54

friars; but these were for the most part acting curates at the Mexican settlements, making occasional visits to the Indian pueblos under their spiritual charge. Only five of the latter had resident missionaries in 1832. The Mexican congress in 1823, and again in 1830, decreed the carrying-out of the old Spanish order for the establishing of a bishopric; but nothing was effected in this direction. Among the vicars appears in 1825-6 the name of Agustin Fernandez de San Vicente, the famous canónigo who had visited California in 1822 as the commissioner of the emperor Iturbide. In 1833 the bishop of Durango visited this distant part of his diocese, and his reception is described by Gregg and Prince as having been marked by great enthusiasm.55

The population has been given as 30,000 whites and 10,000 pueblo Indians in 1822. In these 24 years I suppose that the white population was somewhat more than doubled, and that of Indians slightly diminished; or that the total in 1845-6 was not far from 80,000, though there is one official report that makes this total much larger."

Yearly appro

54 Barreiro, Ojeada, 15, 39-41; Escudero, Not. Chih., 31. priations for the stipends. Correo de la Fed., Oct. 14,'1827; Mex., Mem. Hac., 1826, doc. 15; Id., Mem. Just., 1831, annex. 8; Id., Mem. Hac., 1832, doc. N; Id., 1837, annex. F; Id,, 1844, presupuesto 7. The no. of friars 27, with $8,880 in stipends includes El Paso, Narbona in 1827 gives the number of curates as 17. The statement of Ritch, Aztlan, 249-50, that before 1846 all the padres from abroad had been supplanted by native-born New Mexicans seems doubtful. Aug. 26, 1812, order of the president authorizing the gov. and junta to grant lands of the Ind. pueblos where there were few Ind. and many vecinos. Pinart Col.

55 Decrees on bishopric. S. Miguel, Mex., ii. 2; Arrillaga, Recop., 1830, p. 94-6; Mer., Col. Ord. y Dec., ii. 148. Tithes rented for $10,000 to $12,000 per year, about one third of their value. Barreiro, 41. Juan Felipe Ortiz is named as vicar in '32-41; and Fr. José Pedro Rubin de Célis was custodio of the missionaries in 1827. Arch. Sta Fé, MS.

56 The census report of 1827 by Narbona, in Pino, Not Hist., 56-7, is the only detailed one extant. It makes the total 43,433, about evenly divided between the sexes. Married couples 7,677. Farmers 6,588, artisans 1,237, laborers 2,475, traders 93, teachers 17, curates 17, surgeon 1. There is no separation of whites and Ind. The larger towns, most of them including one or more small pueblos, are Sta Fé 5,759, S. Miguel del Vado 2,893, Alburquerque 2,547, Tomé 2,043, Cañada 6,508, S. Juan 2,915, Taos 3,606, and Abiquiú 3,557. Pop. in 1831 estimated at 50,000. Mex. Mem., Rel., 1832 annex. 1, p. 11; Barreiro, 17. Mayer, Mex. Aztec, ii. 369, gives the pop. of the missions (?) in 1831 as 23,025. Pop. in 1833 52,360. Wizlizenus, Mem., 26; De Bow's Ency., 268. Cortina, in Instituto Nac. Bol., no. 1, p. 18, gives a

pop. of 43,439 in 1829 and 57,176 in 1833. Pop. in '38, 39, or '12, 57,026. Cortina, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Bol., vii. 139; Mex., Mem. Rel., 1847, p. 112; Wizlizenus and De Bow. In 1840 Gov. Armijo, Pino, Not. Hist., 55, gives 28,939 men and 26,464 women, or total 55,403. Pop. in 1841 about 60,000 Span. acc. to sec. state, as quoted by Gregg, who also alludes to a census of 32 as showing 72,000. Gregg, Com. Prairies, i. 148-9, estimates, however, the pop. in '44 at 70,000, of whom 10,000 Ind. An original report of pop. in connection with the division into districts, etc. makes a total in '44 of 99,204; or by partidos-Sta Fé 12,500, Sta Ana 10,500, S. Miguel 18,800, Rio Arriba 15,000, Taos 14,200, Valencia 20,000, and Bernalillo 8,204. The summing up of the printed doc. is 100,064; but I suppose the correct total of 99,204 is an exaggeration, though Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 38, gives the pop. as 160,000. Wizlizenus' gives 70,000 as the figure in 1846.

CHAPTER XV.

PIMERÍA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE.

1543-1767.

