The The standard work of Villaseñor, published in 1748, and the manuscript report of Padre Menchero in 1744, contain some statistics and other general information on the condition of New Mexico about the middle of the century. Descriptive matter cannot be presented in the space at my command, but I append a statistical note. On population Villaseñor and Menchero agree in some points, but differ widely in others. Bonilla, however, gives a table of 1749 which agrees tolerably well with the general conclusions of the others. Spanish population was 3,779-too small a figure, I think-and the number of Christian Indians 12,142, besides about 1,400 Spaniards and the same number of Indians at El Paso. This is Bonilla's statement. Villaseñor and Menchero give the population as 536 to 660 families of Spaniards, and 1,428 to 1,570 families of neophytes, besides 220 and 330 families in the district of El Paso. Mota Padilla's estimate of about 9,500 Spaniards in 1742 was an exaggeration. Of course, many of the so-called Spaniards were of mixed breed. I attach to the statistical note a chronologic list of governors from the beginning down to 1846.51 term, and was still living in '61, having come from Spain in '18. Serrano, Informe, MS., 176–7. 51 Menchero (Juan Miguel), Declaracion, 1744, in N. Mex., Doc., MS., 704-73; Bonilla, Apuntes, MS., 376-81; Villaseñor, Teatro, ii. 409-23. In Span. Empire in America, 89-94, is a slight descrip. of N. Mex. in '47. In what follows the figures in brackets are from Bonilla; those in parentheses from Menchero; the rest chiefly from Villaseñor. Sta Fé, villa [965 Span., 570 Ind.], 300 (127) Span. fam. and a few Ind. under a curate (2 PP., M.). Sta Cruz de la Cañada, villa [1,205 Span., 580 Ind., including mission and ranchos], 260 (100) fam.; 1 padre; new church being built in 44. Alburquerque, villa, with suburb of Atrisco and mission [500 Span., 200 Ind.], 100 fam.; padre. Concepcion, or Fuenclara, Span. settlement of 50 fam., under padre of Isleta. M. calls it Gracia Real or later Canadá, from the Canadians who settled here in '40; not mentioned by B. It was prob. the Tomé of '39. The following ranchos are named by M. and V., their pop. being included in B.'s figures: Chama, 17 fam., and Sta Rosa Abiquiú, or Rosa Hawicuii, 20 fam., under padre of S. Ildefonso; Ojo Caliente, 46 fam., and 4 other ranchos 10 fam., under padre of Taos; Soldedad, 40 fam., under padre of S. Juan, 7 1.; Embudo, 8 fam., under padre of Picuries; Bocas, 10 fam., under padre of Sta Ana; and Alameda, 8 fam., under padre of Alburquerque. Few of these are named by V. Missions, each with one padre, including some ranchos of Span.: Taos [125 Span., 541 Ind.], 80 (170) fam.; with an alcalde mayor; the mission of Jicarilla, 5 1. N., being abandoned in '44. Picuríes [64, 322], 80 fam. S. Juan [346, 404], 60 fam. Sta Cruz, included in La Cañada. S. Ildefonso and its STATISTICS AND LIST OF GOVERNORS. 253 visita, Sta Clara [89, 631], 100 fam. Tesuque and Pujuaque [507 Ind.], 50 and 18 (30) fam., both visitas of Sta Fé. Nambé [100, 350], 50 fam. Pecos (1,000* Ind.), 125 fam.; curate, V.; 2 padres, M.; fine church and convent. Galisteo [350 Ind.], 50 fam.; ranchos. Cochití [25, 400], 85 (80) fam.; ranchos. Sto Domingo [300 Ind.], 50 (40) fam. S. Felipe [70, 400], 60 (70) fam.; ranchos. Jemes [574 Ind.], 100 fam. Sta Ana [100, 606], 50 fam.; on Rio Bernalillo. Cia [100, 606], 50 fam.; 2 ranchos. Laguna [401 Ind.], 60 fam.; 3 ranchos. Acoma [750 Ind.], 110 fam. Zuñi [2,000 Ind.], 150 fam.; 2 padres. Isleta [100, 250], 80 fam. Sandía, not founded till '48, and not mentioned by M. or N. B. gives it a pop. of 400 Ind. in '49. Tomé, or Valencia-called by V. Genizaros, made up of ill-treated neophytes-is mentioned by M. as a settlement of 40 Ind. fam., who were captives of the Apaches and Comanches, sold to the Span., and released from servitude by the gov. in '40 to form this visita of Isleta, being 2 1. s. of that mission. See note 39 of this chap. for origin of another Tomé. The El Paso establishments, presidio, and 5 missions, not included in the figures of my text, included about 220 Span. fam. and 330 Ind. fam. [1,428 Span., 1,431 Ind. in '49. Bonilla]. Villaseñor tells us there were a few unprofitable and abandoned mines in the country; the Ind. rode horseback and saluted the Span. with ‘Ave María'; the route up the river to Alburquerque was infested with savages; and there was some trade via El Paso, where fairs were held. In '48 P. Juan José Perez Mirabal was custodio; Man. Zambrano vice-custodio and ex-visitador; Man. Sopeña discreto and min. of Sta Clara; Ant. Gabaldon ex-visitador, discreto, and min. of Sta Cruz; Juan Ant. Ereiza ex-vice-cust. at S. Ildefonso; Ant. Zamora at Nambé; Juan Martinez, sec.; Toledo at Zuñi; Irigoyen at Alburquerque; and Delgado at Isleta. Arch. Sta Fé. Additional padres named by Menchero in the reports of '50, some of their doubtful, were Andrés Varo, cust., Pedro Pino, Man. Bermejo, Mig. Colluela, José Urquiros, José Tello, Marcelino Alburn, Ant. Roa, Fran. Concepcion Gonzalez, Trigo, Guzman. List of Span. and Mex. governors and captain-generals of N. Mex.: Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697-1703. Juan Paez Hurtado, acting, 1704-5. José Chacon Medina Salazar y Villaseñor, marqués de la Peñuela, 1707 -12. