sists to Howe upon maintenance of
Declaration, 72; envoy to France, 74;
receives promise of aid, 78; makes
treaty of alliance, 80; insulted by Rus-
sian prince, 100; peace commissioner,
119; opposes Jay's plan to disregard
instructions, 124, but finally acqui-
esces, 125; conciliates Vergennes, 126;
makes treaty with Prussia, 131; re-
fers matter of Papal nuncio to Con-
gress, 135; commissioned to make
treaties, 137; advocacy of arbitration,
II, 354.
British-American
Claims commissioner, II, 90.
Frederick the Great, in Seven Years'
War, I, 23; rule of "Free Ships, Free
Goods," 23; estrangement from Great
Britain, 23; interest in Washington,
94; breaks promise to Lee, 94; no
friend to America, 95.
Frazer, James 8.,
"Free Ships, Free Goods," proposed by
Frederick the Great, I, 23; in treaty
with Prussia, 131; an issue in 1793,
189; cardinal principle of foreign
policy, 202; text of Prussian treaty, II,
428. See Neutral Rights.
Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., Secretary of
State, offers British-Venezuelan media-
tion, II, 108; protests against Russian
treatment of Jews, 127; intervenes for
protection of Liberia, 135; Hawaiian
policy, 163; seeks abrogation of Clay-
ton-Bulwer treaty, 311; Frelinghuysen-
Zavala treaty, 311.
Fremont, General John C., sent to spy
out passes to California, I, 394.
French, P. H., filibuster, Nicaraguan
minister to U. S., I, 450.
Friis, Count, Danish foreign minister,
negotiations over West India islands,
II, 61.
Frontenac, raids northern colonies, I,
Fry, Sir Edward, arbitrator of "Pious''
fund, II, 202.
Frye, Senator William P., peace commis.
sioner, II, 265.
Fuller, Melville W., Chief Justice, Vene-
zuela boundary arbitrator, II, 113.
Funston, General Frederick, commands
invasion of Mexico, II, 341.
GADSDEN, James, negotiates purchase of
land from Mexico, I, 401.
Galissonière, La, opposes Halifax policy,
I, 20; fatal use of the Acadians, 21.
Gallatin, Albert, on power of House of
Representatives in treaty-making, I,
194; Secretary of Treasury, 226; on
acquisition of Florida, 256; peace com-
missioner, 285; seeks Russian aid,
287; at Ghent, 288; chief credit due
for treaty, 293; Minister to France,
299; special mission to Great Britain,
300; negotiations over West India
trade, 365; Oregon negotiations, 407,
414.
Galt, Sir A. T., fisheries commissioner,
II, 97.
Gamboa, Federico, Mexican foreign minis-
ter, controversy with Wilson, II, 338.
Gardoqui, Diego de, first Spanish minis-
ter to U. S., I, 138; renews negotia-
tions, 197.
General Armstrong case, I, 376.
Genet, Edmond C., French minister to
U. S., I, 172; violates neutrality, 177:
coldly received by Washington, 179;
disgusts Jefferson, 179; case of the
Little Sarah, 182; threatens to appeal
to States and people against Washing-
ton, 183; recalled, 184; remains in C.
S. as asylum, 185; marries Clinton's
daughter, 185; effects of his recall,
185.
Geneva Arbitration, under Treaty of
Washington, II, 83; American case,
85; British case, 86; "indirect
claims," 87; award of indemnity, 88;
completion of work, 89; reception of
award in U. S. and Great Britain, 89;
indemnity regarded by British as too
great, 97.
Geneva Convention (Red Cross), II,
441.
George III, seeks military aid from Rus-
sia, I, 53; denounces friends of Amer-
ica as traitors, 58; "feeble and obsti-
nate as Charles I, 65; reception of
first American minister, 142.
Gerard, agent of Vergennes, I, 78; in
America, 84; threatenings to Congress,
89; seeks to dictate terms of pesce,
108.
Germany: Recognition of empire, II,
118; interests in Samoa, 137 et seq.
