for club use for a small fee, and the Child Welfare Magazine, organ of the congress, is designed especially to help local organizations with programs and papers. A recent number of the magazine contains among other articles the following: Moral training in Sunday school: Recreation for country girl; Department of child hygiene; Parents and their problems; Child labor; Program of parent-teacher associations for the month.

Local organizations affiliate with the congress by paying a small fee. Active membership in the congress is restricted to delegates from State, local, and affiliated organizations; individual persons may join as associate members for a $3 fee, which includes a subscription to the Child Welfare Magazine.

The officers of the mothers congress are: President, Mrs. Frederick Schoff, Philadelphia; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Arthur A. Birney, Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C. Clubs affiliated with the congress have been organized in Cuba, China, Japan, and England, and a similar national congress is projected for Argentina.1 A large part of the educative work done by the organization has now been centered in the home education division of the United States Bureau of Education.

Section 27. NATIONAL HOUSEWIVES LEAGUE.

This "national movement for the federation of housewives" was organized a few years ago and is intended "to uphold the enforcement of laws which affect food supplies, the family health, the cost of living, and to secure further legislation, when necessary, toward that end." The organization is national; it has been extended by individual membership, and especially by the affiliation with the league of societies which organize a housewives league department. In January, 1914, the total affiliated membership is estimated by the national president of the league, Mrs. Julian Heath, of New York, as numbering upward of 700,000.

In the official statement

members are requested to insist upon full weights and measures; to insist upon cleanliness in the handling of food; to protest against the exposure of all food to contamination, and to refuse to purchase such food; to read carefully all labels on canned and bottled goods, and to report any violation of the pure food and drugs act; to make personal investigation into the sanitary condition of markets; to, as far as possible, refuse to purchase cold-storage poultry, fish, butter, eggs, fruit, etc., which have been held to the detriment of condition or advancement of price,

In justice to tradesmen, members are also requested to so plan their orders that but one delivery a day is required; to pay cash or settle all credit accounts

1 See also Parents-Teachers' Cooperative Association, U. S. Bureau of Education Report, 1912, vol. 1, pp. 359-373.

promptly; to refrain from handling articles of food that are exposed for sale; to patronize tradesmen who comply with the law; to give preference to fooddistributing stores that close not later than 7 p. m.

The national and local leagues have furthered market investigations and in several instances joint action of housewives in "price strikes" refusing to purchase butter and eggs when prices were high. The official organ of the league is The Housewives League Magazine, New York.

Section 28. THE ASSOCIATED CLUBS OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE.

The associated clubs of domestic science is an affiliation of local organizations with national officers who conduct a department in the National Food Magazine (New York). The president is Mrs. Lily Haxworth Wallace, 1436 Pacific Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Section 29. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF FARM WOMEN.

This is the title of an American-Canadian organization auxiliary to the International Dry-Farming Congress (of which it forms the rural home section) which brings together at its annual meetings women interested especially in the betterment of the rural home; it is also the title of an international organization meeting in Europe. At the recent eighth annual meeting of the Dry-Farming Congress in October, 1913, at Tulsa, Okla., the American Congress of Farm Women presented a program which

included physical and mental betterment, social and religious life, the care of children, their food, clothing and education, home sanitation, cooperation between producer and consumer, and other similar subjects, together with vocational occupations for farm women, including dairying, poultry culture, etc. Demonstrations in all branches of the work were carried on each day, including the actual cooking and serving of meals in a model farm kitchen. One building was devoted to a complete exposition of farm-home products, which included canned fruits, vegetables, meats, pickles, butter, bread, etc. There were a number of individual and collective exhibits from counties and districts, from farm-womens clubs, schools, etc., and a special department for boys' and girls' classes. A valuable feature was an exhibit for the farm home of time and labor saving devices which were displayed in a model farm kitchen.

The officers in 1913 were: President, Mrs. Belle v. D. Harbert, Manzanola, Colo.; secretary, Mrs. Eleanor L. Burns, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

The third International Congress of Farm Women (Cercles de Fermières) met at Ghent, Belgium, during the International Exposition of 1913, with an organization representing various countries of Europe and America, including the International Congress of

Farm Women (American) referred to above. The Ghent program included three sections: I. Farm women's associations; II. The professional rôle of the farm woman in dairy work, poultry, etc.; III. The farm woman as mother and manager; with topicsthe education of the family; infant hygiene; advice relative to hygiene, the furnishing and ornamentation of the dwelling; practical advice on the rational feeding of the people on the farm; the utilization and preservation of vegetables and fruit; methods which women can use for supervising the professional education of their children and for keeping them in the country; how women can organize amusements on the farm, such as lectures, songs, etc. (Address of the congress: Miss Van Aarschot, 38 Rue du Pépin, Brussels.) Associations of farm women exist in Austria, Hungary, France, Ireland, Poland, Belgium, and other European countries.

Section 30. THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.

