludicrous speech in which the ideas combined are totally incongruous or contradictory. A good example is Artemus Ward's saying of Jefferson Davis that "It would have been money in Jefferson Davis's pocket if he had never been born."

BULL, Golden. See GOLDEN BULL.

BULL, Papal, an authoritative letter issued by the Roman pontiff acting in his official capacity as head of the Church. A Papal Brief is also an official letter of the pontiff of a less formal and weighty character, and differs in sundry particulars from the Bull, especially in its seal. The seal of the Bull, from which comes the name of the instrument, is a bulla or globular mass of lead on which is impressed the name of the reigning Pope, also those of Saints Peter and Paul, abbreviated, S. Pe, S. Pa. The material of the Bull is parchment, but of the Brief, white paper; and the seal of the Brief is of red wax, stamped with the Fisherman's Ring, which gives the impress of Saint Peter in a boat, fishing. There are other peculiarities in matter and manner distinguishing the Bull from the Brief, but it suffices to note the foregoing. Of Papal Bulls that have played a signal part in history, ecclesiastical or civil, especially worthy of mention are the Bull Clericis laicos (1296) of Boniface VIII by which the French clergy were forbidden to pay taxes to King Philip_the Fair unless these were approved by the Pope; the Bull Exsurge Domine of Leo X against Martin Luther (1520); the Bull In Coena Domini against heretics and fautors of heresy, dating from the 15th century, but re-enforced by Pius V in 1571 and ordered to be publicly read in all parish churches yearly on Holy Thursday; the Bull Unigenitus (1713) against quietism and Jansenism; the Bull Dominus ac Redemptor, of Clement XIV, abolishing the Jesuit order (1773), and the Bull Pastor æternus (1870), which defined papal infallibility. The most complete collection of papal bulls is that by Cosquelines, Barberi and Gaude (28 folio vols., 1739-44 et seq.). There are several general or special collections. Consult Giry, Manuel de diplomatique (Paris 1894).

BULL AND COW, the names given by English speaking races from time immemorial to the male and female respectively of bovine cattle. The words are probably imitative, the root-idea of "bull" being a suggestion of its "cow"-which in bellowing; while early English, as still in Scotch and some provincial dialects, is pronounced coo―is imitative of the lowing call to the calf. Since these animals have become domesticated, and most of the males have been castrated, the term has come to mean more particularly an unmutilated ox. On the other hand, the large size and robust qualities of the bull have led to a transference of the term to the males of various other animals having no zoological resemblance, or very little, to the cattle. Thus we speak of "bull and cow" elephants, moose, wapiti, seals, whales and even alligators; while various animals, as the bullsnake, take the name as expressive of some bulllike quality, as a habit of snorting, or because of horn-like appendages (for example, bullhead catfish).

BULL-BAITING, the sport of setting dogs on a bull, which was tied to a stake and torn to death for the amusement of the spectators. In this case the dogs, which were set upon the bull singly, were trained to seize the bull by the muzzle, technically, "to pin" the bull; but they were very frequently tossed on the horns of the animal. Sometimes also the bull was allowed to run loose in the arena, and then several dogs were set upon him at once. Bullbaiting was a favorite sport in England till about the time of George IV.

BULL-DOG, a dog of moderate size, derived previous to the 13th century, from a cross between the old British mastiff and the large pug of extreme southeast Asia. Both its ancestors still exist as separate breeds. An average mature specimen will weigh 40 to 50 pounds. They are squat and muscular in build, with short legs, rather higher behind than in the front, especially if the front legs are very much bowed. Their chests and heads are abnormally broad for their size. The lower jaw overlaps the upper and is of extraordinary strength. The teeth are large, especially the two canines, and very strongly fixed in the jawbone, giving the dog a holding power beyond that of any other breed. The coat is close and short. The most variable feature is the color, which ranges from all black to all white among dogs bred for show purposes, but a brindle is more natural. For many centuries this dog was used for "baiting," or biting at, the bull, as a popular recreation; and up to more recent, times men of brutal disposition used it for public dog-fights. It was through these exhibitions that the bull-dog got his bad name for temper, but now he is mainly kept as a watchdog. In that capacity he is invaluable, and so gentle is his disposition that he is the safest canine companion for children. About the year 1900 a small variety of the bull-dog was evolved in the neighborhood of Brussels, but as it was first shown in Paris it has always been known as the "French" bull-dog. It is in the main a miniature of the English bull-dog, The most notable difference, other than that of size, being that the ears are shaped like those of a bat, and are carried erect, or "pricked," giving the animal a very alert, sharp look.