(see Samoa); takes initiative in mak-
ing joint representations between U.
S. and Spain, 255; hostility to U. S.
in Spanish war, 262; conquests in
China, 281; minister to China mur-
dered by Boxers, 286; agreement with
American policy, 289; two-cent post-
age, 332; visit of Prince Henry to U.
S., 351; opposition to arbitration at
Hague Congress, 362; course at second
Hague Congress, 372; aggressions in
Morocco, 375; seeks to embroil U. S.,
375; text of first naturalization treaty,
434.
Gerry, Elbridge, anti-Gallican leader, I,
107; demands concerning fisheries,
108; commissioner to France, 210;
Talleyrand's attempt to corrupt him,
212; indiscretion and recall, 213.
Gettysburg, news of received with in-
credulity in Europe, II, 41; effect upon
British government, 41.
Ghent, Treaty of: Meeting of commis-
sioners, I, 288; negotiations suspended,
289; disagreement among Americans,
292; final making and signature, 293;
extraordinary character, 293; recep-
tion of in U. S. and Great Britain,
294; issues left unsettled, 295; one
hundredth anniversary, II, 334; text,
424.
Gibson, Milner, speaks for U. S., II, 38.
Gillis, Captain, mediator at Samoa, II,
142.
Gilman, D. C., Venezuelan boundary com-
missioner, II, 112.
Gladstone, William E., champion of Con-
federate States, II, 31; exults in be-
lief that Jefferson Davis had "made a
nation," 34; arch-enemy of Federal
cause, 35; subsequent confession of
error, 35; alleged subscription to Con-
federate loan, 35; more anti-American
speeches, 40; violent speech against
indirect claims," 87.
Glynn, Commander, strenuous visit to
Japan, I. 482.
Goderich, Lord, makes treaty with Galla-
tin, I, 365.
Godoy, "Prince of the Peace," makes
treaty with Pinckney, I, 198; in
Louisiana transactions, 236; negotia-
tions with Monroe, 254.
Gondamar, Spanish envoy, dupes James
I, I, 8.
Goode, John, Chilean claims commis-
sioner, II, 198.
Gram, Gregers, Bering Sea arbitrator, II,
103.
Graham, John, commissioner to Argen-
tina, I, 324.
Grant, U. S., President of U. S., on set-
tlement of boundary dispute with Great
Britain, I, 428; attitude toward
Mexico and French designs, II, 56;
recommends Dominican annexation,
67; sends special commissioner, 68;
protests against faction in Congress,
68; Cuban policy, 69, 70; in Virginius
case, 71; recalls Motley, 80; appoints
Joint High Commission, 81; reports
on Venezuelan claims arbitration, 204;
indignation at European oppression of
Japan, 227; Isthmian canal policy,
307.
Granville, Lord, on peace of 1763, I, 23;
asserts royal authority over colonies,
26.
Granville, Lord, as minister in attendance
on Queen Victoria writes letter against
meddling in American Civil War, II,
44; instructions to Joint High Com
mission, 82; controversy with Blaine
and Frelinghuysen over Clayton-Bul-
wer treaty, 310.
Gray, Senator George, Canadian claims
commissioner, II, 105; peace commis-
sioner, 265; justice of Hague tribunal
in fisheries settlement, 330; arbitrator
of Dominican claims, 343.
Gray, Captain Robert, explorer of Oregon,
I, 404; pioneer at Hawaii, 498.
