The geologic and geographic surveys of the western United States territories, executed under the charge of Professor Hayden and Captain Wheeler in 186978, included a considerable portion of New Mexico, the reports and maps containing a vast amount of valuable information, which cannot be even summarized here. The southern boundary having been fixed by the national or treaty survey, the northern, eastern, and western lines were successively surveyed under appropriations of congress made in 1867, 1873, and 1875, the work being simply the determination of the different meridians and parallels, but furnishing, naturally, considerable geographical and other information. 20 There were unsuccessful attempts to restore the tract containing Conejos, Costilla, and Culebra from Colorado to New Mexico; to attach the Moreno mining district to Colorado; and to set off Grant county in the south-west as part of Arizona.

In the matter of crime and disorder the territory presents a record that is by no means unfavorable, considering the circumstances of position on the Mexican frontier, constant ravages of Indian foes, defective organization of the courts, lack of suitable jails, the ignorance and primitive character of the people, and the presence of miners, soldiers, and liquor-traders in remote parts of the country. Of course, there were many irregularities and lawless acts, the record of which is very imperfect and cannot be presented in detail here even so far as it exists; but the New Mexicans proved themselves to a much greater extent than has generally been believed abroad a peaceful and law-abiding people. From 1878 to 1882 the state of affairs in most districts, particularly in the south,

19 U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Hayden, especially the report of 1867–9, p. 106-7, 157-73; Bulletin, ii., no. 4, p. 279-308; iv., no. 1; U. S. Geog. Survey, Wheeler, iii. 505-67, 603–16, 623-7, 638-61; Report for 1875, p. 40-150; Report for 1876, p. 126-47; 1876, p. 199–202; 1877, p. 1273–8, 1295–1303; 1878, p. 103-6, 131-9; also maps in atlas. See also Daly's Address before Amer. Geog. Soc., 1873, p. 14-15; Galaxy, xxi. 429-30.

20 The survey of the northern or Colorado boundary is described in the U. S. Land Office Rept, 1869, p. 37–41; also later surveys in the report of 1872.

In

was much worse than at other periods." The population of New Mexico in 1860, with some imperfectly estimated deductions for the territory detached later, has been given as 80,567, exclusive of Indians. 1870 the figures had increased to 90,573, and in 1880. to 109,793. Of these numbers, in the two years respectively, 180 and 1,015 were colored; and in 1880 there were also 57 Chinese. The number born in New Mexico was 82,193 and 92,271; born in other parts of the United States 2,760 and 9,471; born in Mexico 3,903 and 5,173; born in other foreign countries 1,717 and 2,878. The governor's estimate in 1883 was

22

21 Corresp. with Mex. on entry of Mex. troops in pursuit of robbers, 1864. U. S. Govt Doc., 39th cong. 1st sess., Mex. affairs, îì. 266–75. 1868, killing of Chief Justice Slough. N. Mex., Scraps, 82; S. F. Times, Jan. 17, 1868; June 21, 1869. Lynching in 1870. S. F. Bulletin, Nov. 9, 1870. Election riot at Mesilla Sept. 71, in which 7 persons were killed. S. F. Alta, Sept. 21, '71; Independence Indep., Oct. 14, 71. On sale in N. Mex. of live-stock stolen in Mex. Mex., Informe Pesquisador, 1874, p. 26, 101-2. 1874-8, murders in Lincoln co., U. S. troops called out; mob destroys a newspaper at Cimarron; riot at El Paso. N. Mex., Scraps, 16, 82; S. F. Bulletin, Oct. 24, '77; S. F. Alta, Oct. 22, '78. Troops crossing frontier in pursuit of trespassers. 45th cong. 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc. 13, p. 116-31, 227-8. 1879, lynching at Las Vegas. N. Mex. Scraps, 2. Disposition of criminals. N. Mex., Mess. of gov., 8-9. 1880, troubles with cowboys and outlaws, lynching in Lincoln co. and Las Vegas, killing an editor at Socorro, etc. Denver Tribune, June 19, July 15, Nov. 18, Dec. 26, 28, '80; Tucson Star, Feb. 12, Jan. 15, May 27, '80. Similar items for 1881, including the killing of 'Billy the Kid' by the sheriff. S. F. Chronicle, April 1, '81; Tombstone Epitaph, June 16, '81; Pinal Drill, Aug. 6, '81; Sac. Record-Union, July 27, '81; N. Mex., Acts, 1882, p. 191. Items of 1882. S. F. Bulletin, Jan. 25, Feb. 13, Nov. 11, '82. Items of 1883, including the 'rustler' war in Doña Ana co. N. Mex., Offic. Repts, 1882-3, pt iii., 64-84; S. F. Chronicle, Feb. 10, '83. 1884, see governor's message. 1885, lynching, and riot at Springer. S. F. Bulletin, March 17, '85.

