212. WILLIAM WHIPPLE [1730-1785]. By Ulysses D. Tenney [1826-1918] William Whipple was first a mariner and continued the salty flavor of his career as a merchant at Portsmouth. His prominence in the early protests and actions of the colony against Great Britain sent him to the Continental Congress in July 1776. He voted for and signed the Declaration of Independence and remained active in Congress until 1779. He was espcieally interested in naval matters and in the espousal of nationalism. This painting was copied from an original miniatue by John Trumbull. 44" x 36". Lent by The New Hampshire Society of The Colonial Dames of America. 213. HENRY LAURENS [1724-1792]. By John Singleton Copley [17381815] The Laurens family was representative of the Huguenots whom Louis XIV drove into exile, and this scion of it possessed the sturdy traits of that people. He was a gentlemanmerchant, with experience gained by three years of residence in London. Later he became mainly a planter. From 1757 on he was usually in some public position. He was in the Continental Congress in 1777 and served for more than a year as its president. He consistently supported Washington, especially against the Conway Cabal, which he helped to expose. Congress sent him abroad in 1780, but he was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London, threatened with death as a traitor, but finally exchanged for Lord Cornwallis. He was one of the American negotiators of the treaty of peace. Although appointed a deputy to the Convention of 1787, ill health prevented his acceptance. 291⁄2" x 241⁄2′′. Lent by The United States Government. 214. THOMAS STONE [1743-1787]. By John Beale Bordley [1800-1882] The State of Maryland ordered this portrait in 1835. The artist copied Stone's head from the original portrait attributed to Robert Edge Pine [No. 216]. The rest of the composition was planned by Bordley himself. 9234" x 58". Lent by The State of Maryland. 215. JOHN WITHERSPOON [1723-1794]. By Charles Willson Peale [1741-1827] Witherspoon came to America with a Scottish college education. He was one of the few prominent clergymen active in patriotic politics. He came to this country in 1768 to serve as president of the College of New Jersey [later Princeton], the leading Presbyterian institution in the colonies. New Jersey sent him to the Continental Congress to vote for and sign the Declaration of Independence, where he continued to represent his state with intermissions until 1782. He was a member of the state convention to ratify the Constitution. 29" x 24". Lent by Princeton University. 216. THOMAS STONE [1743-1787]. Attributed to Robert Edge Pine [1730-1788] Thomas Stone was in the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776 and in 1781 and 1784, as a delegate from Maryland. He was a member of the committee which framed the Articles of Confederation and also voted for and signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the Maryland commissioners who in 1785 reached an agreement at Mount Vernon with the Virginia representatives on the jurisdiction over the Potomac River, which was one of the preliminaries of the call of the Convention of 1787. 254' x 20''. Lent by The Baltimore Museum of Art. 217. MRS. ROBERT ANDREWS [1758–1820]. Artist unknown Mary Blair, daughter of John Blair [No. 110], the signer of the Constitution, was the second wife of Robert Andrews, who was a professor at William and Mary College and a member of the Virginia Ratification Convention. 27′′ x 22′′. Lent by Mr. H. K. D. Peachy. CATALOGUE OF LOAN EXHIBIT 827 218. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON [1746-1813]. By Gilbert Stuart [1755-1828] Livingston was one of the framers of the Declaration of Independence but did not sign it, and was, after important services in the Continental Congress, the first secretary for foreign affairs, organizing that department. As chancellor of the State of New York, he administered the oath to George Washington as first President of the United States. As minister to France, 1801-04, he negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, which doubled the area of the United States. 354" x 27". Lent by Mr. Dexter Clarkson Hawkins. 219. CHARLES PINCKNEY [1757-1824]. Artist unknown Pinckney was educated for the law. South Carolina sent him to the Continental Congress in 1784-87, and he was one of the youngest members of the Convention of 1787. His "Plan" was evidently the source of much of the accomplishment of the committee of detail. He actively engaged in the debates for a strong government and the protection of slavery. He signed the Constitution and supported ratification by his state. Later he was governor, senator, minister abroad, and representative. Autograph silhouette. For portrait, see p. 811. Lent by Miss Josephine Pinckney. 220. JOHN ADAMS [1735-1826]. By Thomas Sully [1783–1872] Because of Adams' share in the struggle for colonial rights it was natural that he should be a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress in 1774. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. He was in Europe most of the time from 1778 to 1788; at Paris as a commissioner, at The Hague as minister plenipotentiary, and in 1785 he became the first United States minister to England. He was the first Vice President of the United States and the second President. Adams died, as did Jefferson, on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Wash drawing. Lent by Mr. Erskine Hewitt. 221. MARY VINING [1756-1821] Photograph made from an original pen drawing by Major John André. Mary Vining, the Revolutionary belle in Delaware, is held in memory with her cousin, Caesar Rodney, the intrepid patriot and Signer, and General Anthony Wayne, to whom she became engaged. Lent by Mrs. Henry Ridgely. 222. JOHN MARSHALL [1755-1835]. By William H. Brown [1808-1882] Brown was a famous silhouettist, one who specialized in full-length likenesses. This one of the Chief Justice was cut not earlier than 1828. Brown published it in his Portrait Gallery of Distinguished American Citizens (1845), as one of twenty-seven plates. W. W. Story is said to have used this silhouette while modeling the statue of Marshall which is located below the terrace of the Capitol in Washington. Lent by The Supreme Court of The United States. 