Binn. 355; Smith v. Bryan, 34 Ill. 264; Maynes v. Moore, 16 Ind. 116; Hopkins v. Jones, 22 Ind. 310; Webb v. Moore, 25 Ind. 4; Citizens' Bank v. Degnoodt, 25 La. An. 628; Wheat v. State, Minor, 199; Vanzandt v. Waddell, 2 Yerg. 260; Ex parte Pollard, 40 Ala. 77; Woods_v. Bine, 5 How. (Miss.) 285; Newkirk v. Chapron, 17 Ill. 344; Lapsley v. Brashears, 4 Litt. 47; Johnson v. Duncan, 3 Mart. 531; Johnson v. Higgins, 3 Met. (Ky.) 566; Morse v. Goold, 11 N. Y. 281; State v. Barringer, Phil. (N. C.) 554; Wood v. Wood, 14 Rich. 148; Hansrick v. Rouse, 17 Ga. 56.

17 Railroad Co. v. Hecht, 95 U. S. 168; McCreary v. State, 27 Ark. 425; New Albany &c. R. R. Co. v. McNamara, 11 Ind. 543.

18 Scarborough v. Dugan, 10 Cal. 305.

19 Craighead v. State Bank, 1 Meigs, 199.

20 San Francisco v. Beideman, 17 Cal. 443.

21 Ex parte N. E. & S. W. R. R. Co. 37 Ala. 679.

§ 17. Foreigners of the white race or of African descent, eligible to become citizens of the United States under the naturalization laws thereof, while bona fide residents of this State, shall have the same rights in respect to the acquisition, possession, enjoyment, transmission, and inheritance of property as native-born citizens.

See Ala. I, 36; Ark. II, 20; Colo. II, 27; Fla. Dec. Rts. 18; Iowa, I, 22: Kans. I, 17; Neb. I, 25; Nev. I, 16; Or. I, 32; W. Va. II, 5.

Foreigners.-This section contains no restriction on the power of the legislature to confer the same or other rights on non-resident foreigners. It only removes the common-law disability from aliens who are bona fide residents within the State.2 This section gives bona fide resident aliens certain rights which may be enlarged, but which cannot be abridged by the legislature. Each State may regulate the descent of property within its limits, and may permit an alien to inherit lands.4

1 Purczell v. Smith, 21 Iowa, 540.

2 Norris v. Hoyt, 18 Cal. 217.

3 State v. Rogers, 13 Cal. 159.

4 Etheridge v. Malempre, 18 Ala. 565; U. S. v. Fox, 94 U. S. 315.

§ 18. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this State.

Ala. I, 33; Ark. II, 27; Colo. II, 26; Fla. Dec. Rts. 19; Mich. XVIII, 2; Mo. II, 31; Neb. I. 2: Nev. I, 17; N. C. I, 33.

And see Const. U. S. XIIIth Amend.; Ga. I, 4; Ind. I, 37; Iowa, I, 23; Kan. Bill Rts. 6; La. I, 3; Md. Dec. Rts. 24; Miss. I, 19; Ohio, I, 6; Or. XVIII,4; R. I.I, 4; S. C. I, 2; Tenn. Amend. I, 1; Va. I, 19; Wis. I, 2.

§ 19. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons and things to be seized.

See Ala. I, 6; Ark. II, 15; Colo. II, 7; Conn. I, 8; Del. I, 6; Fla. Dec. Rts. 20; Ga. I, 10; Ill. II, 6; Ind. I, 2; Iowa, I, 8; Kan. Bill Rts. 15; Ky. XIII, 2; La. (1), 9; Me. I, 5; Md. Dec. Rts. 26; Mass. Pt. 1st, 14; Mich. VI, 26: Minn. I, 10; Miss. I, 14; Mo. II, 13; Neb. I, 7; Nev. I, 18; N. H. I, 19; N. J. I, 6; N. C. I, 15; Ohio, I, 14; Or. I, 9; Pa. I, 8; R. I. I, 6; S. C. I, 22; Tenn. I, 7; Tex. I, 9; Vt. I, 11; Va. I, 12; West Va. III, 6; Wis. I, 2. And see Const. U. S. IVth Amend.

8

Search, seizure, and warrants.-The security of personal liberty is such as wisdom and experience demonstrated to be necessary. Provisions for searches and seizures to aid in the collection of revenue are not repugnant to this clause.2 A warrant of commitment which does not state some good cause certain, supported by an oath, is illegal; but an executive officer can justify his acts by showing a regular warrant, without showing that it was founded on a complaint under oath. It is only necessary that the order or precept shall be lawful on the face of it. A warrant directing a search in the house of A & Co. will not justify a search in the house of A.5 A specification of the character, quality, number, weight, or other circumstances, to distinguish the goods, is necessary. That no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause has no application to proceedings for the recovery of debts. A city ordinance in conflict with this provision is void.8

1 Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 120.

2 Ex parte Meador, 1 Abb. U. S. 317; Stanwood v. Green, 2 Ibid. 184; Matt. of Platt, 7 Ben. 261; 19 Int. Rev. Rec. 132; U. S. v. Distillery, & Ch. L. N. 47; Ex parte Strouse, 1 Sawy. 605.

3 Ex parte Burford, 3 Cranch, 448; Anonymous, 2 Op. Att. Gen. 266 4 Sanford v. Nichols, 13 Mass. 286. 5 Sanford v. Nichols, 13 Mass. 286. 6 Sanford v. Nichols, 13 Mass. 286.

7 Ex parte Burford, 3 Cranch, 448; Murray v. Hoboken L. & I. Co. 18 How. 272; Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 119; Wakely v. Hart, 6 Binn. 316; Bell v. Clapp, 10 Johns. 263; Sailly v. Smith, 11 Johns. 500.