Great Britain, parent of the U. S., I, 5;
rivalry with Spain, 6; illiberal policy
toward colonies, 25; taxation without
representation, 31; ignorance of Amer-
ica, 34; oppressive commercial regula-
tions, 37; incurs jealousy and animos-
ity of other nations, 42; Jay's address
to British people, 47; government's
reply with force, 52; military aid
sought from Russia, 52, but refused,
55; from Holland, 56, refused, 57;
secured in Germany, 57; popular atti-
tude toward America, 58; last chance
of peace lost, 77; war with France,
84; negotiations with Russia for alli-
ance against America and France, 96;
seeks peace, 118; treaty of peace, 127;
refusal to enter peace congress at
Vienna, 130; fails to fulfil treaty of
1783, 141; disregards American neu-
trality, 187; oppresses American com-
merce, 187; first minister to America,
188; Jay's treaty, 191; depredations
upon American commerce, 258; nego-
tiations by Monroe and Pinckney, 259;
Erskine's marplotry, 266; Jackson's
unsuccessful mission, 267; A. J. Fos-
ter's mission, 270; meddling in West
Florida, 276; war of 1812, 280; Rus-
sian mediation rejected, 285; direct
negotiations desired, 286; change of
tone after Waterloo, 287; peace-making
at Ghent, 289 et seq.; fisheries contro-
versy, 300; invasion of U. S. through
Florida, 306; offers mediation between
U. S. and Spain, 311; aids South
American revolutionists, 323; declines
joint action with U. S. toward Buenos
Aires independence, 325; relations
with Holy Alliance, 330; opposes re-
subjugation of South America, 331;
proposes recognition of South Ameri-
can independence, 334; separates from
Congress of Europe, 335; seeks coöper-
ation with U. S. toward South Amer-
ica, 335; reception of Monroe Doctrine,
347; proposes joint guarantee of Cuba,
362; restricts American commerce in
West Indies, 364; Oregon and North-
east boundary negotiations, 366; Web-
ster-Ashburton treaty, 368; Terusal to
surrender fugitive slaves, 369; media-
tion between U. S. and France, 375;
claims to Oregon, 405; negotiations
over Russian America, 413; Oregon
treaty, 425; San Juan award, 428;
claims in Nicaragua and on Mosquito
Coast, 433; aggressions under Clayton.
Bulwer treaty, 444; concessions in
Honduras, 452; treaty with Central
American States, 455; aggressions in
Hawaii, 510; disavowal, 512; proposes
tripartite protectorate in Cuba, 540;
fisheries dispute renewed, 546; reci-
procity treaty made, 547; accepts
American declaration concerning right
of search, 549; attitude toward seces-
sion of Confederate States, II, 4;
recognition of Confederate belliger-
ency, 8; negotiations with Confederacy
and exclusion of U. S. from Declara-
tion of Paris, 9; neutrality proclama-
tion, 10; privateers excluded from
ports and waters, 11; dislike of Ameri-
can protective tariff 14; distress
caused by cotton blockade, 15; sym-
pathy with U. S., 15; change of senti-
ment after Bull Run, 17; Trent affair,
19; building of Confederate cruisers,
23; intervention or mediation con-
sidered, 28, 31; Emancipation Procla-
mation misunderstood, 36; great popu-
lar demonstrations in favor of U. S.,
38; feeling toward U. S. after war,
75; Fenianism, 75; protocol for settle-
ment of American claims, 78; Johnson-
Clarendon treaty defeated, 79; Joint
High Commission constituted, 81 (see
Geneva Arbitration); Irish agitation
in U. S., 93; Yorktown centenary, 93;
Sackville-West episode, 94; negotia-
tions over Canada, 95; the fisheries
again, 96; Bering Sea controversy,
100 claims and indemnities for illegal
seizures, 104; commission to settle all
controversies between U. S. and
Canada, 105; Alaska boundary dis-
pute, 106; Venezuela dispute, 107;
general arbitration treaty signed but
not ratified, 114; Victorian jubilee,
115; complications in Samoa, 137 et
seq. (see Samoa); concern over
Hawaiian annexation, 183; friendship
for America in Spanish war, 262 ag.
gressions in China, 282; Open Door"
policy, 285; American policy accepted,
289; Isthmian Canal negotiations, 200
et seq. (see Isthmian Transit); set-
tlement of controversy, 327; the fish-
eries, 327; work of Whitelaw Reid,
327; reference to Hague tribunal, 329;
final award, 331; commercial samples,
332; two-cent postage, 332; honors to
Whitelaw Reid, 333; century of peace,
334; seeking permanent arbitration
treaty, 356; text of treaty of Ghent,
424; treaty of 1783, 427; treaty of
1818, 429; Clayton-Bulwer treaty,
444; Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 447.
