Bibliography.-Adams, 'European History) (1899); Allison, History of Europe) (1853); Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire' (1877); Duruy General History) (1898); Dyer, 'History of Modern Europe' (1901); Fyffe, 'History of Modern Europe) (1890); Freeman, 'Historical Geography of Europe' (1881); Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ed. 1902); Hassell, Handbook of European History) (1897); Lodge, 'History of Modern Europe) (1885); May, 'Democracy in Europe (1877); McCarthy, History of Our Own Times' (1888); Munroe, History of the Middle Ages (1902); Rose, 'A Century of Continental History) (1880); Robinson, History of Western Europe (1902); Schnill, 'History of Modern Europe) (1902); (Cambridge Modern History) (14 vols., New York 1902-12); Herre, Quellenkunde zur Weltgeschichte (Leipzig 1910); Stanford, 'Compendium of Geography and Travel' (13 vols., London 1907).

EUROPEAN CITIES, Government of. See CITIES, EUROPEAN, GOVERNMENT OF.

EUROPEAN FURNITURE. See FURNITURE, MEDIEVAL.

EUROPEAN HISTORY. For outline of European history from the earliest period to the present time see HISTORY, ANCIENT; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; HISTORY, MODERN. See also the articles on the Centuries- FIRST CENTURY; SECOND CENTURY, etc., and the history of the various nations under their own titles.

EUROPHEN, a yellow powder containing 27.6 per cent of iodine. Heat and moisture applied set the iodine free. Europhen is easily soluble in alcohol, ether or chloroform, but is insoluble in water. In action it is similar to iodoform, to which it is often preferred because of its pleasant odor.

EUROPIUM, a chemical element found in small quantities in monazite sand. Its symbol is Eu; atomic weight, 152; it is known in the metallic state.

EUROTAS, ú-rō'tas, or IRI, a river of southern Greece (Peloponnesus), at one time

I called the Iris and Niris in the upper and the Basilipotamo (King's River) in the lower part of its course. It flows in a southerly direction through the valley between the ranges of Taygetus and Parnon, and enters the Gulf of Kolokytha. Amycle and Sparta were on the Eurotas.

EUROTIA, a genus of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiacea), which comprises two or three species, one of which, E. lanata, is found in western North America, and is generally known as white sage. It is a manybranched shrub, from one to three feet high, the flowers densely covered with long silky hairs. It is also called winter fat, being used by cattle as a winter forage.

EUROTIUM, u-rō'shi-ům, the common mold which appears on bread, preserves, etc., and often called herbarium mold. Aspergillus is the generic name now in most general use.

EURUS, the southeast wind, also in Greek mythology, the son of Astræus and Eos. See GREEK MYTHOLOGY.

EURYALE, ū-rī'a-lē, a genus of the water lily family (Nymphæacea). It has but one species, Euryale ferox, a native of China and southeastern Asia. The plant is covered with spines; the flowers are small, red or purplish, and the leaves very large, sometimes four feet in diameter. The seeds are rich in starch, and in the native countries of the plant are an article of commerce, being roasted and eaten or used in soups. The root is also eaten. The plant is hardy and will grow out of doors in America and reproduce itself as far north as Baltimore.

EURYBIADES, ū'ri-bi'a-dēz, admiral of the Spartan fleet and commander of the united Greek fleets against the Persians in 480 With Themistocles he shares the glory of the battle of Salamis.

B.C.

EURYCLEA, the nurse of Odysseus, who recognized the latter on his return by a scar disclosed while washing his feet and reported the matter to Penelope.

EURYDICE, u-rid'i-se, in Greek mythology, the wife of Orpheus, who died by the bite of a serpent. Her husband, inconsolable for her loss, descended to the lower world, and, by the charms of his lyre, moved the infernal deities to grant him permission to bring her back. This they granted, on condition that he would not look back upon her till he had reached the upper world. Forgetting his promise, he looked and lost her forever. This story has often formed a subject for poets -as for Virgil in the Georgics (book iv), and for Pope in his 'Ode on St. Cecilia's Day.' One of the first modern operas was the Eurydice' (Euridice) of Coccini and Peri. It was first produced at Florence in 1600. The name Eurydice was borne by certain Macedonian princesses.

EURYLOCHUS. See CIRCE.

EURYMACHUS, the son of Polybus and a suitor of Penelope. With the other suitors he was killed by Odysseus.

EURYMEDON, Athenian general. He was commander of a fleet at Corcyra in 428 B.C., and three years later, with Sophocles, son of Sostratides, led an expedition against Sicily. On arrival there they made peace with Hermocrates, which the Athenians suspected to have been brought about by bribery. Eurymedon was heavily fined, but in 414 was sent to reinforce the Athenians at Syracuse and lost his life before reaching Sicily.

EURYMONE, ū-rim'ō-nē, an infernal deity, who gnawed the dead to the bones and was always grinding her teeth. Also a daughter of Apollo.