22 Lionel A. Sheldon, in 1881 appointed governor of New Mexico, is of Norman descent, his ancestors settling in Yorkshire, England, about the time of the conquest, one of them being afterward appointed lord mayor of London, another bishop of Canterbury, and a third lieutenant-general. In 1646 three brothers of this family emigrated to America, and from one of them Lionel is descended, his birthplace being Worcester, New York, and his birthday the 30th of August, 1831. After receiving a thorough legal training, at the age of 21 he was elected justice of the peace, and soon afterward probate judge for Lorain county. At the expiration of his term he practised law, and took an active part in political and military affairs. In 1858 he was appointed brigadier-general of militia, and at the outbreak of the war joined the Union army as captain of a cavalry company, soon afterward being promoted to a coloneley and brevet brigadier-general. and taking part in a number of engagements. In 1868, and again in 1870 and '72, he was chosen for congress from New Orleans, and later was attorney for the government in the Alabama claims. In 1880 he was member of the Chicago convention which nominated Garfield for the presidency, and for several weeks was his guest at the White House. During his career as governor he thoroughly cleared the territory of its lawless element, promoted industries and education,

150,000, and the population may have reached that figure in 1886.

and brought peace and prosperity to the land. Afterward he rendered good service in putting an end to the great labor strike on the Texas and Pacific Railroad, and as receiver for that line handled $15,000,000 without a single discrepancy in his accounts. In January 1888 he settled at Los Angeles, where he became interested in the Centinela-Inglewood Company. A man of strong character and of great physical strength, a thorough lawyer, and a ripe scholar, perhaps his strongest trait is his cool and unflinching determination, as is displayed in his war record, and in many incidents of his eventful career.

CHAPTER XXIX.

INDIAN AND MILITARY AFFAIRS.

1864-1887.

MILITARY COMMANDERS-FORCES-FORTS-INDIAN POPULATION-SUPERINTENDENTS - APPROPRIATIONS - CHRONOLOGY-THE NAVAJOS - BOSQUE REDONDO--CARLETON'S EFFORTS CONTROVERSY-THE RESERVATION A FAILURE-REMOVED TO THEIR OLD HOME-AGENTS-PROSPERITY IN THE NORTH-WEST-COMANCHES-JICARILLAS AND UTES-AGENCIES AT CIMARRON, ABIQUIÚ, AND TIERRA AMARILLA-FINAL REMOVAL-THE PUEBLOS-LIST OF AGENTS AND CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY-PRESBYTERIAN SCHOOLS THE MESCALEROS-AT FORT SUMNER AND FORT STANTONAGENTS AND ANNALS-SOUTHERN APACHES-HOSTILE BANDS-RESERVATIONS CAÑADA ALAMOSA, TULAROSA, AND OJO CALIENTE-VICTORIO'S RAIDS-APACHES REMOVED TO ARIZONA.

