River, though I have not been able to find the record of such an agreement or survey."

49

Under the treaty, citizens of New Mexico might leave the territory or remain either as citizens of the United States or of Mexico, but such as should not within one year make known their choice were to become citizens of the United States. Although I find no very definite records on the subject, it appears that many declared their intention of retaining their Mexican nationality, some of these departing and others formally withdrawing the declaration, while of those who departed some came back. It was estimated that in 1848-9 the territory thus lost only about 1,200, though in 1850 a considerable number of wealthy hacendados withdrew with their peones and possessions to Chihuahua.50 The Mexican The Mexican government made an appropriation to aid its migrating citizens, and in 1849 Padre Ramon Ortiz and Manuel Armendariz were sent as commissioners to promote the movement. Ortiz claimed that in the first county visited, that of San Miguel del Vado, 900 out of 1,000 families eagerly agreed to go, and that the whole number of emigrants was likely to reach 80,000; but that the territorial authorities, frightened at the prospect, threw obstacles in the way. For this reason, or because of financial difficulties, or because the people became on reflection less desirous of quitting the land of their birth-to say nothing of the possibility that the honest presbítero greatly exaggerated the

49 It is so stated in Warren's Memoir, 84, a good authority, but without the author's usual reference to his sources; and Emory, U. S. and Mex. Bound., 16, also says that Bartlett's line was finally repudiated by the government." Later records connected with the new treaty of 1853-4 simply show a dispute but no settlement. I think that Bartlett's opponents may have surveyed the new line and reported it to the govt, which did not perhaps formally approve either. Besides the survey of a boundary line, the commissioners were to explore the country for a railroad within one league north or south of the Gila, this railroad to be the subject of subsequent agreement between the two republics. Neither of the lines considered, however, would have given the U. S. a railroad route. Bartlett's work, published in 1854, seems to imply that his line was the one approved.

50 McCall's Letters, 496.

original enthusiasm-very little was actually accomplished.51

51 Ortiz' letter of June 9, 1849, to Gov. Más of Chih., in Pino, Not. Hist., 92-8, with other corresp.; Mexico, Mem. Rel., 1849, p. 14; Id., 1850, p. 22. The proceedings were under the colonization law of Aug. 19, 1848 Mexico, Col. Leyes y Decretos, 1848, p. 309. It appears that the governor obliged Ortiz to suspend his personal visits to the different counties, alleging that there was danger of a revolt or popular tumult. He consented at first to the appointment of subagents, but suspended also this privilege as soon as it became clear that the desire for emigration was so general. These orders are given in Pino's work as cited. Ortiz also claims that previous to his visit, unfair means had been taken to prevent the citizens from making the formal declarations required by the treaty. I am inclined to think there is much truth in his statements, as well as a degree of exaggeration. Mexico had appropriated $200,000, of which only $25,000 was available, and Ortiz estimated that $1,653,342 would be needed! The allowance was $25 for an adult, and $12 for children. There was also some trouble about the transfer of property, and about Ortiz' official status. In 1850 a Mexican consul was sent to attend to this and other matters.

CHAPTER XIX.

ANNALS OF ARIZONA.

1846-1854.

AFFAIRS IN PIMERÍA ALTA-APACHE RAIDS-TUBAC ABANDONED-THE MEXICAN WAR-EXPLORATIONS-KEARNY'S MARCH-COOKE AND THE MORMONS-WAGON ROAD-GRAHAM'S DRAGOONS-TREATY AND BOUNDARY-WHIPPLE AND BARTLETT SITGREAVES RAILROAD SURVEYS PARKE'S EXPLORATIONS-OVERLAND EMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIAHAYES' DIARY-INDIANS-THE OATMAN MASSACRE-COLORADO FERRY AND CAMP CALHOUN-GLANTON'S OUTRAGES-FORT YUMA ESTABLISHED -COLORADO CITY-NAVIGATION OF THE RIVER-DERBY'S SURVEY-THE FIRST STEAMERS.

THAT part of the country known later as Arizona remained a Mexican possession down to the signing of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, and all south of the Gila, the only portion inhabited by any but Indians, for five years longer, or until the signing of the treaty of December 1853, or its approval in 1854. The annals of this southern region, the ancient Pimería Alta, might almost be disposed of by adding 'et cetera' to the chapter in which the record has been brought down to 1845.' That is, the Mexicans under the Sonora government barely maintained a precarious possession of Tucson and a few other establishments in the Santa Cruz valley. The Apaches continued their raids, sometimes driving off live-stock from under the very walls of the presidios. Retaliatory raids of the soldiers became less and less effective, though the Pápago allies were somewhat more successful in repelling and pursuing the savages. There was a constant diminution of the population, 1 See chap. xvi., this volume.

GENERAL DESOLATION.

475

and most of the few remaining ranchos were abandoned. A census report of September 1848, gave Tucson 760 inhabitants, and Tubac 249.2 In December of the same year, after an attack in which nine persons were killed, Tubac and the adjoining settlement of Tamacácori were abandoned, the people transferring their residence to Tucson." Between this presidio and that of Santa Cruz south of the line it does not clearly appear that a single Mexican establishment of any kind remained, though before 1852 a small garrison had reoccupied Tubac. In the meagre and fragmentary record of Mexican annals down. to 1854, I find only an occasional complaint of impending ruin, as in earlier times, with appeals for aid, mention of a few. Apache depredations and campaigns, and the names of a few officials, but nothing from which to form anything like a continuous narrative, or to form any more definite idea of the general condition of affairs than that expressed in this paragraph.