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1712 15. Félix Martinez, ad int., 1715-17. Juan de Estrada y Austria (?), ad int., Juan Domingo de Bustamante, 172231. Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora, 1731–6. Enrique de Olavide y Michelena, ad int., 1736-9. Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza, 1739- Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1743-9. CHAPTER XII. LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 1751-1800. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS-RULE OF CACHUPIN AND MARIN DEL VALLE-INDIAN CAMPAIGNS-MENDOZA AND URRISOLA-COMANCHES-CACHUPIN AGAIN— EXISTING records for these fifty years are much more voluminous, and in several important respects more satisfactory, than for the preceding half-century. They include several general reports of secular and missionary authorities, with statistical information that is comparatively complete. They throw much light on the mission system, on the condition of the pueblo Indians, on the Franciscan friars and their controversy with governor and alcaldes mayores, on the commerce and other industries of the province; but these and other general topics will be detached from the chronologic narrative and presented in a later part of this chapter. As to the series of happenings from year to year-the succession of rulers, campaigns against the various gentile tribes, the never-ending question of Moqui conversion, and occasional complaints of impending ruin, with corresponding projects by which it might be averted-both events and the record are as before somewhat fragmentary and meagre, though there is little reason to fear that any momentous occurrence has been buried in oblivion. Governor Cachupin marched against the Comanches in 1751, setting fire to a tular into which he had driven 145 of the foe, killing 101 and capturing the rest. This elicited commendation from the viceroy and was reported to the king. It may be well, however, to bear in mind that according to the friars, who were particularly bitter against Cachupin, the governor's reports of Indian campaigns had often no foundation in fact. At the end of his five years' term in 1754, Don Tomás was succeeded by Don Francisco Antonio Marin del Valle, who perhaps served ad interim by the viceroy's appointment, and who was also cordially hated by the padres. In 1755 Padre Rodriguez de la Torre, with a small party of neophytes, visited the Moqui towns, being well received and permitted to preach; but whenever the masses showed any sign of yielding to his persuasions a 'cacique endemoniado' would rise to talk on the other side. The padres were good men, he said, but his people were too sensible and strong to become slaves of the alcaldes.3 1 Arch. Sta Fé, MS. The Comanches had raided Galisteo. Gov. C. had 164 men, of whom only one was killed. Forty of the captives were released with the women and children, but 4 were held as hostages for the return of earlier prisoners. In 1752 the Cosninas, 30 1. from Moqui, 10,000 souls in 11 rancherías are said to have asked through P. Menchero for Christian instruction. Id. 2 He signs a doc. as 'gobernador político y militar' on Nov. 26, 1754. Arch. Sta Fe. I think he was regularly appointed by the king. Davis and Prince name him as acting gov. in 1761-2, which I think is an error. Acc. to Prince, Gov. Marin and wife presented the great carved stone reredos, or altar screen, in the Sta Fé cathedral. Rodriguez de la Torre (Mariano), Entrada en la prov. de los Moquinos 1755, MS., written in '70. In N. Mex., Doc., MS., 842-53. He remained 14 days. A curious story heard by him was that the Moquis had a board on which they had made one mark each year since the revolt of 1680; when the board was covered with marks, then would they submit to Christianity. A MS., Dominguez (Atanasio), Exped. lá a Prov. de Moqui in '55 is cited in Fernandez Duro, Not., 138, as in the Acad. de Hist.; but I suppose the date should be '75. In '56-7 Bernardo Miera y Pacheco obtained permission to remelt the old useless cannon and make new ones. It was not his trade, but he thought he could do no harm by trying. He was then alcalde mayor of Pecos and Galisteo. The result is not recorded. MS. in Pinart col. |