Ala. I, 32; Ark. XIX, 7; Colo. VII, 4; Ind. II, 4; Mich. VII, 5; Minn. VII, 3; N. Y. II, 3; Tex. XVI, 9.

§ 13. A plurality of the votes given at any election shall constitute a choice, where not otherwise directed in this Constitution.

Fla. XVI, 16; Nev. XV, 14; Or. II, 16; S. C. VIII, 10; Va. III, 2.

§ 14. The Legislature shall provide, by law, for the maintenance and efficiency of a State Board of Health.

Tex. XVI, 32.

§ 15. Mechanics, material men, artisans, and laborers of every class, shall have a lien upon the property upon which they have bestowed labor or furnished material for the value of such labor done and material furnished; and the Legislature shall provide, by law, for the speedy and efficient enforcement of such liens.

N. C. XIV, 4; Tex. XVI, 37.

§ 16. When the term of any officer or Commissioner is not provided for in this Constitution, the term of such officer or Commissioner may be declared by law; and, if not so declared, such officer or Commissioner shall hold his position as such officer or Commissioner during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment;1 but in no case shall such term exceed four years.2

1 Ind. XV, 2; Nev. XV, 11; N. Y. X, 3; Or. XV, 2.

2 _Limitation of four years; Fla. XVI, 14; Ind. XV, 2; Kans. XV, 2; Ky. III, 25; Nev. XV, 11; Or. XV, 2; Tex. XII, 38.

Term of office.-Where the term of an office is fixed by law the executive cannot remove.1 The power to remove from office is an incident to the power to appoint, and the only way in which the power of removal can be limited is by first fixing the duration of office.2 The con-stitution does not prohibit an office created by the legislature from continuing over four years, but merely limits the incumbent's term to four years.8 The commissioners of the funded debt of San Francisco were not officers within the meaning of this section, and that the term during which they are authorized to act is not limited to four years.4

1 People v. Mizner, 7 Cal. 519.

2 People v. Hill, 7 Cal. 97.

3 People v. Stratton, 28 Cal. 382.

4 People v. Middleton, 28 Cal. 603.

§ 17. Eight hours shall constitute a legal day's work on all public work.

§ 18. No person shall, on account of sex, be disqualified from entering upon or pursuing any lawful business, vocation, or profession.

§ 19. Nothing in this Constitution shall prevent the Legislature from providing, by law, for the payment of the expenses of the Convention framing this Constitution, including the per diem of the Delegates for the full term thereof.

§ 20. Elections of the officers provided for by this Constitution, except at the election in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, shall be held on the even numbered years next before the expiration of their respective terms. The terms of such officers shall commence on the first Monday after the first day of January next following their election.

ARTICLE XXI.

BOUNDARY.

§ 1. The boundary of the State of California shall be as follows: Commencing at the point of intersection of the forty-second degree of north latitude with the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, and running south on the line of said one hundred and twentieth degree of west longitude until it intersects the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude; thence running in a straight line, in a southeasterly direction, to the River Colorado, at a point where it intersects the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude; thence down the middle of the channel of said river to the boundary line between the United States and Mexico, as established by the treaty of May thirtieth, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight; thence running west and along said boundary line to the Pacific Ocean, and extending therein three English miles; thence running in a northwesterly direction and following the direction of the Pacific Coast to the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence on the line of said forty-second degree of north latitude to the place of beginning. Also, including all the islands, harbors, and bays along and adjacent to the coast.

ARTICLE XXII.

SCHEDULE.

1. Laws to remain in force.

2. Recognizances, obligations, etc., unaffected.

3. Courts, save justices' and police courts, abolished-transfer of records, books, etc.

4. State printing.

5. Ballots to be printed.

6. Registers, poll-books, etc., to be furnished.

7. Who entitled to vote for Constitution.

§ 8. Canvass of returns of vote.

9. Computing returns of vote.

§ 10. Terms of officers first elected.

11. Laws applicable to judicial system. 12. Constitution, when to take effect.

That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments in the Constitution of this State, and to carry the same into complete effect, it is hereby ordained and declared:

§ 1. That all laws in force at the adoption of this Constitution, not inconsistent therewith, shall remain in full force and effect until altered or repealed by the Legislature; and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts of the State, counties, individuals, or bodies corporate, not inconsistent therewith, shall continue to be as valid as if this Constitution had not been adopted. The provisions of all laws which are inconsistent with this Constitution shall cease upon the adoption thereof, except that all laws which are inconsistent with such provisions of this Constitution as require legislation to enforce them shall remain in full force until the first day of July, eighteen hundred and eighty, unless sooner altered or repealed by the Legislature.

See Hills v. Chicago, 60 Ill. 86; Otis v. Chicago, 62 Ill. 299; Johnson v. Sedberry, 65 N. C. 1.

§ 2. That all recognizances, obligations, and all other instruments entered into or executed before the adoption of this Constitution, to this State, or to any subdivision thereof, or any municipality therein, and all fines, taxes, penalties, and forfeitures due or owing to this State, or any subdivision or municipality thereof, and all writs, prosecutions, actions, and causes of action, except as herein otherwise provided, shall continue and remain unaffected by the adoption of this Constitution. All indictments or informations which shall have been found, or may hereafter be found, for any crime or offense committed before this Constitution takes effect, may be proceeded upon as if no change had taken place, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.

§ 3. All Courts now existing, save Justices' and Police Courts, are hereby abolished; and all records, books, papers, and proceedings from such Courts, as are abolished by this Constitution, shall be transferred on the first day of January, eighteen hundred and eighty, to the Courts provided for in this Constitution; and the Courts to which the same are thus transferred shall have the same power and jurisdiction over them as if they had been in the first instance commenced, filed, or lodged therein.

§ 4. The Superintendent of Printing of the State of California shall, at least thirty days before the first Wednesday in May, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-nine,