EARLIEST ANNALS OF A NON-EXISTENT AND NAMELESS PROVINCE-A CENTURY AND A HALF OF NEGLECT ENTRADAS OF ESPEJO AND OÑATE-Down THE COLORADO TO THE GULF-CONVERSION AND REVOLT OF THE MOQUIS -PROGRESS IN SONORA-PIMERÍA ALTA-MAPS-LABORS OF FATHER KINO-EXPLORATIONS IN ARIZONA-THE GILA AND CASA GRANDEMANGE'S DIARIES-KINO'S MAP-FIRST MISSIONS IN 1732-BAC AND GUEVAVI-BOLAS DE PLATA-REVOLT JESUIT EFFORTS TO ENTER THE MOQUI FIELD TRIUMPH OF THE FRANCISCANS-EXPLORations of KelLER AND SEDELMAIR-UP THE COLORADO-LAST YEARS OF THE JESUIT RÉGIME-DECADENCE OF THE MISSIONS-TUBAC PRESIDIO RANCHERÍA OF TUCSON-APACHE RAIDS AND MILITARY EXPEDITIONS.

Now that eastern annals have been brought down to the end of Mexican rule, it is time to turn again to the west, to that portion of our territory known later as Arizona. In Spanish and Mexican times there was no such province, under that or any other name, nor was the territory divided by any definite boundaries between adjoining provinces. That portion south of the Gila was part of Pimería Alta, the northern province of Sonora. Except a small district of this Pimería, the whole territory was uninhabited, so far as any but aborigines were concerned. A small tract in the north-east was generally regarded as belonging to New Mexico, because the Spaniards of that province sometimes visited, and had once for a brief period been recognized as masters of, the Moqui pueblos. Not only were no boundaries ever formally indicated, but I have found nothing to show how far in Spanish and Mexican opinion New Mexico was re

A NAMELESS PROVINCE.

345

Each was

garded as extending west or Sonora north. deemed to stretch indefinitely out into the despoblado. California, however, while no boundary was ever fixed officially, was not generally considered to extend east of the Rio Colorado. The name Moqui province was sometimes rather vaguely applied to the whole region north of the Gila valley. Arizona-probably Arizonac in its original form was the name given by the natives to a locality on the modern frontier of Sonora, and was known from just before the middle of the eighteenth century as the name of the mining camp, or district, where the famous bolas de plata were found. It is still applied to a mountain range in that vicinity.

Nearly all of what we now call Arizona has no other history before 1846 than the record of exploring entradas from the south and east. The exception is the small tract, of not more than sixty miles square, from Tucson southward, mainly in the Santa Cruz valley, which contained all the Spanish establishments, and whose annals are an inseparable part of those pertaining to Pimería Alta as a whole, or to Sonora, which included Pimería. Thus, the only history our territory has in early times belongs to that of other provinces, and is given elsewhere in this or other works of this series. To dispose of the matter here, however, by a mere reference to scattered material to be found elsewhere, would be by no means consistent with the unity I have aimed to give to my work as a whole and to each part. The story must be told, but it may be greatly condensed, reference sufficing for many details. Neither the condensation nor the repetition involved can properly be regarded as a defect, each contributing, if I mistake not, to the completeness, clearness, and interest of the record.

The negro slave Estévan, closely followed by the Spanish friar Marcos de Niza, crossed Arizona from south-west to north-east in 1539; and these earliest

explorers were followed in 1540 by Vasquez de Corcnado, who, with an army of Spaniards, marched from Sonora to Zuñi, extended his exploration north-westward to the Moqui towns and the great cañon of the Colorado, and recrossed Arizona in 1542 on his return from eastern exploits and disasters among the New Mexican pueblos. These expeditions, the beginning of Arizona annals, are fully recorded in the secnd and third chapters of this volume; and the map, showing also one or two later entradas, is here reproduced. While Coronado's observations were recorded with tolerable accuracy, no practical use was made of the information gained, and all that was accurate in the reports was soon forgotten. A century and a half was destined to pass before the Arizona line should again be crossed from the south.

But it was only forty years before the territory was again entered by Spaniards from the east. Antonio Espejo, with a few companions, in 1583, coming from the Rio Grande valley by way of Zuñi, marched to the Moqui towns, and thence penetrated some fifty leagues farther west or south-west, listening to tales of great towns said to lie beyond the great river, visiting maize-producing tribes, obtaining samples of rich silver ore in the region forty or fifty miles north of the modern Prescott, and returning by a more direct route to Zuñi.1 Fifteen years later the eastern line was again crossed by Juan de Oñate, the conqueror of New Mexico, who, at the end of 1598, very nearly repeated Espejo's Arizona exploration, starting out to reach the South Sea, but called back in haste to Acoma by news that the peñol patriots were in arms to regain their independence. In 1604 Oñate resumed his search for the Mar del Sur, and found it. With thirty men he marched westward, still via Zuñi and Moqui; crossed the Rio Colorado-as he named the branch since known as the Colorado Chiquito;

1 For Espejo's entrada, see p. 38-9 of this vol.

See p. 139, this volume.