*WILLIAM SMITH, Ala.; [Van Buren], commissioned Mar. 8, 1837; died June 26, 1840. JOHN CATRON, Tenn. [Van Buren], commissioned Mar. 8, 1837; died May 30, 1865; interment Mount Olivet Cemetery, Nashville, Tenn. JOHN MCKINLEY, Ala.; [Van Buren], commissioned Apr. 22, 1837; died July 19, 1852; interment Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Ky. PETER V. DANIEL, Va.; [Van Buren], commissioned Mar. 3, 1841; died June 30, 1860; interment Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. SAMUEL NELSON, N. Y.; [Tyler], commissioned Feb. 13, 1845; resigned Nov. 28, 1872; died Dec. 13, 1873; interment Lakewood Cemetery, Cooperstown, N. Y. LEVI WOODBURY, N. H.; [Polk], commissioned Sept. 20, 1845; died Sept. 4, 1851; interment Harmony Grove Cemetery, Portsmouth, N. H. ROBERT C. GRIER, Pa.; [Polk], commissioned Aug. 4, 1846; resigned Jan. 31, 1870, died Sept. 26, 1870; interment West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa. BENJAMIN, R. CURTIS, Mass.; [Fill more], commissioned Sept. 22, 1851; resigned Sept. 30, 1857; died Sept. 15, 1874; interment Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. JOHN A. CAMPBELL, Ala.; [Pierce], commissioned Mar. 22, 1853; resigned May 21, 1861; died Mar. 13, 1889; interment Greenmount Cemetery, Baltimore, Md. NATHAN CLIFFORD, Maine; [Buchanan], commissioned Jan. 12, 1858; died July 25, 1881; interment Evergreen Cemetery, Portland, Maine. NOAH H. SWAYNE, Ohio; [Lincoln], commissioned Jan. 24, 1862; resigned Jan. 24, 1881; died June 8, 1884; interment Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D. C. SAMUEL F. MILLER, Iowa; [Lincoln], commissioned July 16, 1862; died Oct. 13, 1890; interment Oakland Cemetery, Keokuk, Iowa. DAVID DAVIS, Ill.; [Lincoln], commissioned Oct. 17, 1862; resigned Mar. 4, 1877; died June 26, 1886; interment Evergreen Cemetery, Bloomington, Ill. STEPHEN J. FIELD, Calif.; [Lincoln], commissioned Mar. 10, 1863; resigned Dec. 1, 1897; died Apr. 9, 1899; interment Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C. EDWIN M. STANTON, Pa.; [Grant], commissioned Dec. 20, 1869, to take effect Feb. 1, 1870; died Dec. 24, 1869, before commission took effect. WILLIAM STRONG, Pa.; [Grant], commissioned Feb. 18, 1870; resigned Dec. 14, 1880; died Aug. 19, 1895; interment Charles Evans Cemetery, Reading, Pa. JOSEPH P. BRADLEY, N. J.; [Grant], commissioned Mar. 21, 1870; died Jan. 22, 1892; interment Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Newark, N. J. WARD HUNT, N. Y.; [Grant], commissioned Dec. 11, 1872; resigned Jan. 7, 1882; died Mar. 24, 1886; interment Forest Hills Cemetery, Utica, N. Y. JOHN M. HARLAN, KY.; [Hayes], commissioned Nov. 29, 1877; died Oct. 14, 1911; interment Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C. WILLIAM B. WOODS, Ga.; [Hayes], commissioned Dec. 21, 1880; died May 14, 1887; interment Cedar Hill Cemetery, Newark, Ohio. ASSOCIATE STANLEY MATTHEWS, Ohio; [Garfield], commissioned May 12, 1881, died Mar. 22, 1889; interment Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. HORACE GRAY, Mass. ; [Arthur], com- SAMUEL BLATCHFORD, N. Y.; [Arthur], commissioned Mar. 22, *ROSCOE CONKLING, N. Y.; [Arthur], LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR, Miss.; [Cleveland], commissioned Jan. 16, 1888; died Jan. 23, 1893; interment Riverside Cemetery, Macon, Ga.; reinterment St. Peters Cemetery, Oxford, Miss. DAVID J. BREWER, Kans.; [Harrison], commissioned Dec. 18, 1889; died HENRY B. BROWN, Mich.; [Harri- GEORGE SHIRAS, Jr., Pa.; [Harrison], commissioned July 26, 1892; resigned Feb. 23, 1903; died Aug. 2, 1924; interment Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pa. HOWELL E. JACKSON, Tenn.; [Harri son], commissioned Feb. 18, 1893; EDWARD D. WHITE, La. ; [Cleveland], commissioned Feb. 19, 1894; resigned Dec. 19, 1910, to become. chief justice; died May 19, 1921; interment Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D. C. RUFUS W. PECKHAM, N. Y.; [Cleveland], commissioned Dec. 9, 1895; died Oct. 24, 1909; interment Rural Cemetery, Albany, N. Y. JOSEPH MCKENNA, Calif.; [McKinley], commissioned Jan. 21, 1898; retired Jan. 5, 1925; died Nov. 21, 1926; interment Mount Olivet Cemetery, Washington, D. C. