The territory was ruled from 1864 by a succession of eight governors: Henry Connelly from 1864, Robert

Grande valley. 1581, Fr. Agustin Rodriguez enters N. Mex. from Chih. 1582-3, entrada of Espejo. 1583-95, several projects of conquest, without results. 1590-1, illegal entry of Castaño de Sosa from N. Leon via Texas. 1594-6, expeditions of Bonilla and Humaña.

Spanish conquest and occupation: see chap. vi.-x. 1598-9, conquest by Juan de Oñate. 1601-5, Oñate's exped. to Quivira and mouth of the Colorado. 1615, Sta Fé founded about this date. 1630, from 50 to 100 missionaries serving in from 90 to 150 pueblo missions. 1640, beginning of dissensions between govt and missionaries. 1650, beginning of serious troubles with the Indians. 1664 et seq., Penalosa's filibustering schemes. 1670 et seq., Apaches begin their raids; Navajóes mentioned; Špan. pop. about 2,400, converted Ind. 20,000. 1680, revolt of Pueblos, expelling Span., and killing 400; El Paso founded. 1681-2, Otermin's vain efforts to reconquer the province. 1692-6, reconquest by Diego de Vargas.

Spanish rule continued: see chap. xi.-iii. 1706, founding of Alburquerque. 1709, first important war and treaty with the Navajos. 1712 et seq., efforts to conciliate or conquer the Moquis, who refused to submit. 1716 et seq., first troubles with Comanches. 1730-42, controversies of Franciscans with the church and with the Jesuits. 1730, first visit by the bishop. 1750, Span. pop. 4,000, Ind. converts 12,000. 1760, tour of Bishop Tamaron. 1760-1800, a period of dissension, rascality, and decadence. 1774-6, active efforts for exploration in west, and for conversion of the Moquis; exped. of Dominguez and Escalante to Utah. 1776-7, organization of Provincias Internas, including N. Mex. 1780-1, ravages of small-pox, leading to consolidation of missions. 1786, new Apache policy. 1800, Span. pop. 18,000, Ind. 9,700. 1803, Louisiana ceded to U. S. 1804-5, beginnings of Sta Fé trade; working of Sta Rita copper mines. 1806-7, Pike's exploring exped. 1810, Pino sent to Span. cortes from N. Mex. 1819, boundary treaty with U. S. Mex. supports Iturbide. 1822, Span. pop. 30,000, Ind. 10,000.

1821, N.

Mexican rule: see chap. xiv. 1822, N. Mex. becomes a Mexican province. 1824, a territory of the Mex. republic; beginning of the legal Sta Fé trade. 1828, expulsion of Spaniards and partial secularization of missions; discovery of the gold placers. 1833, visit of the bishop. 1835, first printing-press and newspaper. 1836, N. Mex. a department under a governor. 1837-8, rebellion of Gonzalez and accession of Gov. Armijo. 1839, N. Mex. a separate comandancia; discovery of the 'new' placers. 1841, Texan Sta Fé invasion. 1844, department divided into districts and partidos. 1845, pop. about 70,000, Ind. 10,000; Texas annexed to U. S.

Rule of the United States: see chap. xvii., xxv.-vii. 1846, Mex. war; occupation of N. Mex. by Gen. Kearny. 1847, revolt of the New Mexicans; first legislature and first newspaper in English. 1848, treaty between U. S. and Mex., the latter ceding N. Mex.; territorial convention. 1849-50, state convention; debates in congress on slavery and Texan boundary. 1850, N. Mex. admitted as a territory; pop. 61,547; vicarate of Sta Fé estab., Lamy honorary bishop. 1850-1, Mex. boundary survey. 1851, organization of territorial govt, and meeting of 1st legislature. 1851-9, several R. R. and other explorations. 1853-4, dispute with Mex. for possession of the Mesilla valley. 1854-5, Gadsden purchase annexed to N. Mex.; Ind. wars. 1855, surveyor-general's office estab. 1858-60, pueblo, private, and town land claims confirmed by congress. 1858-63, Navajo wars, ending with exped. of '63-4 by Carleton and Carson. 1861, Cimarron Ind. agency estab. 1861-2, confederate Texan invasion; territory of Colorado cut off. 1863, Arizona cut off; Fort Sumner and Bosque Redondo reservation estab.