EURYNOME, u-rin'ō-mē, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Oceanus and mother of the Graces and of Zeus, and the wife of the Titan Ophion, the ruler of Olympus. In her temple at Phigolia she was represented as half woman and half fish.

EURYPTERUS, ū-rip'të-rūs, a remarkable fossil arthropod related to the horseshoe crab (Limulus), many genera and species of which occur in Palæozoic rocks of western Europe and eastern North America. They include the largest anthropods known, and form the family Eurypteride and order Eurypterida of the subclass Merostomata (q.v.). They resembled the modern horseshoe crabs in structure, but had elongated, often scorpion-like bodies, terminating in a hinged, spike-like or flattened tail or telson. The most remarkable feature, however, is the great size they attained, some exceeding six feet long, so that they were well named by Haeckel Gigantostraca. The surface was formed by a thin chitinous epidermal skeleton, ornamented by fine scale-like markings, and bearing upon the head-shield two large lateral faceted eyes and a pair of median ocelli. Beneath the cephalo-thorax are six pairs of legs, the foremost preoral, the basal joints of which serve as jaws. The last pair is greatly enlarged, somewhat flattened and terminated by an oval plate, which suggests that these limbs served as paddles in swimming, but they may have been otherwise useful. In Pterygotus and some allied genera the preoral limbs are modified into more or less antennæ-like organs terminating in toothed pincers (chele), no doubt for seizing prey, etc. The ventral segments are 13, of which the first two bear the genital organs, and

the remainder leaf-like structures regarded as respiratory and equivalent to the "bookgills of Limulus. These extraordinary crustaceans are found associated with graptolites, cephalopods and trilobites in the Ordovician; with marine crustacea in the Silurian; with oceanic fishes in the Devonian, and with land and fresh-water plants and animals in the coal measures. Their structure shows that they must have been marine and good swimmers; but toward the end of their race they became gradually adapted to brackish and even fresh water. The latest review of the group is in Eastman's American edition of Zittell's 'Text-book of Palæontology (1900).

EURYSTHENES (u-ris'the-nez) AND PROCLES, pro'clēz, the twin sons of Aristodemus, and the progenitors of the two royal lines of Sparta, which consisted of 31 sovereigns.

d.

EUSEBIUS (ū-sē❜bi-us) OF CÆSAREA, surnamed Pamphili, Church historian: b. probably Cæsarea, Palestine, 264 A.D.; there, about 349. He is known as Eusebius Cæsariensis and Eusebius Pamphili, that is, Pamphilus's Eusebius a style assumed after the martyrdom of his instructor, Saint Pamphilus. He was chosen bishop of Cæsarea 314. He took a prominent part in the Council of Nicæa (325), and was present at the Synods of Antioch (330) and Tyre (335). With the exception of Origen and Jerome he was the most learned of the fathers, and is regarded as the father of ecclesiastical history. His moderation procured him the favor of Constantine, who declared him fitted to be the bishop of the whole world. Though he never subscribed to the views held by Arius and the Arians regarding the Godhead of Christ, he being averse to discussing the nature of the Trinity, was always friendly toward them and thus incurred censure as being at best a semi-Arian. Before the rise of Arianism he wrote a spirited defense of the Christian faith in refutation of a book by one Hierocles, who contended that the noted impostor, Apollonius of Tyana, was superior to Jesus Christ in sanctity and in miraculous powers. Eusebius wrote two treatises which have come down to our time: (1) the 'Preparation,' and (2) the 'Demonstration of the Gospel, usually designated by their Latin titles, Præparatio Evangelica,' Demonstratio Evangelica. The argument of the former is the groundlessness of idolatry, the impostures of the oracles, the monstrous impieties of the

heathen mythology and theology; and the author shows that the doctrine of the unity of the Godhead and the truth of his revealed religion is as ancient as the world. In the 'Demonstratio' the argument is that the law and the prophecies of the Jewish scriptures clearly foreshow Jesus Christ and the Gospel. Of his other works extant the chief is his "History of the Church from the Time of Its Founder to the year 323. It has the defect that in it no mention is made of the wickedness or dissensions of Christians as not being edifying to the faithful. See Schöne, 'Die Weltchronik des Eusebius in ihrer Bearbeitung durch Hieronymus' (1900).

EUSEBIUS OF EMESA, Greek ecclesiastic: b. Edessa; d. Antioch about 360. He studied under Eusebius of Cæsarea, and at Alexandria and Antioch. Averse to all theological controversies he declined the bishopric of Alexandria vacant by the deposition of Athanasius. He was afterward, however, appointed bishop of Emesa, in Syria, but was twice driven away by his flock, who accused him of sorcery on account of his astronomical studies. The homilies extant under his name are probably spurious.

