VI. Principles of spending.-The conflicting social theories that control expenditure, love of conspicuous waste and thrift. Whether there can be any general principles controlling spending. Necessity of emphasizing the largely subjective character of all such principles and therefore the necessarily wide variation in details of expenditure. An attempt to formulate some principles of expenditure which conform to the facts of household experience and daily life. Textbooks.-The textbooks used this year are: Talbot, Marian, and Breckenridge, S.-The Modern Household. Nearing, Scott-Financing the Wage Earner's Budget. Veblen, Thorstein.-Theory of the Leisure Class. The literature of political and home economics is freely drawn upon, along with histories of industrial evolution, Government reports, price catalogues of department stores, etc. About 200 titles are placed on the reserve shelf. Method.-The method of work is as follows: In addition to the general and special reading described, each student fills out certain household accounting sheets, working wherever possible with actual household expenditures. (University of California. Syllabus Series No. 42-Statement of the Cost of Living.) This semester about 40 per cent are reducing actual expenditures of middle-class incomes to the form these sheets require, and about 10 per cent are working on real expenditures at a minimum income. The rest will, of course, be largely estimates based on studies of current prices. Tabulations are then made and studies follow as to their meaning in relation to the facts and psychology of expenditure. Further, each student selects a special topic for term investigation. This year there are four groups, of from 10 to 20 each, studying— 1. Domestic service. Here field work in employment bureaus and studies in some private homes are being done. 2. Expenditure for clothing. Here field work consists in investigation of prices for outfitting-(a) an infant; (b) a child of 6; (c) a girl of 16; (d) a boy of 16; (e) a high-school girl and boy; (f) a college man and woman; (g) a bride. 3. Cooperative housekeeping as a means to reduce cost and raise efficiency. No field work. 4. Studies in the mail-order system, through correspondence with large mailorder houses and visiting local mail-order departments in department stores, practically entirely field work. Lectures, once a week; discussion once a week; and special conferences in sections, covering a period of 40 minutes, once a week; extending through one-half year. COURSE ON THE ECONOMIC POSITION OF WOMEN-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. Prof. S. P. Breckenridge, assistant professor of social economics in the department of household administration, University of Chicago, furnishes the following outline of topics and references on the economic position of women as treated in the course on the legaland economic position of women, which is one of the group of economic and social courses related to the household offered in this department: I. Women have always worked. Bucher, Industrial Evolution, Chs. II, IV, VII. I. Women have always worked-Continued. Thomas, Sex and Society, American Journal of Sociology, IV, 474. The Barbarian Status of Women, Veblen, American Journal of Sociology, IV, 167, 352, 503. Eckenstein, Woman under Monasticism, Ch. I, 1, 2; Ch. VII, 1. Dixon, Women in the Paris Crafts, Economic Journal, 5, 209. Lapham, Women in Elizabethan England, Journal Political Economy, 9, 562. Taylor, The Modern Factory System, Chs. I, II. In American Colonial Times, Abbott, Women in Industry, Ch. II. Heather-Bigg, The Wife's Contribution to the Family Income, Economic Collet, Report on the Changes in the Employment of Women and Girls III. They have been the victims of professional limitations. Bradwell v. The State, 55 Ill., 555; 33 U. S., 130; 16 Wallace, 130. IV. Into what occupations do women go? Abbott, Woman in Industry, Ch. I, Ch. V, 78-96, Appendix B Collet, The Employment of Women, Report to Labor Department, pp. 7-8. Gonnard, La Femme dans l'Industrie, pp. 32–33. V. The age of gainfully employed women. Twelfth Census Statistics of Women at Work, pp. 10, 11, 12, 13. VI. Marital status. Twelfth Census Statistics of Women at Work, pp. 10, 11, 12, 13. VII. Special studies of industrial occupations. 1. The Textile Trades, Abbott, Chs. VI, VII. Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the United States, Vols. I, IV, 2. Boots and Shoes, Abbott, Ch. VIII. 3. Cigar Making, Abbott, Ch. IX. Butler, Women and the Trades, Ch. V. Economic Journal, X, 562. 4. Clothing, Abbott, Ch. II. Butler, Chs. VI, VII, VIII. Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the United States, Vols. II, 5. Printing, Abbott, Ch. II. Macdonald, Woman in the Printing Trades. Butler, Ch. XVIII. 6. The Telephone Service. Bureau of Labor Report on Investigation of Telephone Companies, Sixty-first Congress, second session, Senate Document No. 380. 7. (a) The Economic Efficiency of College Women-Kingsbury Publications of Association Collegiate Alumnae, 1910, Series III, No. 20, p. 1. (b) Collet, Educated Working Women. VIII. How far do men and women do the same work in the same way? Webb, Alleged Differences in the Wages of Men and Women, Economic Journal, I, 635. Women's Work in Leeds, Economic Journal, I, 46. U. S. Bureau of Labor, Work and Wages of Men, Women, and Children, 1894, pp. 26-27, Tables 415-547. IX. Has the separation a rational basis? 1. Can women compete? 2. Should they compete? Ellis, Man and Woman, last ch., p. 384. X. Under what conditions have they worked? Hobson, Problems of Poverty, 149–161. Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism, Ch. XII. Levasseur, The American Workman, Ch. VII. Report of the Royal Commission of Labor, p. 94, volume devoted to women's work. Booth, Life and Labor, I, 406 f. Sweatshop Labor in Chicago, American Journal of Sociology, 6,602. XI. The problem of women's wages. 1. General alleged differences between the wages of men and women. Article by Webb, cited Economic Journal, I, 635; Economic Journal, II, 173. Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism, Ch. XII. Final Report of the Royal Commission of Labor, p. 90. Abbott, Appendix C, p. 363. 2. Earnings and expenditures-The living wage. The Parasite Trades—Webb, Industrial Democracy, 749–755. Woman and Child Wage Earners, Vol. V. 3. Consequence of low wages. (a) Charity. Royal Commission on Poor Law, Appendix, Vol. XVII, p. 325 ff. Cadbury, loc. cit. (b) Prostitution. Working Women in Large Cities, 1894, pp. 73-77. Report of The social evil in Chicago. XII. Gainful employment and family life. 1. The relation of marriage to work. 2. The relation of employment of women to child life. Taylor, The Modern Factory System, p. 425. Fortnightly, May, 1875, vol. 23, p. 664. Contemporary Review, Sept., 1882. Perils and protection of infant life, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol. 33, pp. 523-526 (1894, p. 1). Jevons, Methods of Social Reform, pp. 156 ff. Oliver, Dangerous Trades, Ch. V. XIII. Remedies. 1. Legislation. (a) Removing positive disabilities, Ill. Rev. Stat., 68, 64, 4. (b) Admitting women to professions. Re Bradwell, 55 Ill., 535; 16 Wallace, 33 U. S., 130. Re Leach, 134 Ind., 665. Laws of Maryland, 1902, p. 566, April 8, 1902. XIII. Remedies-Continued. 1. Legislation-Continued. (c) Granting the suffrage. Bliss Cyclopedia of Social Reform. Sumner, Woman Surage in Colorado. 2. Social protection. Re Maguire, 57 Cal., 604. Bergman v. Cleveland, 29 Chic. State, 651. Ex parte Hayes, 98 Cal., 555; 20 L. R. A., 701. See also 63 Chic. State, 202 et 208. 3. Industrial protection. Hutchins and Harrison, History of Factory Legislation (English). (a) Working hours. Commonwealth v. Hamilton Manufacturing Co., 120 Mass., 385. Ritchie v. People, 155 Ill., 98 to 117. Kelley, Ethical Gains through Legislation, IV, VII. Brandeis Brief, Miller v. Oregon, 208 U. S., p. 412. (b) Work at night. Outlook, July 13, 1907. People v. Williams, 116 Ap. Div. Rep., 379. Bulletin, International Labor Office, 1906-1908. (c) Sweatshop conditions. Re Jacobs, 98 N. Y., 98. State v. Hyman, 98 Md., 598 et 609. Kelley, Ethical Gains through Legislation, VII. The Minimum Wage, Trade Board Acts, 1909 Law Report, 9 ed. VII, 1909, ch. 22, p. 91. Abbott, Women's Wages in Chicago; Some notes on avail able data, Journal of Political Economy, XXI, pp. 143–58. Effect on Wages of Protected Classes, Hutchins and Harrison, App. A. Journal Royal Statistical Society, 1902, p. 302. (d) Public provision for the unemployed. Economic Review, April, 1907, 167; July, 1907, 290. Economic Journal, March, 1907, 66. Municipal Employment of Unemployed Women in London, Abbott, Journal Political Economy, XV, 513. Webb, Organization of Labor Market, pp. 18-21, 204-211, 278-300, 341-51. Law Reports, Statutes, 1905 (5 Ed. 7 C. 18). 4. Education. Report of Committee on Industrial Education for Women of In- Report of Massachusetts Commission on Industrial and Technical Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Vol. VII. 5. Trade unions. Herron, Women in Trade Unions, Ill. Univ. Studies, 1900-1905, p. 455. Association Collegiate Alumnæ, 1908, p. 40. XIII. Remedies-Continued. 5. Trade unions-Continued. Webb, Industrial Democracy, pp. 495–507. Gonnard, 198. Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Vol. X. 6. Welfare work of civic federation. McLean, Wage-Earning Women. (1) In extra-industrial organization. (2) In industrial; the small unit, the home-used power. 7. Influence of intelligent consumption. 1. The demand for the Consumers' League label. Gonnard, pp. 211-218. American Journal of Sociology, V, 289, Aims and Princi ples of the Consumers' League, Kelley. 2. Demand for the union label. LAW OF THE HOUSEHOLD UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO. Dean George D. Ayres, of the college of law, University of Idaho, has furnished an advance statement of a course on the law of the household which he proposes to give for the students of the homeeconomics department of the university. He states that the course is of the informational type rather than a discussion of legal principles and training in legal reasoning, as in the usual law course. What is needed for the home-economics students is a general and accurate statement of the things that a woman should know concerning the law with which she will be brought into contact the most. I fancy that it is about what a lawyer, an old friend of the family, would say to the widow of his friend and to her daughters in case they were likely so to be situated that they could not always see him and he were advising them for a long time to come. There would be some things he could tell them that would be likely to keep them out of difficulty, and he might be able so to draw the line that they would have an idea correctly as to when they ought to consult a lawyer. I shall go over the Idaho law regarding the home and its members, in their relations to each other and to outsiders, the laws concerning husband and wife, married and unmarried women, parent and child, guardian and ward, the laws concerning descent of real estate and distribution of personal property in Idaho, a general idea in regard to courts of probate, and what a woman should do who has reason to make use of them, the law of the property rights of husband and wife as such, their respective rights in regard to each other and over their children, the laws of marriage and divorce and of annulment of marriage. I shall say something concerning the management of property and regarding investments. A general discussion of the pure-food laws will be included, outlining at least their purpose and scope. It will be difficult to get my hearers in a short course to catch the spirit of it all with enough detail to enable them to act correctly as a rule and to know just when to consult wise, careful, and considerate counsel; but my aim, as at present advised, will be somewhat in the direction outlined. COURSES IN SOCIOLOGY. Prof. Charles A. Ellwood, professor of sociology in the University of Missouri, contributes the following statement on "Courses in |