Chronologic annals of 1864-86: see for details this and the three following chapters. 1864, also Ritch's Blue-Book. 1864, gov. Connelly; gen. Carleton; Ind. supt Steck; Navajos at Bosque Redondo. 1865, publication of revised statutes; Ind. supt Delgado. 1866, gov. Mitchell; Ind. supt Norton; re

1

RULERS OF NEW MEXICO.

703

B. Mitchell from 1866, William A. Pile in 1869-71, Marsh Giddings in 1871-5, Samuel B. Axtell in 1875-8, Lewis Wallace in 1878-81, Lionel A. Sheldon in 1881-4, and Edmund G. Ross from 1885. I append a list of all territorial and federal officials for the period.

Most of

pairs on the palacio; Mescaleros quit the Bosque Redondo reservation. 1867, gen. Sykes and Getty; Ind. supt Webb; discovery of Moreno mines; peonage abolished; death of Padre Ant. J. Martinez; decision of sup. court that Pueblos are citizens; soldiers' monument dedicated at Sta Fé. 1868, Grant co. created; 1st daily mail from east; Navajos removed from Bosque Redondo to their old home in the N. W.; 1st mil. telegraph in operation; death of Kit Carson; Chavez, contestant, seated as delegate in congress; Fort Sumner abandoned.

1869, gov. Pile; Ind. supt Gallegos and Clinton; Colfax and Lincoln counties created; archives sold for waste paper; complaints against Justice Houghton; earthquakes. 1870, Ind. supt Pope; population, 90,573; forts Cummings and McRae garrisoned; sale of the Maxwell rancho; Apaches at Cañada Ålamosa moved by Colyer to Tularosa; 1st national bank at Sta Fé. 1871, gov. Giddings; gen. Granger (also 1875); biennial sessions of legisla ture; water found by Martin in the Jornada del Muerto; filing of land claims resumed. 1872, Ind. supt (the last) Dudley; state constitution formed; new public school law. 1873, gen. Gregg; Jesuit school at Alburquerque. 1874, gen. Devin; Mescaleros on reserv. at Fort Stanton; Apaches moved to Hot Springs; new land district in south at Mesilla; prot. episcopal missionary diocese. 1875, gov. Axtell; mil. telegraph, Sta Fé to Mesilla; archdiocese of Sta Fé created; Rev. Tolby murdered in Colfax co.; Jesuit schools at Las Vegas and La Junta. 1876, col Wade and gen. Hatch; telegraph to Tucson; R. R. at Trinidad, Col.; prefect system of co. govt abandoned; murder of Hon. Louis Clark in Rio Arriba; Ft Selden abandoned. 1877, Apaches removed to S. Cárlos, Ariz.; telegraph to S. Diego; survey of land claims resumed; grand lodge of masons organized. 1878, gov. Wallace; R. R. crosses N. Mex. line at Raton Mt.; war of stockmen begins in Lincoln co.; act incorporating Jesuits annulled by congress in '79; Sta Fé academy incorporated; Jicarillas moved to a reserv. in N. w.; Utes removed to Col.; Apache raids of Victorio, 78-82. 1879, beginning of a 'boom' in mines; White Oaks mines discovered; Los Cerrillos camps; R. R. reaches Las Vegas; Hot Springs hotel opened; 1st prot. epis. church in N. Mex. dedicated at Las Vegas; Alburquerque academy incorporated.

1880, R. R. reaches Sta Fé, Alburquerque, and Isleta; narrow-gauge R. R. from north enters the territory; general incorporation act; Bureau of Immig. and Historical Soc. organized; founding of New Alburquerque; Victorio killed in Mexico; visit of Gen. Grant and Pres. Hayes; Maxwell Grant co., organized under laws of Holland; Rio Arriba co. enlarged; gas at Sta Fé; street R. R. at Alburquerque; Las Vegas academy; fire at Las Vegas; pop. of the territory 109,793. 1881, gov. Sheldon; gen. Bradley and Mackenzie; R. R. completed to Deming, El Paso, and Cal.; also D. & G. R. R. in the north, and A. & P. to the Arizona line; 1st territorial fair, and congregational church at Alburquerque; educational assoc. organized; Ind. school at Alburquerque; 1st vol. of N. Mex. sup. court reports published; telephone at Sta Fé. 1883, tertio-millennial celebration at Sta Fe; A. & P. R. R. reaches Colorado River; Jicarilla Ind. removed to the Mescalero reservation. 1884, Sierra co. created; Navajo reserv. extended and consolidated with that of the Moquis; $200,000 approp. for completing public buildings; wrangle about organization of the legislature. 1885, gov. Ross; publication of Compiled Laws. 1886, fire at Socorro; population probably 150,000. "New Mexico official list 1863 et seq. See Laws and Journals; also Ritch's Legislative Blue-Book; National Almanac; Tribune Almanac, etc.