5

2 Pinart, Col. Doc., print, no. 980. This is a list furnished by Gov. Gándara for election purposes.

3 Sonorense, Feb. 21, 1849. Some details of Apache wars in these years are found in Hist. North Mex. States, ii., this series. The Mexicans believed that the Indians were incited by Americans. Doubtless the unfortunate state of affairs in N. Mex., and the acts of disreputable American and Mex. traders, had much to do with Indian troubles.

Bartlett's Pers. Narr., ii. 302 et seq., where a very good account of the state of things in the Sta Cruz valley is given.

I give some items, chiefly from the Sonorense and MS. records of the Pinart collection, omitting many more of similar nature but of even less importance. In Sept. 1847 the Pinaleño Apaches pretended to desire peace at Tuscon, but continued their attacks on Tubac. A combined exped. from the three presidios, consisting of 77 soldiers and a force of 133 citizens, Pimas, and frienly Apaches, marched against them, killing 17 and capturing 14, with a loss of two men. Son., Oct. 8th. A year later Capt. Comaduran reports a successful exped. of the Pápagos, bringing in the ears of many Apaches. Id., Dec. 1st. In March 1849 the inhab. appealed for aid to the Sonora congress, declaring their purpose if not aided to go and live among the Gila tribes! Id., Sept. 28th. Congress promised arms and ammunition, and the com.-gen. assured the people of his desire and power to afford full protection. Pinart, Col. Doc., MS., 113. Sept.-Oct., Cof Elias made a successful campaign to the Gila. Id., Doc. Hist. Son., MS., 166–70, with many details. Jan. 1850, over 100 cattle driven off from Tucson. Son., Feb. 1st. Feb. 7th, decree of gov. fixing bounds for the presidios of the 'Colonias militares de Occidente,' including Tubac and Tucson. Id., Feb. 15th. The abandonment of Tucson in March 1850 was reported in the Cal. papers, but doubtless without foundation. Aug., the paymaster with funds for the colonists at Tucson from Arizpe was attacked and lost several men, but saved his money. Son., Sept. 20th. In Dec. the presidio was assaulted in the daytime,

The war of 1846-8, except in the treaty that ended it, had but slight bearing on the history of Arizona. The plans of the United States did not include the occupation of the Pimería towns south of the Gila, and north of that river there were no towns to be occupied, though in a certain sense the conquest of California on the west and New Mexico on the east may be regarded as having included that of the broad region lying between the two. The war also led to the crossing of this region in the southern parts by several parties, thus involving its first exploration by Americans but for the previous exploits of Pattie and other trappers and traders. In August, 1846, General Castro, driven from California, found his way by the Colorado and Papaguería to Altar in Sonora, accompanied by a small party; and at the end of the same month Kit Carson went east by the Gila route as the bearer of despatches from Commodore Stockton,

all the live-stock outside the walls carried off, and 3 or 4 persons killed; then the foe sued for peace (!), offering to give up all their booty, and asserting that there was a division in their ranks as to peace or war. While negotiations were in progress Pápago reenforcements arrived, and the Apaches were attacked and driven off. Son., Jan. 10, 1851. June 1851, mil. comandante acc. to instruc. of this date had no authority over vecinos except in case of an attack. Id., June 27th. July, friendly Apaches attacked by hostiles, and 59 either killed or carried off. Id., Oct. 24th. Pay of the colony for Oct.Nov., $2,077; paymaster, José M. Elias Carrillo. Id., Nov. 14th. Feb.-April 1852, campaign of Luguez with Pimas and Pápagos. Pinart, Doc. Hist. Son., MS., v. 21-2. In March an exped. from Tubac was defeated by the Ind. Id., 14-15. June, Tucson again attacked and cattle driven off, but by the prompt action of Capt. Agustin Romanos, now com., aided by the juez de paz and his vecinos, and also by Apaches and Pápagos, and by 20 French settlers, the plunder was recovered. In following the foe, tracks of American shoes' were found, perhaps not on the feet of Americans. Id., v. 37–41. The French settlers were 57 in number, who this year became citizens, probably with a view of cooperating with Raousset de Boulbon in his filibustering project in Sonora, as most of them joined his party. Id., 60-9, 99. In Nov. Capt. Andrés Zenteno was put in command. Id., 34-6. In 1853 similar items on Apache warfare appear; no indication of any radical change. In July there were 112 friendly Apaches living at Tubac. Pinart, Col. Doc., MS., 118. See items of 1853-4, in Pinart, Doc. Hist. Son., MS., chiefly from El Sonorense, v. 176-8, 180-1, 186–90, 192, 212-13, 252–3. José Paredes was com. at Tubac in Sept. 1853. Id., Col. Doc., MS., no. 130. Americans join the Mex. against Apaches in Oct. 1854, killing 21.

Hist. Cal., v. 277-8, this series. The crossing of Arizona between Cal. and Sonora, both by the Tucson and Sonoita routes, was in this and the preceding years not a very unusual or dangerous matter, the Indians being generally well disposed.