organizations, the latter often in schools where they become an agency in emphasizing the consumer's responsibility and housewife's opportunity for social amelioration. The league is working for various industrial reforms-shorter working hours for women and girls, minimum wage laws, child-labor laws, early Christmas shopping, and other improvements in working conditions.

Section 35. NATIONAL CHILD-LABOR COMMITTEE.

The home is fundamentally involved in the child-labor issue; the child thrust into labor to help support a family testifies to that family's economic failure, and probable spiritual failure; the child is taken out of the normal home environment as well as out of the school and his moral as well as intellectual development is turned awry and physical growth is checked; the race as well as the individual is handicapped when he comes to establish a home for the next generation. Adequate teaching for the home must include in its program knowledge of the child-labor menace, and such teaching will aid in the removal of that menace. The National Child-Labor Committee, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City, which is leading in the movement for legislative safeguards, furnishes information in its annual reports and in a wide variety of inexpensive pamphlet literature which treats of present conditions, needed legislation, and various special problems. A "Study course on child labor" is issued (25 cents) for individual and club study.

Section 36. CHILD HELPING.

The Child-Helping Department, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, endeavors to secure legislation for the protection of children. improved institutional care of children, reduction of infant mortality, and improved methods in social relief work for children. It publishes bulletins and circulars: Problems of infant morality; The care of the baby; Children's cottage with outdoor sleeping porches: Receiving home for foundlings: The illegitimate child-a life saving problem; The extinction of the defective delinquent, and others.

Section 37. RECREATION FOR THE HOME.

A great movement of to-day is that of providing a wholesome place for recreation in the life of the individual, the family, and the community. Shortened hours of industry, playgrounds, and the recreational use of the school plant in cities, social centers in rural districts, are elements in the program. It is evident that the home is one of the important centers of adjustment, involving such problems as recreation within the home, outside recreation in which the family can share as a group, the cost of recreation in the family budget.

The Playground and Recreation Association of America (1 Madison Avenue, New York City), and the department of recreation of the Russell Sage Foundation (New York City) are national clearing houses for the recreation movement, providing information as to legislation and organization, as well as the more detailed matters of recreational activities themselves, in the form of reports of surveys made, popular bulletins, lantern slides for loan, etc. Thus, the Sage Foundation reports that in 1912-13 social center work was carried on by 71 city boards of education which had opened school buildings and organized evening social activities under paid workers, while 126 other cities had initiated similar activities, but without paid leaders; in 153 schools, "handicraft or domestic science classes not a part of evening school work" were provided. This aspect alone of the recreational movement will bring results for the home; as will its whole program. The Playground and Recreation Association publishes a monthly magazine, The Playground.

Section 38. OTHER ORGANIZATIONS.

Mention may be made of other organizations which are related to the home-betterment movement, the officers of which will furnish information: National Child Welfare Exhibition Committee, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York City1; Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.; Committee of One Hundred on National Health, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York; National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City; American Federation for Sex Hygiene, 105 West Fortieth Street, New York; National Society for Public Health Nursing, 54 East Thirty-fourth Street, New York.

Section 39. THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS AND HOME ECONONICS.

The General Federation of Women's Clubs is an organization uniting the various local women's clubs throughout the United States in a National federation and in State federations. Directly affiliated with the National federation are 1,176 local clubs, and 7,253 local clubs are affiliated with the State federations. The membership of the federated clubs is approximately 750,000. The federation was organized in 1889, and since 1903 one of its important divisions of work has been home economics. The constitution of the federation provides for departments of work in the National organization and in local clubs, as follows:

Art, civics, civil-service reform, conservation, education, household economics, industrial and social conditions, public health, legislative, literary and library extension, and other departments.

1 See bibliography in Bulletin, 1914, No. 39 (Part IV of this report). 60439°-15-13

The home-economics work of the general federation goes back, however, to 1893, when the National Household Economic Association was formed at Chicago during the Columbian Exposition. Mrs. John Wilkinson, of Chicago, was its first president, and Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin honorary president. This was a national society, the purpose of which was as follows:

1. To awaken the public mind to the importance of establishing bureaus of information where there can be an exchange of wants and needs between employer and employed in every department of home and social life.

2. To promote among members of the association a more scientific knowledge of the economic value of various foods and fuels, a more intelligent understanding of correct plumbing and drainage in our homes, as well as need for pure water and good light in a sanitarily built house.

3. To secure skilled labor in every department of our homes, and to organize schools of household science and service.

For 10 years after its organization, in 1893, the National Household Economic Association held meetings and worked with State and local branch associations. Its membership, however, was interested in the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and in 1903 it passed its work over to the general federation.

National federation programs in home economics. The first report of the federation home-economics committee was made at St. Louis in 1904, when an appeal was made to the federated clubs to assist in securing the introduction of domestic science in the public schools of their communities. This has been one of the important pieces of work in which the federated clubs have interested themselves, although other important items have been added to the homeeconomics programs at the successive biennial conventions. It is sufficient in this connection, in addition to stating the present program, to cite the national program by Mrs. Olaf N. Guldlin, chairman of the home-economics committee in the general federation, 1910-1912, and taken up under her leadership by the State and local associations, which was as follows:

To have domestic science taught in the public schools, to have home-economies books put in the city libraries, to have at least one program each year on this subject in each local club, to have one session of the State conventions devoted to this subject, and to cooperate with State agricultural colleges and universities.