the rulers managed New Mexican affairs with commendable tact and honesty, taking some pains to ac

Governors: Henry Connelly 1861-5; W. F. M. Arny, acting, 1865-6; Robert B. Mitchell 1866-9; Wm A. Pile 1869-71; Marsh Giddings 1871-5; Wm G. Ritch, acting, 1875; Samuel B. Axtell 1875-8; Lewis Wallace 1878-81; Lionel A. Sheldon 1881-5; Edmund G. Ross 1885-6.

Secretaries (often acting as gov., especially Arny and Ritch): W. F. M. Arny 1862-7, 1872-3; H. H. Heath 1867-70; Henry Wetter 1870-2; Wm G. Ritch 1873-85; Sam. A. Losch 1885; Geo. W. Lane 1885-6.

Delegates: 38th congress, 1863-4, Francisco Perea; 39th to 41st cong, 1865-70, José Francisco Chavez (though C. P. Clever receiving the certifi cate of election held the seat in 1867-8); 42d cong., 1871-2, José Manuel Gallegos; 43d and 44th cong., 1873-6, Stephen B. Elkins; 45th cong., 1877-8, Trinidad Romero; 46th cong., 1879-80, Mariano S. Otero; 47th cong., 1881-2, Tranquilino Luna, 48th cong., 1883-4, Francisco A. Manzanares; 49th cong., 1885-6, Anthony Joseph (reelected to 50th cong.).

Chief justices: 1858-66, Kirby Benedict; 1866-8, John P. Slough; 1868-9, John S. Watts; 1869-76, Joseph G. Palen; 1876-8, Henry L. Waldo; 1878-9, Charles McCandloss; 1879-82, L. Brandford Prince; 1882, Samuel B. Axtell, Wm A. Vincent 1885, E. V. Long 1885-6.

Associate justices, 2d district, 1861-4, Sydney A. Hubbell; 1864–9, Perry E. Brocchus; 1869-76, Hezekiah S. Johnson; 1876-7, John I. Redick; 1877-8, Samuel B. McLin; 1878-85, Joseph Bell; 1885-6, Wm H. Brinker; 3d district, 1861-5, Joseph G. Knapp; 1865-9, Joab Houghton; 1869-70, Abraham Bergen; 1870-1, Benj. J. Waters; 1871-2, Daniel B. Johnson; 1872-85, Warren Bristol; 1885, Wm B. Flemming; 1885-6, Wm F. Henderson.

Clerks of sup. court: 1859-66, 1868-9, Sam. Ellison; 1866-7, Wm M. Guynnf; 1867-8, Peter Connelly; 1869-73, Wm Breeden; 1873-7, Rufus J. Palen; 1877-80, John H. Thompson; 1880-2, Frank W. Clancy; 1882-5, Charles W. Philips; 1885, R. W. Webb; 1885-6, R. M. Johnson.

Attorney-generals: 1863-7, C. P. Clever; 1867-9, Merrill Ashurst; 186972, Thos B. Catron; 1872-80, Wm Breeden; 1880, Henry L. Waldo; 1880, Eugene A. Fiske (not confirmed); 1881-6, Wm Breeden.

Treasurers: 1863-5, Wm Osterton and Anastasio Sandoval; 1865-6, Felipe Delgado and A. Sandoval; 1866–9, Simon Delgado; 1869-72, Felipe and Pablo Delgado; 1872-80, Antonio Ortiz; 1880-2, Juan Delgado; 1882-6, Antonio

Ortiz.

Auditors: 1863-5, Miguel E. Pino; 1865-7, Epifanio Vigil; 1867, Anastasio Sandoval; 1867-9, Epifanio Vigil; 1869-72, A. Sandoval; 1872-86, Trinidad Alarid.