BULL-FIGHT, a contest between men and bulls, conducted as a public spectacle. Once popular in Greece and Rome, this form of entertainment was introduced by the Moors into Spain and universally adopted in the cities of the kingdom, where, as well as in Mexico and some other parts of the world, it is still much in favor. The bull-fight is held in an arena of greater or less magnificence, called in Spanish the plaza de toros. The bulls are turned out, one by one, with many forms of pomp and solemn ceremonial, into the open space, where they are assailed, first by horsemen, called picadores, who attack them with the lance; then, when one or more horses have been wounded and one or more men have met with injury or perilous mishap-in which case a crowd of active footmen, called chulos, provided with crimson banners, take off the attention of the bull the banderilleros, armed with sharpbarbed darts with fireworks and flags attached to them, worry the bull until he is covered with shafts, bleeding and scorched and his glossy

hide becomes black and crisp from the explosion of the fire-works. Then comes the last act of the tragedy, when the skilful matador enters the arena slowly and alone, clothed in plain black and armed with a long, straight sword and a stick, called a muleta, with a piece of red silk fastened to it. With his sword he seldom fails to give the coup de grâce to the tortured bull, sheathing the blade, with one sure thrust, up to the hilt in his body just at the juncture of the neck and spine. Mules drag out the slaughtered carcass, amid the sound of trumpets and acclamations of the spectators; the dead or dying horses are removed, the arena is strewed with fresh sawdust, another bull is introduced, and so goes on the combat, until perhaps a dozen bulls and a larger number of horses have been slaughtered to delight the spectators. About 1,300 bulls and 6,000 horses are sacrificed annually in Spain to this sport. The Spanish settlers of Mexico and South America introduced bull-fighting to the New World. Consult Sancho, Machaquito y el renacimiento del toreo' (Madrid 1906).

BULL-FROG, a widely distributed, edible North American frog (Rana catesbyana) found in sluggish waters throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada, and so called because of its loud, bass voice. It is from five to eight inches long, and of various shades of green, with the legs spotted. It lays its eggs in strings and the tadpole does not reach maturity until two years old. The same name is given by English-speaking people in various parts of the world to other large bellowing frogs, as the "bull-frog" of Siam and Malaya (Callula pulchra). See FROG.

BULL MOOSE, a name applied to Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 and arising from his remark, "I feel as fit as a bull moose." Through constant use of this animal's figure by the cartoonists in connection with Roosevelt's political campaign as the presidential nominee of the Progressive party, he became known as the "Bull Moose candidate" and the party as the "Bull Moose party." See PROGRESSIVE PARTY.

BULL RUN, First Battle of. The first great battle of the Civil War occurred Sunday, 21 July 1861, in the vicinity of Manassas, Va. The Union forces were commanded by Brigadier-General Irvin McDowell, the Confederates by General Joseph E. Johnston, who had arrived from Winchester at noon of the 20th with nine regiments of his army and assumed command. The battlefield was west of Bull Run and near the crossing of that stream by the turnpike running nearly west from Alexandria to Warrenton. This road, a mile and a half west of the Stone Bridge by which it crossed Bull Run, unexpectedly to the Confederates, became the axis of the battle. Bull Run is a narrow, winding stream with rugged and mainly precipitous banks, but with numerous fords, flowing 'southeastwardly, being about 25 miles west of Alexandria and from three to five miles west of Manassas.

McDowell marched from his camps in front of Arlington and Alexandria on the afternoon of the 16th of July, with five divisions, commanded respectively by Brigadier-General Daniel Tyler, four brigades; Colonel David Hunter, two brigades; Colonel S. P. Heintzelman, four

brigades; Brigadier-General Theodore Runyon, two brigades, and Colonel Dixon S. Miles, three brigades. The Fourth Division was left as a reserve in the region of Fairfax, guarding the lines of communication. The advance division, Tyler's, reached Centreville the morning of the 18th and sent a brigade to Blackburn's Ford in reconnoissance. After a sharp skirmish in which both sides lost about 60 men, it withdrew toward Centreville, to which point McDowell, hearing of the operations at Blackburn's Ford, concentrated four divisions.

Ford, Longstreet's at Blackburn's Ford, Bonham's between Mitchell's and Ball's fords, Cocke's at Lewis' Ford, and Evans' demibrigade at the Stone Bridge forming the Confederate left. Of Johnston's Army of the Shenandoah, Jackson's brigade supported Bonham, and Bee and Bartow supported Cocke.

From each of these fords fair roads led to Centreville. General Beauregard had planned an attack upon Centreville which involved an advance of his whole force upon that point. This was officially approved by General John

Cub Run

Centervill

Mitchell's

LONGSTREET

COOKE

BEE AND BARTOW

BONHAM

EARLY

FORCES MORNING OF 28.

Manassas

Turnpike

BULL RUN JULY 21,1861.

The Confederate "Army of the Potomac» had been concentrated at Manassas under General Beauregard. In expectation of a Union advance it occupied the south bank of Bull Run, for eight miles from Union Mills Ford, at the crossing of the railroad to Alexandria, to the Stone Bridge, at the Warrenton turnpike, three brigades being thrown forward of that position, one of them to Fairfax Court House. These brigades fell back before the Union advance, skirmishing slightly. Ewell's brigade, Ewell's brigade, the right of the line, was at Union Mills, with Holmes in support, Jones' brigade at McLean's

ston before daylight of the 21st, but at sunrise it was rendered impossible by McDowell's initiative. The plan was then changed to an attack on the Union left from Blackburn's Ford. This also was abandoned from the same cause.

McDowell, who had first intended to attack the enemy's right, after the affair at Blackburn's Ford, finding the ford at Sudley Spring two miles beyond the Confederate left, decided to attack from that direction. While Tyler feinted before the Stone Bridge, Hunter and Heintzelman, by a long detour, crossed at Sudley Spring and moved south toward the Warrenton turn