Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service. "The Situation in the Congo." January 22, 1968. (Cited as LRS, III.)

Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service. "Background
Information on the Use of United States Armed Forces in Foreign
Countries." 1970 Revision. (Cited as LRS, IV.)

Moore, John B., 2 A Digest of Int'l. Law, 1906. (Cited as Moore.)
The New York Times, October 8, 1970. (Cited as N. Y. Times.)
Paullin, Charles O., "Early Voyages of Naval Vessels to the Orient."
United States Naval Institute Proceedings, V. 36-37 (1910-1911).
(Cited as Paullin, USNIP, 36-37.)

Richardson, J., 7 A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the
Presidents. 1897. (Cited as Richardson.)

Rogers, James F., World Policing and the Constitution, 1945. (Cited as Rogers.)

U.S. State Department, Historical Studies Division, "Armed Actions Taken by the United States Without a Declaration of War, 17891967." Research Project No. 806A, August, 1967. (Cited as State.) United States Department of the Navy. "Summary of Wars/Near Wars Since 1946." 116 Cong. Rec. 15712-15713, May 15, 1970. (Cited as USN.) United States Marine Corps, Historical Branch 1"A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps 1775-1934," 1965. (Cited as USMC I.)

United States Marine Corps, Historical Branch,2"A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps 1935-1946," 1965. (Cited as USMC II.)

United States Marine Corps, Historical Branch,3"A Chronology of the
United States Marine Corps 1947-1964,"
1971. (Cited as
USMC III.)

United States Marine Corps Master rolls, available at Unit Diary Section, HQMC. (Cited as Master rolls.)

Willoughby, W. W.3 The Constitutional Law of the United States, sec. ed., 1929. Cited as Willoughby, III.)

Worsnop, Richard L., "Inter-American Peacekeeping," Editorial Research
Reports, vol.1, No. 23, June 23, 1965. (Cited as ERR.)

B. FIVE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACTIONS
ABROAD UNDER A DECLARATION OF WAR

War of 1812. (1812-1815)

On June 18, Congress approved a declaration of war against England. The war was officially concluded by the Treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, but the major battle of the war occurred with an American victory at New Orleans in January, 1815.

War Between the United States and Mexico. (1846-1848)

Congress declared war on May 11, 1846. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the conflict on February 2, 1848.

Spanish-American War. (1898)

On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The peace treaty ending hostilities was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898.

World War I. (1917-1919)

The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, and against Austria on December 7, 1917. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919. The treaty was never ratified by the United States.

World War II. (1941-1945)

The United States declared war on Japan December 8, 1941,
and on Germany and Italy December 11, 1941. The War ended in
Europe on May 8, 1945. Japan signed the formal surrender in
Asia on September 2, 1945.

1798-1800: Naval War with France. The U.S. fought primarily for the protection of its free commerce.

1801-1805: 1814-1825:

1815:

1844: 1846: 1853-1854: 1858:

1864:

1865-1866:

1869-1871:

1888-1889:

1899-1901:

1900-1901:

1903-1914: 1905-1907:

1906-1909: 1912: 1915-1934:

1916-1924:

War with Tripoli. The U.S. upheld its right of free commerce.
Caribbean Area. The U.S. sunk or captured 65 vessels

to protect American commerce.

Second Barbary War. The U.S. acted to provide effective
protection to American commerce.

Mexico. President Tyler deployed our troops to protect
Texas one year before annexation.

Mexico. President Polk ordered General Scott to occupy

disputed territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. Japan. Commodore Perry's expedition of 2000 men and ten ships advanced American commercial interests.

Cuban waters. President Buchanan ordered a naval force to
Cuban waters to protect all vessels of the U.S. on the high
seas from search or detention by the vessels of war of any
other nation.

Japan. U.S. Naval units participated in a joint effort
to force open the Straits of Shimonoseki for the free
conduct of international commerce.

Mexican border. General Sheridan and 50,000 U.S. troops
backed up a demand from Secretary of State Seward that
French forces withdraw from Mexico.
Dominican Republic. President Grant sent a strong naval
force to protect the Dominican Republic during his efforts
to annex the island.
Samoan Islands. Germany and the United States were close
to warfare due to their rivalry over naval privileges in
the Samoans.

Philippine Islands. The United States used 126,468 troops
against the Philippine Insurrection in order to preserve
and foster any rights it had acquired from Spain.
Boxer Rebellion (Peking). The U.S. sent 5000 troops and
marines to relieve foreign legations in Peking and to
keep open communication between Peking and the sea.
Panama. Marine guards landed and remained on the Isthmus
to protect construction of the Canal.

