only influenced by evil motives but was a thief." No bishop visited the province after 1760, and therefore there were no confirmations. Delegate Pino, a New Mexican 50 years of age, had never seen a bishop until he came to Spain in 1812. He urgently demanded the erection of his province into a separate bishopric, and the carrying-out of the royal order and papal bull of 1777-9 in favor of a college. His idea was that the tithes, yielding $9-10,000, as disadvantageously rented, were ample to pay the episcopal salary and all other necessary expenses; besides, the sínodos of six missions might justly be added, since the fees at Belen, Isleta, Abiquiú, Santa Clara, San Juan, and Taos would suffice for the friars' support. Accordingly, on January 26, 1813, the erection of a bishopric and establishment of the college were decreed by the cortes; and some supplementary instructions were issued in May; but practically nothing was done under Spanish rule.50

It is to be regretted that nothing is known of political events and sentiments in New Mexico during the war of independence in 1811-21. There is no indication that the great national struggle sent even a ripple of excitement to the northern interior; and we may reasonably conclude that officials and people here, as in California, were content to await the issue, in which

49 Appointment of Sandoval Aug. 20, 1810, in Arch. Sta Fé, MS. Developments of 1818. N. Mex., Defensas de Misioneros, in Id. On March 26, '18, the gov. and bishop were asked by the audiencia to see that the Ind. of Jemes should receive proper Christian instruction in Spanish. Id. The friars who signed the Defensas were Mariano Peñon, Laguna; José Pedro Rubí, Belen; José Ign. Sanchez, Isleta; Diego Martinez de Arellano, Sandía; Gerónimo Riego, S. Felipe. In 1805 Padre Prada asks the gov. for relief for Zuñi, where the position of the padre in time of peace was intolerable, and in war most perilous. The Zuñis have no inclination to Christianity, and only a few pay any attention to its rites. They were friendly to the hostile Navajos, who, on their visits to Zuñi, were always furnished women with whom to sleep; and similar privileges were offered to Lieut. Narbona and his men. Arch. Sta Fé, MS.

50 Pino, Not., 19, 22, 31-3, 90-2; Id., Expos., 7-8, 25-7; Diario de Córtes, 1812, xvi. 160; 1813, xx. 141-2; Córtes, Col. de Decretos, iii. 200; Arrillaga, Recop., 1830, p. 95-6. In his Adiciones to Pino, p. 34 of Noticias, Barreiro speaks of a decree of Jan. 26, '18, in favor of the bishopric and colegio. Something was also attempted in '23.

they took but slight interest, and of which in its details they were to a great extent kept in ignorance. In New Mexico, the element of private correspondence, so important an aid in tracing the annals of this period in California, is entirely lacking in the records within my reach. We have seen that in 1822 Governor Melgares was succeeded by Chavez, and also that Vizcarra ruled for a time in the same year. Besides this brief record, we have one important document of 1821, which shows how news of Iturbide's accession was received, and which may indicate that New Mexicans were not behind Californians in the versatility displayed in accepting the successive changes of government, with prodigious and suddenly acquired enthusiasm for each.

It was on September 11th that the 'dulce voz de libertad' was first heard, and lovers of the country and religion swore to the independence at Santa Fé; and on December 26th-¡ dia glorioso! ¡Dia de admiracion, y dia tan eternal para los Nuevos Méxicos, que de padres á hijos se ira trasmitiendo hasta la mas remota posteridad!-came news of Iturbide's entry into Mexico. Dozens of citizens received communications in writing and print by the mail of that day, which they read aloud to the crowd at the post-office, the governor reading a patriotic address from the city of Tepic, with a poetic effusion of that liberalísimo europeo' Don Pedro Negrete, on listening to which all, from the 'tierno parvulito' to the 'trémulo anciano,' were beside themselves with joy, and filled the air with vivas, as Melgares shouted, "New Mexicans, this is the occasion for showing the heroic patriotism that inflames you; let your sentiments of liberty and gratitude be published abroad, and let us show tyrants that although we live at the very extremity of North America we love the holy religion of our fathers; that we cherish and protect the desired union between Spaniards of both hemispheres; and that, with our last drop of blood, we will sustain the

ITURBIDE AND THE EMPIRE.

309

sacred independence of the Mexican empire!" The 6th of January, 1822, was set apart for a formal celebration, which should, if possible, excel that of Tepic. At dawn the salutes of artillery and the marching of processions began; and with dawn of the next day, ended the grand baile at the palacio. palacio. Never did Santa Fé behold such a splendid display. The independientisimo postmaster, Juan Bautista Vigil, excelled himself in painting decorations; the excesivo independiente alcalde, Pedro Armendaris, led a triumphant paseo; and a grand loa de las tres garantias was performed, by Alférez Santiago Abreu representing independence, Curate and Vicar Juan Tomás Terrazas religion, and Chaplain Francisco Osio the union. All through the day and night the villa was painted red with independence or death, and Governor Melgares wrote a flaming account of the whole affair for the Gaceta Imperial. Doubtless Don Facundo, realizing the side on which his bread was buttered, saw to it that nothing was lost in telling the story; and presumably the fall of Iturbide a little later was celebrated with equal enthusiasm. There was nothing mean or one-sided in New Mexican patriotism.