THE military commanders in New Mexico from 1864 were as follows: General James H. Carleton, 1864-6; General George Sykes, 1867; General George W. Getty, 1867-71; General Gordon Granger, 18713 and 1875-6; General J. I. Gregg, 1873-4; General Thomas C. Devin, 1874-5; Colonel James F. Wade, 1876; General Edward Hatch, 1876-81; General Luther P. Bradley, 1881; General R. S. Mackenzie, 1881-3.1 All seem to have been faithful and efficient officers, if we may credit the annual reports of General Pope, commanding the division of the Missouri, which included New Mexico. Most of them, however, as was inevitable, antagonized at one time or another the Indian agents or some clique of citizens.

1Carleton was major 6th inf. and brevet maj.-gen. volunteers; Sykes col 20th inf. and brevet maj.-gen. U. S. A.; Getty col 37th inf. and ditto; Granger col 15th inf. and ditto; Devin lieut.-col 8th cavalry and brevet brig.-gen. U. S. A.; Wade maj. 9th cav. and brevet col U. S. A., temporarily in command; Hatch col 9th cav. and brevet maj.-gen. U. S. A.; Bradley col 13th inf. and brevet brig.-gen. U. S. A.; Mackenzie col 4th cav. and ditto; Ritch's Blue-Book, 125–6.

For instance, Getty in 1867 and Hatch in 1880 were denounced in public meetings, but sustained by resolutions of the legislature. Details of these controverses are not fully recorded, and if they were, would hardly be worth reproducing.

The California volunteers were mustered out in New Mexico on the expiration of their terms of enlistment in 1865-6, and their places were taken by regular troops. The force in 1867 was over 1,500 men, but was gradually diminished, until in 1875 it was less than 600. Next year, however, it was 1,200, and was increased until 1883, when it was nearly 1,600, and in 1884 perhaps 2,300.3 These troops, maintained at an annual cost of nearly three millions, were distributed, according to the varying exigencies of the Indian service, at forts Bascom, Bayard, Craig, Cummings, McRae, Marcy, Selden, Stanton, Sumner, Union, and Wingate. The military headquarters was at Santa Fé; several of the older forts do not appear in the records of this period; and some of those named were new, and others abandoned before 1884. The legis

2 Low (F. F.) and Gen. J. H. Carleton, Correspondence, in Cal., Journals, appen., 16th sess. There was some dissatisfaction among the men about the place of discharge, mileage, delays in getting pay, and the supply of rations. See also 39th cong. 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc. 138.

32,356, according to N. Mex., Acts, 1884, p. 236. I have no regular reports after 1883.

4

Reports of the general of the army in reports of sec. war, 1864, etc., containing tables of the troops and their distribution from year to year. I have no space to record garrison changes and commanders. Ft Bascom was on the Canadian Riv., in S. Miguel co., and was abandoned in 1871, declared a mil. reserv. in 1869; area 8,840 acres; apparently on the Montoya grant, as was Ft Butler, near by, occupied as a post before Bascom, and never declared as a reserv. Ft Bayard, at Pinos Altos, corresponding to the former Ft West; name changed before 1867; having one of the largest garrisons in the territory, especially in the Apache troubles of '80 et seq.; no mil. reservation. Ft Craig, on the Rio Grande, garrisoned throughout the period; built on leased land claimed as part of a Span. grant, and the claim causing much controversy in 1870. U. S. Govt Doc., 41st cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. 73; declared a reserv. in 1869; area 24,805 acres. Ft Cummings, at Cook Spring, garrisoned in 1870, and again in 1881–3; reserv. declared in 1870; area 2,500 acres; abandoned by war dept, and sale recommended in 1875. Ft McRae, on the Rio Grande, garrisoned from 1870 to 1876; reserv. declared in 1869; area 2,500 acres; like Craig, on the claimed Armendariz grant. Ft Marcy, at Sta Fé, occupied by a small detachment, acc. to the reports of most years; reserv. declared in 1868; area 17 acres. Ft Selden, near Doña Ana; aband. as a post after 1876, but again garrisoned in 1881-3; reserv. declared 1870; area 9,613 acres. Ft Stanton, Lincoln co., continuously garrisoned; reserv. 1859; re