U. S. attorneys: 1860–7, T. D. Wheaton; 1869-71, S. B. Elkins; 1871-2, S. M. Ashenfelter; 1872-8, Thos B. Catron; 1878-82, S. M. Barnes; 1882-5, Geo. W. Prichard; 1885, Thos Smith.

U. S. marshals: 1861-6, Abram Cutler; 1866-76, Thos B. Catron; 1876-82, John Sherman, Jr; 1882-5, A. L. Morrison; 1885-6, Rómulo Martinez.

Surveyor-generals: 1861-8, John A. Clark; 1868-9, Benj. C. Cutler; 1869-72, T. R. Spencer; 1872-6, James K. Proudfit; 1876-85, Henry M. Atkinson; 1885-6, Geo. W. Julian, clerk and translator; 1860-84, David J. Miller.

Registers land-office Sta Fé: 1861-8, Joab Houghton; 1868-70, Ed. D. Thompson; 1870-2, Eben Everett; 1872-5, Abram G. Hoyt; 1875-8, José D. Sena; 1878-81, John C. Davis; 1881-4, Max Frost. Receivers: 1858-64, W. A. Street; 1864-6, John Greiner; 1866-70, J. L. Collins; 1870–6, E. W. Little; 1876, Geo. R. Smith, C. M. Howard; 1876-7, A. G. Hoyt; 1877-81, Elias Brevoort; 1881-5, W. H. Bailhache; 1885-6, C. F. Easley. Registers at Mesilla land-office: 1876-82, Geo. D. Bowman; 1882-5, John R. McFie. Receivers: 1876-8, Lawrence Lepoint; 1878-80, Mariano Varela; 1880-4, S. W. Sherfey.

Adjutant-generals: 1861-5, C. P. Clever; 1865-7, John Gwin; 1867-8,

CHARACTER OF THE GOVERNORS.

705

quaint themselves with the territory's needs, so far as can be determined from their messages, from the praise of friends and censure of foes, and from the various records of their official acts, though not appointed with any special view to their fitness or the people's desires, and having but slight opportunity for useful service. Connelly, as we have seen, was a weak man, of good intentions, who, notwithstanding his loyal sentiments, made no very brilliant record as a 'war' governor. He died in office, and was succeeded tcmporarily by W. F. M. Arny, the secretary, a man prominent in Indian affairs and other public matters, involved in many controversies, but of good repute. Governor Mitchell incurred the enmity of the legislature to such an extent as to call out from that body a resolution for his removal. He was accused of having absented himself during the session, removing on his return the officials appointed by Secretary Heath, and refusing to sanction a memorial passed in his absence. He even had the audacity to appoint a delegate to congress to fill a vacancy! It was resolved to send laws not approved by him to congress for confirmation, at the same time asking for an abrogation of the governor's absolute veto power, which was granted by an amendment of the organic act in 1868. There was a controversy between the governor and secretary, the latter being denounced in public meetings at the capital but sustained by two resolutions of the assembly. Of Governor Pile, but little appears beyond the stupid blunder by which half the old Spanish archives were lost, as noticed elsewhere. He was later United States minister in Venezuela. Governor Giddings died in office in 1875, and was succeeded temporarily by Secretary Ritch, a man who as secretary, acting

Clever and John T. Russell; 1868–70, Geo. W. Cook and James M. Wilson; 1870-1, Wm L. Rynerson; 1871, A. Sandoval; 1871-3, W. M. Giddings; 1873-80, Thos S. Tucker; 1880-1, J. H. Watts; 1881-2, Max. Frost; 1882-3, Louis Felsenthal; 1883-6, E. L. Bartlett.

Librarians: 1869-71, Ira M. Bond; 1871-8, James McKenzie; 1878-80, Aniceto Abeitia; 1880, R. H. Tompkins; 1880-6, Sam Ellison.

HIST. ARIZ. AND N. MEX. 45

governor, president of the Immigration Society, author, and citizen has been since 1873 one of the most active and successful workers for the benefit of his territory. Governor Axtell was later chief justice; Governor Wallace, famous as a general and as an author; and Sheldon, a most efficient and popular governor.