Green, John, captain of first American
ship in China, I, 456.
Greenbaum, American consul in Samoa,
II. 146.
Gregg, David L., Commissioner to Hawaii,
I, 521; seeks annexation, 522.
Grenville, George, introduces Stamp act,
I, 32.
Grenville, Lord, makes treaty with Jay,
I. 191.
Grenville, Thomas, peace commissioner, I,
Gresham, Walter Q., Secretary of State,
negotiations for Bering Sea settlement,
II, 104; opposes Hawaiian annexation,
172; persistent animosity toward Ha-
waii, 178; attitude toward Japan in
Korea, 234.
Grey, Sir Edward, British Foreign minis-
ter, in fisheries negotiations, II, 328;
commercial samples agreement, 332.
de Grey and Ripon, Earl, member of
Joint High Commission, II, 81.
Greytown, British possession of, I, 437;
hostilities at, 444; Northern Light af-
fray, 447; bombardment by U. S. ves-
sel, 448.
Guano Islands, annexation of, and relin-
quishment, II, 74.
Guines, French ambassador to Great Brit-
ain, on American affairs, I, 65.
Gummere, Samuel R., Minister to Mo-
rocco and delegate to Algeciras confer-
ence, II, 375.
Gunning, British minister to Russia, ne-
gotiations for troops, I, 53; deluded by
Catherine and Panin, 54.
Gurney, Russell, member of British Amer-
ican Claims Commission, II, 90.
HAALILIO, Timothy, Hawaiian envoy to
U. S., I, 507; account of progress of
Hawaii, 507.
Habeas Corpus writ, suspension of chal-
lenged by Great Britain but maintained
by U. S. in Civil War, II, 12.
Hague Congress, First: Called by Czar,
II, 357; terms of invitation,
agenda, 358; American delegates and
instructions, 359; opening of sessions,
361; effective participation of Ameri-
can delegates, 362; international tribu-
nal of arbitration established, 362; re-
servatory declaration
by American
signers of treaty, 363; various acts,
363.
Hague Congress, Second: Initiative
toward calling taken by U. S., II, 368;
invitation by Czar to all nations, 368;
agenda, 369; reservations by various
nations, 369; instructions to American
delegates, 370; the American delegates
and their policy, 372; results of Con-
gress, 374.
Hague, The, International Tribunal of
Arbitration: Pious' fund, II, 202:
North Atlantic Fisheries dispute, 329:
suggested in Hay's instructions to dele-
gates to first Hague Congress, 361; es-
tablished through American influence,
362; cases submitted by U. S. and
other powers, 366.
Haiti, lease and proposed cession of St.
Nicholas harbor, II, 73.
Hale, Chandler, secretary of American
delegation at second Hague Congress,
II, 372.
Hale, William Bayard, President's per-
sonal agent in Mexico, II, 337, 339.
Halifax, Earl of, evil colonial administra-
tion, I, 19.
Hall, W. E., on early American standard
of international ethics, I, 189.
Hamburg, overtures from, to Congress for
trade, I, 136.
Hamilton, Alexander, contributions to
The Federalist' on foreign relations,
I, 147; influence upon foreign affairs.
160; financial and commercial achieve-
ments, 167; effect upon diplomatie re-
lations, 169; assists in establishing
policy of neutrality, 176; controversy
with Jefferson over neutrality, 177; at-
tacked by mob for defending Jay's
treaty, 192; supports Adams's peace
policy, 213; calls for "X Y Z
respondence, 214; on navigation of
Mississippi, 232; on arbitration, II,
Hammond, George, first British minister
to America, I, 188; causes Randolph's
resignation, 193.
Hanna, Philip C., consul-general in Mex-
ico, II, 341.
Hannen, Lord, Bering Sea arbitrator, II,
103.
Harlan, John M., Bering Sea arbitrator,
II, 103.