Dominican Republic. President T. Roosevelt ordered the adminis-
tration of the affairs of the Dominican Republic by the U.S.
in implementation of the Monroe Doctrine.

Cuba. The U.S. temporarily occupied Cuba to preserve order.
Cuba.

American troops remained three months to preserve order. Haiti. V.S. troops occupied Haiti to forestall European intervention.

Dominican Republic. U.S. troops occupied Santo Domingo and
supported a military governor in the Dominican Republic.

Armed Atlantic Merchant Ships. President Wilson armed American
merchant vessels with guns and gunners assigned from the Navy.
Cuba. Several American landings were made to preserve order.
Expeditions to Russia. The U.S. contributed some 14,000 men
to aid the anti-Bolsheviks and to forestall Japanese
expansionist plans in Siberia.

Dalmatia. U.S. troops were landed in order to police foreign
territory during disorder between the Italians and Serbs.
Nicaragua. The occupation of Nicaragua foiled the first
attempt of Communism to infiltrate Latin America.

China. Nearly 6000 U.S. troops acted to help stabilize China.
China. Some 2500 marines helped preserve order in Shanghai
under the International Defense Scheme.

1917:

1917: 1918-1920:

1919: 1926-1933: 1927-1928: 1937-1938:

1940:

1941:

1941:

Iceland.

1941:

1941: 1946:

1946:

1946:

1950-1953:

1957: 1958:

1961:

1962:

1y62:

1963:

1964:

British possessions in Western Atlantic. U.S. occupied military
bases on British soil to protect long range national security
interests.

Greenland. The U.S. Army occupied Greenland for the same
reason as above.

U.S. troops occupied Iceland for the same reason
as above.

Atlantic convoys. U.S. warships were used to convoy military
supplies to Britain and Russia.

Dutch Guiana. American troops occupied Dutch Guiana for the
same reason as above.

Trieste. President Truman reinforced U.S. troops along the
Italian-Yugoslav border and dispatched naval units to the
scene in order to resist the Yugoslav-Russian offensive
against Trieste.

Turkey. As a sign of U.S. determination to resist Soviet threats
against Turkey and the Straits, President Truman sent a
powerful naval force to Istanbul.

Greece. During the attempted Communist takeover of Greece,

U.S. naval units were sent at the request of the U.S. Ambassador.
Korean War. U.S. forces acted to assist the Republic of
Korea in order "to restore international peace and security
in the area.

Taiwan. U.S. naval units were dispatched to defend Taiwan.
Lebanon. A primary purpose of using U.S. armed forces in
Lebanon was to assist Lebanon in preserving its political
independence.

Dominican Waters. U.S. Navy ships took up positions three miles
off the Dominican coast and Navy jet planes patrolled the
shoreline to prevent a revolution in the Dominican Republic.
Thailand: Some 5000 marines landed to support Thailand during
a threat of external Communist aggression.

Cuban Naval Quarantine. President Kennedy ordered a naval

quarantine of Cuba to prevent delivery of additional Russian missiles and to obtain the removal of those already in Cuba. Haiti. A marine battalion was positioned off Haiti when trouble developed there.

Congo.

A task force of four U.S. C-130 transport planes with paratrooper guards was sent to the Congo to provide airlift for the regular Congolese troops against a Communist-assisted rebellion.

1964-1973: 1964-1973: 1965:

1967:

1967:

1970:

1970:

Vietnam. American forces have acted to support freedom and
protect peace in Southeast Asia.

Laos. The United States has supported the free government
of Laos, particularly with air missions.

Dominican Republic. The threat of a Communist takeover

and the need to provide humanitarian assistance to the
Dominican people were major reasons for the American
landings.

Syrian Coast. During the Arab-Israeli war, the U. s.
6th Fleet moved to within 50 miles off the Syrian Coast
as a sign to the Soviet Union it "would have to deal
with us" if it entered the conflict.

Congo.

A task force of three U. S. C-130 transports and
150 men ferried Congolese paratroopers in order to crush
a revolt against Mobutu's government.

Cambodia. U. S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to
assist the program of Vietnamization.

President Nixon augmented and moved the Sixth Fleet off the
Israeli-Lebanese coast in preparation to halt, if necessary,
the Syrian invasion of Jordan and to rescue 38 American
hostages.