While this organization has been especially interested in the training of young people for wage-earning occupations, in the promotion of which it has furnished a country-wide leadership, it has not overlooked the relations of housekeeping as a vocation to the program of industrial training and of the need of training in household arts as a necessary item in the curriculum for the industrial training of girls. The society in promoting legislation for industrial education has consistently included vocational education in household arts along with industrial, agricultural, and commercial training. For example, the revised legislation of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, drafted with the help of the society and adopted in 1913. all provide definitely for continuation education in household arts.1 In practically all State systems of industrial education, training in housework can be provided on the same basis as for any other trade or profession, and provision is also possible for evening or day classes for the training of wage-earning women and home women in the arts of the household. This comprehensive view of housework and of providing training for it in connection with this new legislation, we owe in part to the leadership furnished by the national society. The society now has a special division of work concerned with industrial training of women. It has a bureau for the registration of teachers of the household arts. It is aiding in the drafting of new industrial education laws; it is promoting studies and investigations of industrial education; it publishes bulletins and other material. The society may be addressed at 140 West Forty-second Street. New York City.

1 See Part I of this report, Bulletin, 1914, No. 36.

Section 31. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY AND PREVENTION OF INFANT MORTALITY.

The American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality, formed in 1909 at a meeting under the auspices of the American Academy of Medicine, is engaged in an aggressive campaign to reduce the great wastage of infant life. The association unites in its membership physicians, nurses, teachers, and other leaders; holds annual conventions of which published reports are available; and maintains a permanent office at Baltimore, Md. It has committees on vital statistics, eugenics, obstetrics, pediatrics, nursing, and social work, and on continuation schools of homemaking, of which latter Dr. Helen C. Putnam, of Providence, R. I., is chairman.

Dr. L. Emmett Holt, of New York, president of the association, 1912-13, summarizes the situation thus:

Among the most prominent causes which are being made the subjects of study are: Improper feeding, impure milk supply, overcrowding and bad housing in cities, indifferent and irresponsible parenthood, ignorance and neglect of simple rules of the hygiene and care of infants, and unskilled obstetric care. Some of the means of prevention upon which the association has concentrated attention are the following: Suitable care and protection of expectant mothers, intelligent obstetric service, education of young mothers in all matters relating to the care of infants, by visits of nurses, printed leaflets, familiar talks, etc., encouragement of breast feeding, improved sanitation and housing, regulation of the employment in factories of expectant mothers or mothers with young infants, careful supervision of milk supply, distribution of properly modified milk or clean whole milk for those infants for whom breast feeding is impossible, dissemination of knowledge regarding the spread of infectious diseases, instruction of girls in the public schools and continuation classes in homemaking and the care of infants and young children.

The conference on educational prevention of infant mortality at the 1910 convention and the discussions of continuation schools of homemaking as an agency to this end at the three conventions 1911-13 are of especial concern in this study. The discussions have emphasized the fact that present teaching of homemaking in public schools reaches only part of those needing such instruction, that provision for hygiene and health teaching must be made in continuation schools for girls over 16 years of age and for women, that boys and men as well as girls and women need such instruction. The committee has petitioned the State educational authorities for the establishment of continuation schools, and it very evidently is influencing their development. The Transactions of the Association ($3 each) and the reprints from them of the program on continuation schools (20 cents each) should be consulted by those concerned, respectively, with the whole infant-mortality problem and with the plan for continuation schools of homemaking.

Section 32. COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC-HEALTH EDUCATION AMONG WOMEN.

A committee of the American Medical Association called the "committee on public-health education among women" is promoting better standards of personal, domestic, and public hygiene, by a movement aiming to reach women. Obviously it has much to do with home problems. The committee is pushing an organization with local county representatives; has issued a valuable "List of books on the prevention of disease," and a list of lecture topics (very useful in planning lectures), and is promoting local meetings, lectures, and addresses. The national organization and local representatives aid especially in providing lectures and lecturers for women's clubs, mothers' clubs, farmers' institutes, labor organizations, schools, and wherever in fact this crusade of medical men against ignorance can assist in eradicating disease. In 1911, 300,000 persons were reached through 3,500 public meetings held in 48 States and about 250 counties. The central committee has in preparation a series of leaflets for girls and women "which will be readable and accurate, we hope, without being sensational." Information may be secured of the American Medical Association, Chicago, or from State or local medical societies.

Section 33. NATIONAL HOUSING ASSOCIATION.

The National Housing Association is an organization of persons interested in the improving of housing conditions. It maintains a national office for propaganda work and information service, holds an annual convention, the proceedings of which are the important source of information on housing improvement in America, and publishes various material. The office of the association is 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York.

Section 34. NATIONAL CONSUMERS' LEAGUE.

The National Consumers' League (106 East Nineteenth Street, New York City, and 1800 Prytamia Street, New Orleans) is an organization making the influence of the ultimate purchaser or consumer effective in improving industrial conditions; incidentally its efforts tend also to improve the quality of products, so that the interest of home women in this organization is a source of material benefit to themselves, as well as of social benefit. The Consumers' League label on garments indicates that the goods were made in factories in which: (1) The State factory law is obeyed; (2) all the goods are made on premises approved by the league; (3) overtime is not worked; (4) girls under 16 are not employed. The league has State and local