Harris, Sir J., negotiations with Russia
against America, I, 96.
Harris, Levett, consul to Russia, I, 263;
Russia's refusal to receive him, 297;
his vigorous diplomacy, 297; received
with favor, 298.
Harris, Townsend, consul-general to
Japan, I, 491; personally received by
Shogun, 491; the "schoolmaster of
Japan,' 492: negotiates important
treaty, 493; his great work for Japan,
494.
Harrison, Benjamin, President of U. S.,
favors purchase of Danish West Indies,
II, 63; Bering Sea policy, 101; man-
ager of Venezuelan boundary arbitra-
tion, 113; submits Hawaiian annexa-
tion treaty to Senate, 169; asked to
arbitrate between Argentina and Bra-
zil, 188;
settlement of
Baltimore controversy with Chile, 198.
Hartford Convention, I, 282.
Hartley, David, tribute to loyalty of
colonists, I, 24; peace commissioner,
127.
Hassaurek, Frederick, Ecuadorean claims
commissioner, II, 199.
Hawaii, first American relations with, I,
497; offered to Great Britain but de-
clined, 498; Russian designs, 498;
American commercial relations estab-
lished, 498; fugitives find refuge in
New England, 500; advent of mis-
sionaries, 500; U. S. commercial agent
appointed, 501; consul, 502; U. S.
mediation in insular dispute, 502; law-
breaking by American sailors, 503;
amends made by Jackson, 504; re-
ligious rivalries, 505; British and
French treaties made, 506; envoys to
U. S. and Europe, 507; British aggres-
sions, 510; American protection
sought, 511; aggressions disavowed,
512; American policy stated, 513; lack
of treaty felt by U. Š., 514; French ag-
gressions, 516; American mediation
sought and treaty made, 516; American
protection sought, 517; French with-
drawal, 520; annexation treaty made,
but rejected by U. S., 522; reciprocity
vainly sought, 523; rival claimants to
throne, II, 161; Kalakaua recognized
as King by U. S. and other powers,
151; reciprocity established, 162;
Blaine's diplomatic victory over Great
Britain in asserting paramount Ameri-
can interests, 162; annexation plans
renewed, 162; acquisition of Pearl
Harbor by U. S., 163; Princess
Liliuokalani's first conspiracy, 164;
American intervention sought and
given, 165; Hawaii invited to Pan-
American Congress, 165; Accession of
Liliuokalani and constitutional crisis,
165; conflict between Queen and Legis-
lature, 166; popular revolt and ap-
pointment of Committee of Safety, 167;
American forces landed for police serv-
ice, 168; monarchy abolished and pro-
visional government recognized by the
powers, 169; treaty of annexation to
U. S. made, 169; protests of Queen,
170; complications with Japan, 171;
American protectorate proclaimed, and
withdrawn, 171; annexation treaty
withdrawn from Senate and investiga-
tion ordered, 172; Blount, "Commis-
sioner Paramount,'' 173; American
flag hauled down, 174; Cleveland's
message to Congress, 174; Willis sent
as minister, 175; negotiations with ex-
Queen, 175; provisional government re-
quested to abdicate, under threats of
American coercion, but refuses, 177;
Cleveland remits whole matter to Con-
gress, 178; Thurston, minister to U.
S., dismissed; 179; permanent repub-
lic organized, 179; Gresham's hostil-
ity, 180; abdication of Liliuokalani,
181; new annexation treaty, 182; Ha-
waii's action in Spanish war, 182; an-
nexation by act of Congress, 182; con-
cern of Japan and Great Britain, 183;
application of U. S. laws to islands,
184.
Hawkesbury, Lord, negotiations
boundary treaty, I, 406.