8 Sullivan v. Oneida City, 61 Ill. 242.

§ 20. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.

See Ala. I, 19; Ark. II, 14; Colo. II, 9; Conn. IX, 4; Del. V, 3; Fla. Dec. Rts. 21; Ga. I, 25; Ind. I, 28, 29; Iowa, I, 16; Kan. Bill Rts. 13; Ky. VIII, 2; La. (VI) 101; Me. I, 12; Mich. VI, 30; Minn. I, 9; Miss. I, 26; Mo. II, 13; Neb. I, 14; Nev. I, 19; N. J. I, 14; N. C. IV, 5; Or. I, 25; Tex. I, 22; W. Va. II, 26; Wis. I, 10.

And see as to treason against U. S., Const. U. S. III. 3, (1).

§ 21. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the Legislature; nor shall any citizen, or class of citizens, be granted privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not be granted to all citizens.

See Ala. I, 23; Ark. II, 18; Colo. II, 11; Ill. II, 14; Ind. I, 23; Iowa, I, 6; Kan. Bill Rts. 2; Mo. II, 15; Neb. I, 16; N. C. 1,7; Ohio, 1, 2; Or. I, 21; Pa. I, 17; Tex. I, 17; Va. I, 20.

§ 22. The provisions of this Constitution are mandatory and prohibitory, unless by express words they are declared to be otherwise.

§ 23. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people.

Ala. I, 39; Ark. II, 29; Colo. II, 28; Iowa, I, 25; Kan. Bill Rts. 20; La. 1,13; Me. I, 24; Md. Dec. Rts. 45; Miss. I, 32; Mo. II, 32; Neb. I, 26; Nev. 1, 20; N. J. I, 19; N. C. I, 37; Ohio, I, 20; Or. I, 34; R. I. I, 23; S. C. I, 41; Va. I, 21.

§ 24. No property qualification shall ever be required for any person to vote or hold office.

See Ala. I, 38; Kan. Bill Rts. 7; La. VI, 121; Minn. I, 17; Miss. I, 18; N. C. I, 22; S. C. I, 32.

ARTICLE II.

RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE.

1. Who are and who are not electors.
2. Privileges of electors.

3. Militia duty, privilege of electors.
4. Residence of voters, gained or lost.
5. Election by ballot.

§ 1. Every native male citizen of the United States, every male person who shall have acquired the rights of citizenship under or by virtue of the treaty of Queretaro, and every male naturalized citizen thereof, who shall have become such ninety days prior to any election, of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of the State one year next preceding the election, and of the county in which he claims his vote ninety days, and in the election precinct thirty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or may hereafter be authorized by law; provided, no native of China, no idiot, insane person, or person convicted of any infamous crime, and no person hereafter convicted of the embezzlement or misappropriation of public money, shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in this State.

NOTE.-The adoption of the XVth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States nullified the restriction implied in the word "white" contained in the old constitution of this State.

"Idiots and insane persons"-See Ala. VII, 3; Ark. III, 5; Ga. II, 6; n. 2, 6; Or. II, 3; Va. III, 1.

DESTY CAL. CON.-19

"Conviction for crime "-Ark. III, 6; III. VII, 7; Ind. II, 8; Iowa, II, 5; Tenn. IV, 2.

And see Ala. VIII, 1; Ark. III, 1; Colo. VII, 1; Conn. VI, 1-3; Amends. VIII, IX; Del. IV, 1; Fla. XV, 1, 2, 4; Ga. II, 2, 3, 6; Ill. VII, I; Ind. II, 2; Iowa, II, 1; Kan. V, 1, 2; Ky. II, 8; La. VI, 98, 99; Me. II, 1 Mass. Amend. XIII; Mich. VII, 1; Amend. VII; Minn. VII, 1,2; Miss. VII, 2; Mo. VIII, 2, 9, 10; Neb. VII, 1; Nev. II, 1; N. H. Pt. II, 27; N. J. II. 1, 2, Amend. 75; N. Y. II, 1; Amend. N. C. VI, 1, 5; Ohio, V, 1. 4; Or. II, 2, 3, 6; Pa. VIII, 1; R. I. II, 1, 2; S. C. VII, 2; Tenn. IV, 1; Tex. VI, 1,2; Vt. II, 18; Va. III, 1, Amend.; W.Va. IV, 1; Wis. III, 1, 2.

Qualifications of voters.-No constitutional qualification of a voter can be abridged or added to by legislation. The State has the exclusive power to regulate the right of suffrage.2

1 Page v. Allen, 58 Pa. St. 338; McCafferty v. Guyer, 59 Pa. St. 101; Thompson v. Ewing, 1 Brewst. 103; State v. Adams, 2 Stewt. 239. 2 Huber v. Reily, 53 Pa. St. 112.

§ 2. Electors shall in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at such election, going to and returning therefrom.

See Ala. VIII, 4; Ark. III, 4; Colo. VII, 5; Conn. VI, 8; Del. IV, 2; Ga. II, 7; III. VII, 3; Ind. II, 12; Iowa, II, 2; Kan. V,7; Ky. II, 9; La 24; Me. II, 2; Mich. VII, 3; Miss. IV,7; Mo. VIII, 4; Neb. VII, 5; Ohio, V,3; Or. II, 12; Pa. VIII, 5; S. C. VIII, 6; Tenn. IV, 3; Tex. VI, 5; W. Va. IV, 3.

§ 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform militia duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger.

Iowa, II, 3; Me. II, 2; Mich VII, 4; Neb. VII, 5; Vа. III, 5.

§ 4. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State or of the United States, or of the high seas; nor while a student at any seminary of learn