EUSEBIUS EMMERAN. See DAUMER, GEORG FRIEDRICH.

EUSEBIUS OF NICOMEDIA, Arian bishop: d. Constantinople 342. He was appointed bishop of Beryta (Beirut) in Syria and afterward of Nicomedia. He appeared as the defender of Arius at the Council of Nice and afterward placed himself at the head of the Arian party. He baptized the Emperor Constantine in 337, and became patriarch of Constantinople in 339.

EUSKALDUN, u'skâl-dön. See BASQUES. EUSKIRCHEN, ois'kir-ken, Prussia, town and capital of a circle in the Rhine province, 15 miles west of Bonn. It has manufactories of cloth, furniture, leather, machinery, flour, meal, pottery, malt and beer. Pop. 12,413.

EUSPORANGIATES, u'spō-rǎn'ji-ä'tēz, plants in which the sporangia occur beneath the body surface and not on the surface. The class includes all the seed plants and most of the Pteridophytes.

EUSTACHIAN (ū-stā'kian) TUBE, in anatomy, a canal leading from the pharnyx to the tympanum of the ear; named for the Italian anatomist, Eustachio. See EAR.

EUSTACHIO, ā-oos-tä'kē-ō, Bartolommeo, Italian anatomist: b. San Severino, c. 1500; d. Fossombrone, August 1574. He studied at Rome and became professor of medicine at the Studeo della sapienza there and was also pensioned physician. He later became physician to Cardinal Peretti, who thereafter became Pope Sixtus V. Although Eustachio at first took the part of Galen against Vesalius, he advanced the science of anatomy very considerably and thoroughly understood the importance of comparative and pathological anatomy. He later came to appreciate the work of Vesalius. The eustachian tube to the middle ear and the eustachian valve of the foetal heart perpetuate his name. He investigated the structure of the kidneys, the teeth, the ossicles of the ear, the azygous vein, the ductus

thoracicus, the valve of the vena cava inferior, the oranial nerves, the muscles of the head and neck and the valves of the coronary veins. He published 'De Renibus Liber' (Venice 1563); De Dentibus Liber (Venice 1563); 'Opuscula Anatomica) (Venice 1564); Tabulæ Anatomicæ (Rouen 1714).

EUSTACHIUS, u-stā'ki-us, or EUSTATHIUS, Roman martyr of the 2d century. At first named Placidus, after his conversion to Christianity he took the name of Eustachius. It is told that while hunting he beheld Christ between the antlers of a deer. He is regarded as the patron of hunters and suffered martyrdom under the Emperor Hadrian. In the Roman Catholic Church he is commemorated on 20 September.

EUSTATHIUS, semi-Arian bishop of Sebaste: b. about 300; d. 380. He introduced monasticism in Armenia and the celibate Eustathian order named from him were condemned at the Gangra Synod in 340. At Sebaste he founded a hospital for the poor. His doctrinal views brought him into continual conflict with his more orthodox contemporaries, but his intimacy with Constantine enabled him to retain his see. In 358 he was deposed by the Synod of Melitene. Consult Loofs, 'Eustathius von Sebaste' (Halle 1898).

EUSTATHIUS, Byzantine commentator: b. probably at Constantinople, early in the 12th century; d. 1194. He became a member of a monastic order, was made deacon of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) and in 1175 was made archbishop of Thessalonica. His principal work is the commentary on the Iliad' and 'Odyssey,' still a valuable source of information on ancient learning. In 1542 the commentary was first published in Rome; the latest edition is that of Stallbaum (7 vols., Leipzig 1825-30). He also wrote a commentary on Dionysius the Periegete, valuable for the fragments of Stephanus of Byzantium and Arrianus, which it has preserved to us. Consult the edition of Dionysius by Bernhardy (Leipzig 1828). He also wrote a commentary on Pindar of which the introduction only survives. He also left a great number of historical pamphlets, tracts and speeches; these are nearly all found in Migne, Patrologia Græca' (Vols. CXXXV, CXXXVI). Consult Krumbacher, 'Byzantinische Litteraturgeschichte) (Munich 1897) and Pauly-Wissowa, 'Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft' (Vol. VI, Stuttgart 1909).

EUSTATIUS, Saint, one of the Leeward Islands. See SAINT EUSTATIUS.

He

EUSTIS, James Biddle, American diplomatist: b. New Orleans, La., 27 Aug. 1834; d. Newport, R. I., 9 Sept. 1899. He was admitted to the bar in 1856 and practised in New Orleans till the Civil War broke out. He then entered the Confederate army and served as judge-advocate on the staffs of Gens. Magruder and J. E. Johnston till the close of the war. was elected United States senator in 1876, but not given his seat till late in 1877; and was professor of civil law in the University of Louisiana in 1879-84, when he again served as senator, 1885-91. In March 1893 he was appointed United States Minister to France, and on the expiration of his term, in 1897, resumed