Hay, John, Secretary of States, makes
treaty for purchase of Danish West
Indies, II, 64; settles Alaska boundary
dispute, 107; protests against Russian
treatment of Jews, 127; policy in
Samoa, 156; negotiates first case be-
fore Hague tribunal 202; masterful
policy in Far East, 284; "Open
Door' in China, 285; policy toward
Boxer rebellion, 288; on punishment
of Boxer criminals, 290; brings Rus-
sia to terms in Manchuria, 294; Hay-
Pauncefote treaties, 313; canal nego-
tiations with Colombia, 316, 318; in-
terview with Amador, 320; vindication
of course toward Panama revolution,
322; message to Morocco, "Perdicaris
alive or Rais Uli dead!" 350; note to
European powers in behalf of Jews,
351; instructions to Hague delegates,
359; makes arbitration treaties with
various powers, 364; note concerning
second Hague Congress 368; memo-
randum on Monroe Doctrine, 438; text
of Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 447; Hay-
Bunau Varilla treaty, 448.
Hayes, Rutherford B., President of U. S.,
arbitrates between Argentina and
Paraguay II, 187; vetoes anti-Chinese
bill, 219; seeks new treaty with China,
219; Isthmian canal policy, 307; inter-
view with Lesseps and message to
Congress on canal, 308.
Hayne, Senator Robert Y., opposes par
ticipation in Congress of Panama, I,
360.
Hegemony, J. Q. Adams's designs of, I
351; Blaine's designs resented, II
Henry, John, political spy, intrigues of
I, 275.
Henry, Patrick, expectations of foreign
aid in Revolution, I, 43; attitude to-
ward independence, 50; favors French
alliance, 62; on navigation of Missis-
sippi, 140.
Henry, Prince, of Prussia, receives hon-
orary degree at Harvard, I, 42; visit
to U. S., 351.
Herbert, Sir Michael, British Ambassa-
dor, negotiates settlement of Alaska
boundary dispute, II, 107.
Herran, Tomas C., Colombian minister,
negotiates canal treaty, II, 318.
Herrera, President of Mexico, attitude
toward Slidell's mission, I, 397.
Herschell, Lord, Canadian claims com-
missioner, II, 105.
Hewitt, Abram S., on Queen Victoria's
attitude against recognition of Con-
federate independence, II, 41.
Hill, David J., Minister to Netherlands
and delegate to Hague Congress II,
and Bay Islands, 446; capture and
shooting of Walker, 452; concessions
to Great Britain, 452; U. S. troubles
with, II, 346; proposed protectorate,
346.
Honduras, British, in Clayton-Bulwer
treaty, I, 443.
Honoree, John, Hawaiian refugee, I, 500.
Hopu, Hawaiian refugee, I, 500.
Hortalez & Co. See Beaumarchais.
House of Representatives: Obligation
to provide means for fulfilment of
treaties, I, 194; attitude toward Great
Britain in 1812, 279; interest in
treaty-making, 312; favors recognition
of Texas, 382; commends Wilkes for
Trent episode, II, 18; resolutions con-
cerning Mexico, 54; controversy with
Senate over Alaska purchase treaty,
59; seeks to annul neutrality princi-
ples, 75; resolution favoring arbitra-
tion, 356.
Houston, Samuel, leader of Texas colo-
nists for conquest, I, 380; president
of Texas, 385; asks U. S. aid, 389.
Howe, Lord, mission of conciliation, I, 71.
Howe, S. G., special commissioner to
Dominican Republic, II, 68.
Hubbard, Commander John, action
Panama revolution, II, 321.
Hudson Bay Company, in Oregon, I, 416;
settlement with, 429.
Huelsemann, Chevalier, Austrian minis-
ter, protests against American interest
in Hungary, I, 527; Webster's reply,
528; leaves U. S., 530.
Huerta, Victoriano. See Mexico.
Hughes, Archbishop, special mission to
Europe, II, 16.
Humphreys, David, Minister to Portu-
gal, I, 169.
Hungary, American interest in during
revolt against Austria, I, 526; special
agent sent thither, 527.
Hutchinson, Chief Justice, on S. Adams's
independence propaganda, I, 34.
IMMIGRATION, from Europe, I, 525; ef-
fects of, 526; legislation against
pauper, II, 124; expulsion of unde-
sirables, 124; Chinese, 216. (See
China.)