A report for 1910 indicated the following status: During the preceding two years 720 clubs held one or more sessions on home economics: 371 clubs had home-economics departments; 278 had regular lectures, demonstrations, or short courses; 257 helped materially in creating sentiment that established home economics in the public schools; and 104 did some kind of philanthropic or educational work in home economics in cities.1

1 Journal of Home Economics, 3 (1911), p. 334.

The present national home-economics committee, of which Miss Helen Louise Johnson, Watertown, N. Y., is chairman, in 1912 recommended the following program:

The extension of the scope of home-economics work to include not only household activities, but also the related economic and social studies; the use of the uniform term home economics" instead of various other generic titles; cooperation in establishing social centers in urban, suburban, and rural communities; assistance for rural women and aid in forming rural clubs; the discouragement of lectures, associations, and exhibits that are commercial rather than educational; the establishment of ideals as to food, clothing, and shelter; cooperation in securing college-entrance credits in home economics.

The general federation committee during the current year has a fourfold aim: The adoption of the home-economics name, propaganda for a uniform food law, securing entrance credits in home economics, and the introduction of compulsory cooking and sewing in elementary schools.

State club programs of home economics.-The State federations of women's clubs in the various States have, in nearly every instance, a home economies committee concerned with encouraging the development of home-economies work in local clubs. Reference may be made to a few State undertakings in this field.

The home economics committee of the Missouri federation, of which Mrs. Charles W. Greene, of Columbia, Mo., is chairman, recently sent the following suggestions to local clubs in the State, with the request that each club undertake some one or more of the lines of work and provide at least one meeting devoted to their consideration: Study of some special line of home economics, such as household chemistry, bacteriology, house decoration or sanitation, household management. Study of menus that may be served to a definite number of persons for a definite

sum.

Study of dress from an artistic, ethical, scientific, and historical standpoint. Study of contagious diseases in the home and in the community.

Study of ways and means of improving the mental and physical training of our children.

Teaching of ethics, morals, and religion in the home; origin of life, and sex problems.

Amusement of boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 20 in the home and

community-dancing, cards, chaperonage.

The place of music in the home and how to get it there.
Ways and means of saving time and energy in the home.
Study and prevention of infant mortality.

Inspection of groceries, meat markets, and milk depots.
Introduction of home economics into our public schools.

Introduction of home-economies books and journals into public schools and libraries.

Establishing homemakers' conferences.

The cooperation between the Kansas clubs and the State Agricultural College of Kansas, which, through its extension department.

furnishes programs of topics, references, etc., on home economics to local women's clubs in the State, is to be commended to other States.1 The Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs brought out in 1912 a bulletin of home economics which provides, in some 60 pages, a treatment of various helpful topics, including: Home economics, household efficiency, farm homes, setting table and serving meals, clearing the table and washing dishes, making beds and cleaning, the kitchen, tables of weights, food values, bread making, recipes, self-raising recipes, laundry work, removing stains, systematic housekeeping, health, care of the sick, sewing, and care of babies. The Kentucky federation has also been successful in organizing local home-economics clubs in many communities, and has cooperated with the State department of agriculture to this end.

The household economics committee of the New Jersey women's clubs maintained for a couple of years an exhibit of household equipment and labor-saving machinery at Colonia, N. J.2

A club syllabus on household management and cost of living.—An outline for club study prepared in 1912 by Mrs. F. F. Faville, of Storm Lake, Iowa, chairman of household economics committee, Iowa State Federation of Women's Clubs, is here presented for its suggestions to clubs elsewhere.

The outline is based on "Household management," by B. M. Terrill, American School of Home Economics, and "Cost of living" and Cost of shelter," by Ellen H. Richards.

MEETING I.

Place of the Home in the Economie World. See "Household Management," chapter 1. The House and what it Signifies in Family Life. "Cost of Shelter," chapter 1.

Round-table discussion.-1. What evolution has taken place in the home in the last 50 years? 2. How far should family cooperation extend in all household affairs? 3. What are the essentials in the establishment of the home? 4. What is true economy? 5. Which is greater, the influence of the home upon the community or the community upon the home?

MEETING II.

Standards of living-" Cost of Living," chapter 1. The House Considered as a Measure of Social Standing-" Cost of Shelter," chapters 2, 3, 4.

Round-table discussion.-1. What influence should neighbors exert as to standards of living? 2. Shall the home maker be bound by the traditions of the past? 3. Should our daughters be educated as home makers? 4. How would you estimate the influence of home environment in character building? 5.

1 For description of this plan, see Bulletin, 1914, No. 38 (Part III of this report), p. 97. See p. 183.

Since this outline was compiled, "The Modern Household," by Marion Talbot and Sophonisba P. Breckenridge, has appeared (Whitcomb & Barrows, $1), which would be especially suitable as an additional basic book for this course.-B. R. A.