structors whose qualifications shall be fixed by the State board, shall provide suitable classrooms and laboratories, and may provide a tract of land for field work; instruction is to be free to residents; State aid will be given, to be used for salaries and equipment only, not to exceed $2,500 per annum and one-half the total sum expended per school; normal schools are entitled to participate in this aid on identical terms.

California.-Article X, section 1665, of the school laws, in defining the "statutory school studies," includes "nature study with special reference to agriculture," "and when competent teachers thereof can be secured and there are sufficient funds in the district to pay their salaries, manual training and domestic science."

The joint board of State normal schools is directed to make for the normal schools "a uniform course of study which will include manual training, domestic science, agriculture, physiology and hygiene, and the methods of distinguishing physical defects."

In 1909 the State took over a special normal school established some years previously, the Santa Barbara State Normal School of Manual Arts and Home Economics," intended for fitting both sexes "to teach in the public schools of this State and in the departments of manual arts and home economics."

Connecticut.-The school law (sec. 40) provides that in the public schools "shall be taught reading, spelling, * * * and such other studies, including elementary science and training in manual arts, as may be prescribed by the board of school visitors or town school committee."

Chapter 85, 1909, directs the State board of education to establish two trade schools and to provide in them at State expense and under State management, day, part-time, and evening classes.

Chapter 212, 1913, provides that "the State board of education, town school committees, and district boards of education may jointly or severally establish and maintain schools or courses of instruction in distinct trades, useful occupations, and avocations. Such courses may be organized into day or evening, continuation, or part-time classes." Advisory committees may be appointed. Approved schools may be granted State aid to the extent of "one-half the gross expenses of maintenance less returns from sales of product, not to exceed annually in any case $50 per pupil in average attendance, and not to exceed the amount expended for such net cost of maintenance by the district boards or school committees." Buildings and equipment must be furnished by the local authorities, except that the State may rent during a preliminary two-year demonstration. An appropriation of $125,000 is available for the first year.

Colorado.-In 1911 the State accepted from the National Government the property of the Fort Lewis Indian School and established the Agricultural School at Fort Lewis, "a school of agriculture, mechanic arts, and household arts,” under the State board of agriculture.

Idaho.-Article I, section 6, of the school law of 1911, includes among the duties and powers of the State board of education "to encourage and promote agricultural education, manual training, domestic science, and such other vocational and practical education as the needs of this State may from time to time require."

In the law providing for the establishment of rural high schools (section 137, law of 1911), the trustees are empowered: “(ƒ) To provide a course of study which shall be approved by the State board of education, shall consist of not more that four years beyond the elementary school, and shall include manual training, domestic science, nature study, and the elements of agriculture."

Illinois. In 1909 a bill was passed authorizing a referendum to establish manual-training departments in the township high schools.

Indiana.-A law in 1903 authorized, in cities of 50,000 to 100,000, the introduction of industrial or manual training and of domestic science. School boards in cities of 100,000 or more have power to levy 5 cents per $100 as a manualtraining fund for manual training or vocational schools or for instruction in schools or high schools. Trade and industrial schools may be established in cities of 200,000 population or over, and a tax of 3 cents per $100 for this purpose may be levied.

"The several boards of county school commissioners are hereby authorized (ch. 386, 1910) to make manual training, domestic science, and agriculture a part of the course of instruction."

The vocational education law of 1913 requires "vocational" subjects to be taught in the grades, including "domestic science in the grades of all city, town, and township schools"; the State board of education "shall also outline a course of study in agriculture, domestic science, and industrial work, which they may require city, town, and township high schools to offer as regular courses"; the law, in addition to authorizing "instruction in elementary domestic science, industrial and agricultural subjects as a part of the regular course of instruction,” makes provision for a State-aided system of "industrial, agricultural, or domestic science schools or departments." The law gives definitions of vocational education, industrial education, agricultural education, evening class, part-time class, and of domestic-science education, the latter as "that form of vocational education which fits for occupations connected with the home"; and evening classes in domestic science are to be "open to all women over 17 who are employed in any capacity during the day." The "approved industrial, agricultural, or domestic science school or department shall mean an organization under a separate director or head of courses, pupils and teachers approved by the State board of education." Any city, town, or township school trustees may establish such special schools or departments, and may levy a special tax not to exceed 10 cents on $100. Two or more such communities may join in establishing a cooperative school; and residents of communities in which there are no such schools may apply for admission in the school of another city, town, or township, subject to approval by the State board of education and the payment of a fee, fixed by the State board, by the city, town, or township of residence; one-half the fee so paid will be reimbursed by the State. Local expenditures for approved vocational schools and departments are reimbursed by the State to an amount equal to two-thirds the sum, beginning with the school year of 1914-15.