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, Mass.; [T. Roosevelt], commissioned Dec. 4, 1902; retired Jan. 12, 1932; died Mar. 6, 1935; interment Arlington Cemetery, Arlington, Va. WILLIAM R. DAY, Ohio; [T. Roosevelt], commissioned Feb. 23, 1903; retired Nov. 13, 1922; died July 9, 1923; interment Westlawn Cemetery, Canton, Ohio. WILLIAM H. MOODY, Mass.; [T. Roosevelt], commissioned Dec. 12, 1906; resigned Nov. 20, 1910; died July 2, 1917; interment Byfield Cemetery, Georgetown, Mass. HORACE H. LURTON, Tenn.; [Taft]. commissioned Dec. 20, 1909; died July 12, 1914; interment Greenwood Cemetery, Clarksville, Tenn, CHARLES E. HUGHES, N. Y.; [Taft], commissioned May 2, 1910; resigned June 10, 1916; commissioned chief justice Feb. 13, 1930 [Hoover]. WILLIS VAN DEVANTER, WY.; [Taft], commissioned Dec. 16, 1910; retired June 2, 1937. JOSEPH R. LAMAR, Ga.; [Taft], commissioned Dec. 17, 1910; died Jan. 2, 1916; interment Old Summerville Cemetery, Augusta, Ga. MAHLON PITNEY, N. J.; [Taft], commissioned Mar. 13, 1912; retired Dec. 31, 1922; died Dec. 9, 1924; interment Evergreen Cemetery, Morristown, N. J. JAMES C. MCREYNOLDS, Tenn. ; [Wilson], commissioned Aug. 29, 1914. LOUIS D. BRANDEIS, Mass.; [Wilson], commissioned June 1, 1916; retired Feb. 13, 1939. JOHN H. CLARKE, Ohio; [Wilson], commissioned July 24, 1916; resigned Sept. 18, 1922. GEORGE SUTHERLAND, Utah; [Harding], commissioned Sept. 5, 1922; retired Jan. 18, 1938. PIERCE BUTLER, Minn.; [Harding], commissioned Dec. 21, 1922; died Nov. 16, 1939; interment Calvary Cemetery, St. Paul, Minn. EDWARD T. SANFORD, Tenn.; [Harding], commissioned Jan. 29, 1923; died Mar. 8, 1930; interment Greenwood Cemetery, Knoxville, Tenn. HARLAN F. STONE, N. Y.; [Coolidge], commissioned Feb. 5, 1925. OWEN J. ROBERTS, Pa.; [Hoover], commissioned May 20, 1930. BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO, N. Y.; [Hoover], commissioned Mar. 2, 1932; died July 9, 1938, interment Congregation Cemetery, Cypress Hills, Long Island, N. Y. HUGO L. BLACK, Ala.; [F. D. Roosevelt], commissioned Aug. 18, 1937. STANLEY F. REED, Ky.; [F. D. Roose velt], commissioned Jan. 27, 1938. FELIX FRANKFURTER, Mass.; [F. D. Roosevelt], commissioned Jan. 20, 1939. WILLIAM O. DOUGLAS, Conn.; [F. D. Roosevelt], commissioned Apr. 15, 1939. FRANK MURPHY, Mich.; [F. D. Roosevelt], commissioned Jan. 18. 1940. High Courts of the World and their Powers NOTE THIS table has been prepared, with the assistance of the ambassadors and ministers of the countries represented, to give a general concept of the way in which nations of the world deal with the question of constitutionality of legislative acts. No attempt has been made to give detailed comparsions by setting forth constitutional provisions, statutes, and judicial decisions pertaining to the subject. For that reason it must be noted that some of the answers are subject to various qualifications, but on the whole the table gives a general outline of the treatment of this subject as of 1937. The principal limitations are these: Only parties designated in the constitution may institute actions to determine constitutionality; or only laws of a particular nature, usually those involving individual rights, may be tested. The Danish government has not taken a definite position on the question whether the "Højesteret" has a limited power to pass on the constitutionality of laws, but when questions of the constitutionality of laws have been presented to the courts by persons claiming that their individual rights have been violated by legislative acts, the government has, up till now, acquiesced in the decision by the courts of the said question. Union of Soviet Social list Republics......... Uruguay Venezuela.. Yugoslavia..-- Union of South Africa Supreme Court of the Union of South "The Supreme Court of the Union of South Africa may, however, declare invalid any law which has not been passed by parliament in the manner prescribed by the constitution. |