223. GEORGE WASHINGTON [1732-1799]. By Jean François Vallée [operavit 1785-1815] Vallée, who came to the United States from France to start a cotton mill near Alexandria, Virginia, cut this silhouette of George Washington in 1795. Lent by Mr. Erskine Hewitt. 224. GEORGE WYTHE [1726-1806]. By a member of the Peale Family George Wythe was a lawyer, judge, legislator, and professor of law at William and Mary College. He was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and he disclosed his political attitude in the Stamp Act agitation by his fearless boldness in stating colonial rights. He was in the Continental Congress 1775-76, and signed the Declaration of Independence, although absent when it was voted. He became chancellor of Virginia in 1778. As a delegate to the Convention of 1787 he shared in the final shaping of the "Virginia Plan," but left the convention on June 4. He was a member of the ratification convention of Virginia. Silhouette. For portrait, see p. 817. Lent by The Wythe House, Williamsburg, Virginia. 225. SKETCH OF MEADOW GARDEN. By Lucy C. Hillyer Meadow Garden was the home of George Walton [No. 50], a signer of the Declaration of Independence from Georgia. Walton died at Meadow Garden. Water color. Lent by The Augusta Chapter, D. A. R. 226. SKETCH OF MEADOW GARDEN. By Miss F. H. Storrs This second water color painting of George Walton's home in Augusta, Georgia, was made after it had been restored by The Daughters of the American Revolution. Lent by The Augusta Chapter, D. A. R. 227. MONTICELLO. By Martha Jefferson Trist [1826-1915] This water color of Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson [No. 176], was painted by Martha Jefferson Trist, the great-granddaughter of Jefferson and daughter of N. P. Trist [No. 186]. She was born at Monticello two months before her great-grandfather died. Lent by Mr. Gordon Trist Burke. 228. HOME OF JOHN DICKINSON. By Albert Kruse "Kingston-upon-Hull," where John Dickinson [No. 12], "The Penman of the Revolution," wrote the Letters from a Farmer, was built about 1740 by his father, Samuel Dickinson, a judge in Kent County, Delaware, who had moved from Maryland a few years earlier, bringing with him John, then a small boy. Pencil sketch. Lent by Miss Jeannette Eckman. 229. JOHN MASON'S HOUSE This is a color sketch of the house of John Mason [No. 34], on Analostan Island. The island was granted to George Mason (probably John Mason's grandfather) by Lord Baltimore. George Mason [No. 121] willed it to his son John, who probably built the house about 1792. It was burned in 1869. The island is now a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. Lent by Mr. S. Cooper Dawson. 230. SAMPLER This sampler was made by Ann Taylor, the daughter of the Reverend John Taylor of Milton, Massachusetts, and mother of Nicholas Gilman [No. 174], the signer of the Constitution. Lent by The Society of The Cincinnati in The State of New Hampshire. Constitution Cartoons INTRODUCTION THE PICTURE as an expression of an idea is older than the written word. Despite the tremendous power of the latter, pictures continue to have an important share in the dissemination of ideas. Words and pictures, in fact, play different roles. Words create complex arguments and comprehensive developments, express philosophies and build the political structures of national life, as does the Constitution of the United States. Pictures, specifically cartoons, on the other hand, set forth a situation, a completed development, in a single vivid flash. "One picture is worth one thousand words," said Confucius centuries ago; and present conditions indicate that this is true today; for the picture is increasingly prevalent. Newspapers, for instance, used to be composed of almost solid print, lightened by an infrequent cut. Today the newspaper appears to be at least half pictures; and some of our most popular magazines are little more than picture books. The appeal of a picture is universal; its attack or defense is more direct, its presentation, necessarily limited, is hence more easily comprehended. Although this applies to all pictures, whether they are photographs or are the creations of artists, the latter are the more powerful, for they can depict the unseen realities as well as those which are visible. Hence, the cartoon is specially strong as a partisan political medium, often employing satire and caricature. Distortion is commonly associated with cartoons: overemphasis to enforce the salient aspect. Although a cartoon may include caricature, the two are different. The caricature deals with individuals, while the cartoon deals with situations. Each is found frequently in its "pure" state, as well as in combination with the other. Generations of Americans have received their political education largely through the medium of both, which remain powerful weapons, and, at the same time, preserve the individuality of the cartoonist in his association with his particular newspaper. The cartoon in its "pure" state has the greater value for arousing recognition of fundamental principles in national life. This was exemplified in the early days of the United States by two famous cartoons; one depicted a divided snake with the slogan "Join or Die"; the other represented the raising, state by state, of the pillars under the New Roof of the Constitution, which so vividly illustrated the contest for ratification. It was inevitable that the cartoonists should have their very important share in emphasizing the Sesquicentennial of the Constitution; so much so, that any account of that commemoration would be incomplete that did not include examples of their art, in which they have expressed not only their personal sentiments, but also what they imagine the Constitution means to the average citizen. The selection given here is intended to show both the range and the limitation, especially how instinctive it was, particularly against the background of European conditions, to call attention to the Constitution as a strong barrier or fortress of civil rights and a beacon of continued enlightenment. SOL BLOOM, |