Imperial Federation, proposed in 1765, I,
33; opposed by Samuel Adams, 33.
Impressment of Seamen, I, 259; cause of
war, 277; ignored in treaty of peace,
293.
Indemnities, exacted from Canton, I,
464; exacted from Japan but returned,
495; to Italy for New Orleans mur-
ders, II, 132; from China for Boxer
outrages, 291; in part remitted by
U. S., 292.
Independence, at first equivalent to au-
tonomy, I, 32; advocated by Samuel
Adams, 33; publicly proposed by Sam-
uel Adams, 39; causes which led to,
40; action of Virginia House of Bur-
gesses, held in abeyance by Continen-
tal Congress, 45; Massachusetts and
Virginia the leaders, 46; not asked in
Jay's address, 47; committee on inde-
pendence appointed, 63; first actual
declaration proposed by John Adams,
63; appointment of committee to draft
Declaration, 63; Jefferson's draft
amended and adopted, 64; effect upon
Anglo-American relations, 71; Ameri-
can independence deprecated by France
in favor of French protectorate, 89;
fully recognized and established in
treaty of 1783, 127; a cardinal princi-
ple of foreign policy, 201.
Indian troubles, fomented by British
traders, I, 276; on the Florida fron-
tier, 305.
"Indirect claims'' against Great Britain,
II, 78; rumors disturb Geneva arbitra-
tion, 87; disposed of by C. F. Adams, 88.
Ingraham, Captain D. N., rescues Koszta,
I, 532.
International Bureau of American Re-
publics, II, 208; renamed Pan-Ameri-
can Union, 210.
Interparliamentary Union, urges exten-
sion of arbitration, II, 368.
Intervention, in U. S. Civil War, con-
sidered by France and Great Britain,
II, 28; proposed by French minister,
30; Roebuck's last effort, 40; last
danger past, 41; in Cuba, recom-
mended by McKinley, 256; grounds,
257; in Dominican Republic, 344.
Ireland, federation with proposed by
Franklin, I, 50; address of Congress
to, 51; American relief for famine, II,
92; Land League agitation, 93.
Ireland, Archbishop, makes efforts for
peace with Spain, II, 254.
Isle of Pines, claimed by Cuban Repub-
lic, II, 275; present status of, 280.
Isthmian Transit: Early schemes at
Panama and Nicaragua, I, 430; first
action by U. S. Government, 431; ne-
gotiations by Biddle and Stephens,
431; schemes at Tehuantepec, 432;
treaty with New Granada or Colombia,
432; Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 440;
French schemes, II, 306; Cass's decla
ration of American policy, 306; Amer-
ican surveys and negotiations, 307;
Davis's report in favor of Panama,
307; Dickinson-Ayon treaty at Nica-
ragua, 307; American policy enunei-
ated by Grant and Hayes, 307; final
French undertaking, 307; Lesseps be-
gins work, 308; his interview with
Hayes and Hayes's message to Con-
gress, 308; an American canal under
American control,' 308; essay and
failure at Nicaragua, 309; Tehuante-
pec, 309; Clayton-Bulwer treaty in the
way, 309; Blaine's maladroit negoti-
ations, 309; Frelinghuysen's strenu-
ous treaty with Nicaragua, 311; Cleve-
land's reversal of his predecessor's
policy, 312; former policy restored,
312; object lesson of the voyage of the
Oregon, 313; Hay-Pauncefote treaty,
314; abrogation of Clayton-Bulwer
treaty, 314; equality of canal tolls to
all nations, 314; rivalry between Pan-
ama and Nicaragua, 315; decision to
adopt Panama route and purchase un-
finished French work, 315; negotia-
tions with Colombia, 316; German
anti-American intrigues, 316; Hay-
Herran treaty, 318; rejected by Co-
lombia, 319; Panama revolution, 319;
Hay-Bunau Varilla treaty, 324; action
of Congress on canal tolls, 325; British
protest, 325; offensive and unjust act
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