The State board is directed to aid in the introduction of vocational education and to supervise and approve such schools and departments; and the board is reorganized by the law to include in its membership "three persons actively interested in and of known sympathy with vocational education, one of whom shall be a representative of employees and one of employers." A deputy State superintendent of public instruction is to be appointed "in charge of industrial and domestic education."

Local boards of education shall appoint "an advisory committee composed of members representing local trades, industries, and occupations." Local boards, after establishing vocational schools, are authorized to prescribe compulsory attendance five hours per week, between 8 and 5 o'clock, of youths between 14 and 16 in employment.

A special State levy of 1 cent on each $100 of taxable property is to be made for vocational education, and the balance at the close of any fiscal year is to be placed in a "permanent fund for vocational education."

The law provides that a county agricultural agent may be appointed in each county, who shall, under the supervision of Purdue University, "cooperate with

farmers' institutes, farmers' clubs, and other organizations, conduct practical farm demonstrations, boys' and girls' clubs and contest work, and other movements for the advancement of agriculture and country life, and to give advice to farmers on practical farm problems, and aid the county superintendent of schools and the teachers in giving practical education in agriculture and domestic science." An initial $500 for expenses must be raised by subscription; thereupon the county council must appropriate $1,500 annually for salary and expense, and the State will grant one-half the salary up to $1,000, making the grant through Purdue University, which is to select and direct the county agents. Iowa. The school law (sec. 2786) authorizes "industrial expositions," by the board of any school corporation, of pupils' work "in mechanics, manufacture, art, science, agriculture, and the kitchen" as often as once a term and not oftener than once a month.

The State normal-training high-school law (1911, as amended 1913) "for the purpose of increasing facilities for training teachers for rural schools by requiring a review of the common branches, and for instruction in elementary pedagogy and the art of teaching elementary agriculture and home economics," provides $750 aid to high schools designated to conduct training classes which have at least a minimum of 10 members. County high schools or township high schools are to have preference over city high schools; the original appropriation of $25,000 was raised to $100,000 for 1913-14 and $125,000 thereafter. The course of study provides for one-half year of home economics, including in each week's program two recitation periods of 45 minutes, two laboratory periods of 90 minutes, and one sewing period of 45 minutes.

By an act approved May, 1913, State aid is granted to consolidated schools of two or more rooms which provide in their course of study for industrial and vocational subjects, including home economics, to be taught by teachers certificated to teach such subjects: For the two-room school, $250 for equipment and $200 annually; for the three-room school, $350 for equipment and $500 annually; for the school of four or more rooms, $500 for equipment and $750 annually. Thirty thousand dollars is appropriated for 1913-14 and $50,000 annually thereafter.

By an act approved March 29, 1913, "The teaching of elementary agriculture, domestic science, and manual training shall after July 1, 1915, be required in the public schools of the State." The State superintendent is to prescribe the extent of instruction, and after that date elementary agriculture and domestic science are to be included in the examination of teachers required to teach these subjects.

Kansas.-By an act of 1903, inoperative since the lapsing of the appropriation made that year, the board of education of each city of the first class and second class and the annual school meeting of any school district may levy a special tax not to exceed one-half mill (now one-eighth) in cities of the first and second class and not to exceed 1 mill in other cities and school districts for the equipment and maintenance of industrial training schools or industrial training departments of the public schools.

Either a separate school or a separate department in some existing school may be arranged. A course of study to meet the special needs of the district or city is to be prescribed by the local board, subject to approval by the State board of education. The State board shall establish a standard for teachers of industrial training, shall grant special teachers' certificates, and shall prescribe the course of study in industrial training to be used in the State.

For industrial schools or departments maintained six months in the preceding year and taught by special teachers a State grant is made equal to the 60439°-15-2