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gave the names San Antonio and Sacramento to two branches of the river later called Rio Verde in the region north of Prescott-a considerable portion of his route corresponding in a general way with the line of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad of more modern centuries; and kept on south-westward to and down the San Andrés Santa María and Bill Williams fork to its junction with the Rio Grande de Buena Esperanza, that is, the Colorado. One of the captains went up this river a short distance; and then all followed its course southward, fully understanding its identity with the stream called Rio del Tizon in Coronado's time, to the head of the gulf. The main eastern branch, or Gila, was named Rio del Nombre de Jesus. In January 1605, they reached tide-water and named a fine harbor Puerto de la Conversion de San Pablo; and then they returned by the same route to New Mexico. Nearly two centuries passed before the region between Moqui and Mojave was revisited by Spaniards. Oñate's expedition to the South Sea, though of the greatest importance and accurately narrated, like that of Coronado had slight effect on real knowledge of geography, its chief effects being to complicate the vagaries of the Northern Mystery.

There were no more explorations from any direction in the seventeenth century, and Arizona annals for the whole period are confined to a few meagre items about the Moqui district as gathered from earlier chapters of this volume. It may be well to state here, however, that the name of Arizona's chief river is apparently used for the first time in a report of 1630, being applied to a New Mexican province of Gila, or

3 For Oñate's exped. of 1604-5, see p. 154 of this vol. Native tribes on the Colorado, from north to south, were, above the Gila, the Amacavas (later Yamajabs, Amajavas, or Mojaves), Bahacechas, and Ozaras; between the Gila and tide-water, the Halchedumas, Coahuanas, Tlaglli, Tlalliguamayas, and Cocapas. Among the contributions of this expedition to the Northern Mystery was the existence, as reported by the natives, of Lake Copala, where Aztec was spoken and golden bracelets were worn. The Spaniards also concluded, from their observations and statements of the natives, that the gulf extended indefinitely north-westward behind the mountains from the river's mouth, thus confirming the idea long entertained that Cal. was an island.

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Xila, where the river has its source. At the beginning of the century the Moquis, like the other pueblos, accepted Christianity, were often visited by the friars from the first, and probably were under resident missionaries almost continuously for eighty years; yet of all this period we know only that Fray Francisco Porras, who worked long in this field, converting some 800 souls at Aguatuvi, was killed by poison at his post in 1633; that Governor Peñalosa is said to have visited the pueblos in 1661-4; and that in 1680 four Franciscans were serving the five towns, or three missions. These were José Figueroa at San Bernardino de Aguatuvi, José Trujillo at San Bartolomé de Jougopavi, with the visita of Moxainavi, and José Espeleta, with Agustin de Santa María, at San Francisco de Oraibe and Gualpi, all of whom lost their lives in the great revolt. From that time the valiant Moquis maintained their independence of all Spanish or Christian control. It is not clear that they sent their warriors to take part in the wars of 1680-96 in New Mexico, but they probably did so, and certainly afforded protection to fugitives from the other pueblos, the Tehuas and others even building a new town adjoining those of the Moquis, in which part of the tribe lived from that period. In 1692 they had, like the other nations, professed their willingness to submit to Governor Vargas; but in the following years no attempt to compel their submission is recorded. In 1700, however, fearing an invasion, they affected penitence, permitted a friar to baptize a few children, and negotiated in vain with the Spaniards for a treaty that should permit each nation to retain its own religion !5

Meanwhile, during this century and a half, though, as I have said, the Arizona line was not crossed from the south, the Spanish occupation was extended nearly to that line. In Coronado's time the northern limit of settlement was San Miguel de Culiacan. The

♦ Benavides, Requeste Remonst. See p. 162-3 of this vol.
"On Moqui items of 1599-1700, see chap. vii.-x., this volume.

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villa of San Felipe de Sinaloa was founded in 1584, after the failure of several attempts, a little farther north. It was in 1591 that the Jesuits began their missionary work in Sinaloa, but they had no permanent establishments north of that province before 1600. The Fuerte de Montesclaros, giving name to the Rio del Fuerte, was built in 1610, and in the same year Captain Hurdaide, after a series of hard-fought battles and several reverses, made peace with the Yaqui Indians. In 1613 and 1617 respectively, missions were established among the Mayos and Yaquis, and a beginning was thus made of Jesuit work in Sonora. From 1621 eleven padres served 60,000 converts in the northern, or Sonora, mission district, called San Ignacio; in 1639 the spiritual conquest had extended to the Sonora valley proper, the region of Ures, among the Ópatas, where the district of San Francisco Javier was organized; by 1658 this district had been extended so as to include missions as far north as Arizpe and Cuquiarachi; and by 1688 these northern missionsbeyond Batuco and Nacori, in Pimería Baja, eighteen pueblos in six missions partidos-had been formed into the new district, or rectorado, of Santos Mártires de Japon. The next advance of missionary work northward will bring us to the subject proper of this chapter. It should be noted here that in 1640-50 there was a temporary division of the province, northern Sonora above the Yaqui River being called Nueva Andalucía. In consequence of a quarrel with the Jesuits, the governor of the new province attempted to put the missions in charge of Franciscans; but, though a small party of friars came to the country, nothing was accomplished; and all trace of the change, secular and religious, disappeared about the middle of the century.

For particulars, see Hist. North Mex. States, i. 107-23. This reference includes Ibarra's expeditions of 1564-5, which may possibly furnish an exception to my statement that the Arizona line was not crossed till nearly the end of the next century.

7 See annals of Sinaloa and Sonora, 1630–1703, in Hist. North Mex. St., i. 202-50.

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