Next is appended a full list of the members of the legislative assemblies from the thirteenth to the twenty-sixth sessions. It will be noted that the pre

3

Members of the legislatures, 1864 et seq. See N. Mex. Laws; Id., Journals; and Ritch's Legisl. Blue-Book.

13th assembly, 1863-4. Council: president Diego Archuleta, clerk Pedro Valdés, sergt José Duran y B.; members, Mora, Severiano Martinez; Taos, Gabriel Vigil, Matias Medina; Rio Arriba, D. Archuleta, Man. Trujillo; Sta Fé, Anastasio Sandoval; Sta Ana and Bernalillo, Serafin Ramirez, Nicolás Lucero; Valencia, Clemente Chavez; Socorro, Dionisio Jaramillo; Doña Ana and Arizona, Cristóbal Sanchez. House: speaker Vicente García, clerk Fran. Salazar, sergt J. A. Martinez; members, Mora, Apol. García, J. J. Gallegos; Taos, Ventura Herrera, José Duran, Ramon Arellano, Cris. Mares; Rio Arriba, José Salazar, Jesus M. Herrera, José M. Vigil; Sta Fé, Vicente García, Simon Delgado, Jesus M. Ortiz; S. Miguel, Desiderio Gallegos, Regino Ulibarri, José Aragon y P., Celso Vaca; Sta Ana, Patricio Silva; Bernalillo, H. L. Johnson, Tomás C. Gutierrez; Valencia, Greg. N. Otero, Filomeno Sanchez; Socorro, ; Doña Ana and Arizona, Frank Higgins.

14th assembly, 1864-5. Council: pres. D. Archuleta, clerk Nic. Quintana, sergt Pelagio Ortiz; members, same as preceding session, except J. A. Vaca for Medina in Taos; S. Miguel, Don. Vigil, Man. Herrera; Socorro, vacant. House: speaker Pedro Valdés, clerk Sant. Valdés, sergt Juan M. García; members, Mora, Felipe Sanchez, Nestor Martinez; Taos, Pedro Valdés, Felipe Archuleta, Buenaventura Lobato, Nicanor Vigil; Rio Arriba, Fran. Salazar, Jesus Lujan, M. Lucero; Sta Fé, Felipe Delgado, Man. Rodriguez, Theodore S. Greiner; S. Miguel, Arthur Morrison, Ed. Martinez, Trinidad Romero, Desiderio Romero; Sta Ana, Fran. Vaca; Bernalillo, Wm H. Henrie, W. P. Strachan; Valencia, Filomeno Sanchez, Roman Vaca; Socorro, Candelario García, José A. Vaca y Pino; Doña Ana, Stephen B. Elkins.

15th assembly, 1865-6. Council: pres. Miguel E. Pino, clerk Fran. Salazar, sergt José Sena; members, Mora, vacant; Taos, Pascual Martinez, Rafael Chacon; Rio Arriba, Ant. G. Córdoba, Vicente Aragon; Sta Fé, M. E. Pino; S. Miguel, Tomás D. Vaca, Man. Herrera; Sta Ana and Bernalillo, Jesus M. Silva, Guadalupe Perea; Valencia, Man. Sanchez; Socorro, José A. Torres; Doña Aña, House: speaker Samuel Ellison, clerk J. M. H. Alarid, sergt Estévan García; members, Mora, Fel. Sanchez, José Mestas; Taos, Fel. Montoya, Juan B. Cola, Ant. A. Mondragon, Juan N. Sanchez; Rio Arriba, Tomás Salazar, Tomás Montaña, Fran. Salazar; Sta Fé, Sam. Ellison, C. B. Ortiz, Man. Vaca y Delgado; S. Miguel, Man. Flores, Pedro Archiveque; Sta Ana, Nic. Valencia; Bernalillo, Vicente Chavez, Mateo Luna; Valencia, Man. Salazar, Greg. N. Otero; Socorro, Jesus M. Chavez; Doña Ana, Cesario Duran, Ignacio Orrantia.

16th assembly, 1866-7. Council: pres. M. E. Pino, clerk Fran. Salazar, sergt Pedro Sanchez; members, same as before, except Ant. M. for Mora; Man. Herrera and M. Mestas for S. Miguel. House: speaker R. M. Stevens, clerk Nic. Quintana, sergt José D. Tafoya; members, Mora, José Gallegos,