51

51 Melgares (Facundo), Demostraciones que para soleminzar la Independencia del Imperio hizo la ciudad de Sta Fé, 1822. In Gaceta Imp., March 23, 26, '22, ii. 85-93. Proclamation of the plan de Iguala in N. Mex., 1821, mentioned in Alaman, Hist. Mej., v. 237-9, from the same source. It is noticeable that in the celebration the gov. is called jefe político, and an ayuntamiento is mentioned. Sept. 10, 22, N. Mex. was made one of the 5 Provincias Internas under a com. gen. at Chih., corres. to the earlier intendencia; that is, there was practically no change in N. Mex. Mex., Mem. Guerra, 1823, p. 25.

CHAPTER XIV.

A MEXICAN TERRITORY.

1823-1845.

SUCCESSION OF RULERS-TERRITORY AND DEPARTMENT-CIVIL AND MILITARY GOVERNMENT-CHRONOLOGY-INDIAN AFFAIRS-REVOLUTION OF 1837-8 -Perez, GONZALEZ, AND ARMIJO-TEXAN SANTA FÉ EXPEDITION OF 1841-DEFEAT OF THE INVADERS-TEXAN RAIDS FOR PLUNDER IN 1843— MCDANIEL, WARFIELD, AND SNIVELY-THE FILIBUSTERS FOILED-THE SANTA FE TRADE-COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES-MAP-EVENTS AND STATISTICS STORRS AND GREGG PATTIE'S EXPLOITS CALIFORNIA CARAVANS-INDUSTRIAL CONDITION-MINES AND MISSIONS-SCHOOLS-. NEWSPAPER-POPULATION.

THE ruler at Santa Fé during the Mexican republican régime of 1823-46 was known as jefe político until 1837, and later bore the title of gobernador. The list, as made up from those of Prince, Meline, Ritch, and the United States land-office reports, with slight corrections from original sources, is given in a note. As a rule, nothing is definitely known respecting the acts of these officials or the circumstances of their accession to power.

Until 1824 New Mexico was a province, one of the Provincias Internas, until, by the acta constitutiva of January 31st, it was joined to the provinces of Chi

List of governors of N. Mex., 1823-46: Antonio Vizcarra to June 1823; Francisco Javier Chavez, June and July, acting; Bartolomé Vaca, 1823 to Sept. 1825; Antonio Narbona, Sept. 1825 to May 1827; Manuel Armijo, 1827-8; Antonio Vizcarra, acting in 1828; José Antonio Chavez, 1828-31; Santiago Abreu, 1831-2, or perhaps to 1833; Francisco Sarracino, 1833 to May 1835, though Juan Rafael Ortiz seems to be named in the archives in Oct. 1834; Mariano Chavez, acting, May to July 1835; Albino Perez, 1835-7; Pedro Muñoz, acting, 1837-8; José Gonzalez, pretendant or revolutionary gov., 1837-8; Manuel Armijo, Jan. 1838 to 1846; Antonio Sandoval, acting, 1841; Mariano Martinez de Lejanza, acting, 1844-5; José Chavez, acting, Sept. to Dec. 1845; and Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, acting, in Aug. 1846.

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT.

311

huahua and Durango, to form the Estado Interno del Norte. Durango, however, protesting against this arrangement, because the capital was fixed at Chihuahua, the two southern provinces were made states, and from July 6th New Mexico became a territory of the republic. At the same time the El Paso district was joined to Chihuahua, but no eastern or western bounds were assigned to New Mexico, it being understood that the territory extended in those directions far out beyond the settlements, and in the north to the Arkansas, the limit of Mexican possessions since 1819. Under the new constitution of December 1836 the territory became a department, and was so called to the end of Mexican rule.2

Under the new forms of the republican régime there was practically no change in the government, all branches being controlled somewhat arbitrarily by the governor. There was a kind of legislature, or executive council, of four or six members, known as the diputacion provincial, or territorial, from 1824, junta departamental from 1837, and sometimes asamblea in 1844-5; but this body is stated by Barreiro and others to have been a nullity, and very little is known of its acts. Instead of the alcaldes mayores of Spanish times, there were ayuntamientos at a few of the larger towns, with ordinary alcaldes at the smaller settlements. In 1844, by a decree of the assembly,

2 July 19, 1823, decree alluding to N. Mex. as one of the Provincias Int. de Occidente, and providing that the civil and military command be separated. Mex., Col. Ord. y Decretos, ii. 147-8. Acta const. of Jan. 1824. Mer., Col. Constit., i. 3. Decree of Feb. 4, 1824, N. Mex. to send one diputado to the diputacion provincial of Chih. Mex., Col. Ord. y Dec., iii. 25. July 6th, La prov. de N. Mex. queda de territorio de la fe leracion. Id., 55. July 27th, bounds of Chih., including El Paso. Id., 59. Protest of Durango against estado del norte, with capital at Chih. Pinart, Doc. Hist. Chih., MS., ii. 1. Law of Dec. 30, 1836, N. Mex. será departamento.' Arrillaga, Recop., 1836, p. 379. Jan. 18, 1845, N. Mex. declared one of the departamentos fronterizos, as per art. 134, pt 17, of the constitution. Mex., Leyes (Palacio), 1344-6, p. 81.

3 Barreiro, Ojeada, 27–8. In 1831 the members are named, Ant. J. Martinez being the first. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. In 1844 Jesus María Gallegos was pres. and J. B. Vigil sec. Abert's Rept, 479. In 1845 the asamblea had four members, and one suplente not named. S. Miguel, Rep. Mex., 60,

In 1827-32, acc. to Barreiro, Ojeada, 42, and a table by Narbona, in Pino, Not., 27-30, only Sta Fé, Cañada, and Taos had ayuntamientos. The parti