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The Hon. Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, KBE, Chief Minister
The Hon. G. P. Lloyd, CMG, Chief Secretary

The Hon. Justin Lewis, CBE, QC, Attorney-General

The Hon. Ratu E. T. T. Cakobau, CBE, OBE (Mil), MC, ED, Minister of Labour The Hon. Vijay R. Singh, Minister for Commerce, Industry and Co-operatives The Hon. C. A. Stinson, OBE, Minister for Communications, Works and Tourism The Hon. D. W. Brown, MBE, Minister for Natural Resources

The Hon. J. Mavoa, Minister for Social Services

The Hon. K. S. Reddy, Assistant Minister for Social Services

The Hon. Ratu G. K. Cakobau, OBE, Minister for Fijian Affairs and Local Government The Hon. W. M. Barrett, Minister of Finance

Mr R. T. Sanders, Secretary to the Council of Ministers

MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

Speaker: The Hon. R. G. Q. Kermode

The Hon. Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, KBE, Chief Minister
The Hon. G. P. Lloyd, CMG, Chief Secretary

The Hon. Justin Lewis, CBE, QC, Attorney-General

Hon. The Ratu E. T. T. Cakobau, CBE, OBE (Mil.), MC, ED, Minister for Labour
The Hon. Vijay R. Singh, Minister for Commerce, Industry and Co-operatives
The Hon. C. A. Stinson, OBE, Minister for Communications, Works and Tourism
The Hon. K. S. Reddy, Assistant Minister for Social Services

The Hon. D. W. Brown, MBE, Minister for Natural Resources

The Hon. J. Mavoa, Minister for Social Services

The Hon. Ratu G. K. Cakobau, OBE, Minister for Fijian Affairs and Local Government
The. Hon. W. M. Barrett, Minister of Finance

The Hon. Ratu D. Toganivalu, Assistant Minister, Chief Minister's Office
The Hon. E. Vuakatagane, Assistant Minister for Commerce, Industry and

Co-operatives

The Hon. P. D. Naqasima, Assistant Minister for Communications,
Works and Tourism

The Hon. J. B. Naisara, Assistant Minister for Natural Resources
The Hon. J. N. Falvey, OBE, First General Member for Suva
The Hon. Adi Losalini Dovi, Second Council of Chiefs Member
The Hon. H. B. Gibson, OBE, General Member Northern
The Hon. A. Lateef, MBE, Indian Member Central
The Hon. Mrs B. C. Livingston, General Member Western
The Hon. S. S. Momoivalu, Fijian Member for Lomaiviti/Kadavu
The Hon. A. V. Sikivou, Fijian Member for Rewa/Suva
The Hon. Ratu J. B. Toganivalu, Fijian Member Western
The Hon. Ratu W. B. Toganivalu, Fijian Member for Tailevu
The Hon. S. N. Waqanivavalagi, Fijian Member for North-West Viti Levu
The Hon. R. H. Yarrow, JP, General Member for West Viti Levu
The Hon. H. W. W. Yee, Second General Member for Suva
The Hon. Dr W. L. Verrier, General Member Northern and Eastern
The Hon. S. M. Koya, Leader of the Opposition
The Hon. J. Madhavan, Indian Member for North-East Vanua Levu
The Hon. C. A. Shah, Indian Member for North-East Viti Levu
The Hon. Mrs I. Jai Narayan, Indian Member for Suva
The Hon. R. D. Patel, Indian Member for North-West Viti Levu
The Hon. K. C. Ramrakha, Indian Member for Tailevu/Rewa
The Hon. Ramjati Singh, Indian Member North-Eastern
The Hon. Ujagar Singh Indian Member for South Central Viti Levu.

CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT

Governor of Fiji: His Excellency Sir Robert Foster, KCMG
Secretary to the Governor: K. R. Bain

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF MINISTER
Secretary, Chief Minister's Office: R. T.
Sanders

Commissioner for Rural Development:
B. V. Davies

Public Relations Officer: A. Rawnsley
Director of Localisation and Training:
J. A. Williams, OBE

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY
Chief Secretary: G. P. Lloyd, CMG
Assistant Chief Secretary: H. Halstead
Controller of Organisation and Establish-
ment: A. J. Scott

Establishment Officer: V. D. Prasad

Commissioner, Northern Division: R. D.
Dodes (Acting)

Commissioner, Central Division: J. R.
Rabukawaqa, MBE, MVO

Commissioner, Eastern Division: J. B. Takala
Commissioner, Western Division: R. N.
Nair, MVO

Commissioner of Police: R. T. M. Henry,
MVO, OBE, QPM

Government Printer: J. C. Butler

Fiji Government Representative in Australia:
R. M. Major

CROWN LAW OFFICE

Attorney-General: Justin Lewis, CBE, CQC
Solicitor-General: D. McLoughlin
Principal Legal Draftsman: H. P. Smith
Registrar-General: A. D. S. Anderson
Registrar of Titles: M. T. Khan

MINISTRY OF FINANCE

Secretary for Finance: R. V. Cole

Deputy Secretary (Finance and Treasury):
B. J. Smith

Deputy Secretary (Economic and Develop-
ment): G. Singh (Acting)

Chief Accountant: D. B. Walcot
Comptroller of Customs: E. T. J. Mabbs
Commissioner of Inland Revenue: D. J.
Barnes, OBE

READING LIST

Controller of Government Supplies: R. H.
Baines

MINISTRY OF FIJIAN AFFAIRS AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Secretary, Fijian Affairs and Local Govern-
ment: P. France

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Secretary for Natural Resources: R. C. G.
Strick

Director of Agriculture: C. Walker
Conservator of Forests: G. Watkins
Director of Geological Survey: D. Green
Director of Lands, Mines and Survey:
R. H. Regnault

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL SERVICES
Secretary for Social Services: R. W. Baker
Director of Education: J. G. Rodger, CBE
Director of Medical Services: Dr C. H.
Gurd, CBE

Controller of Prisons: W. H. Morgan,
MBE, ED

Chief Social Development Officer: S. Lal

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS,
WORKS AND TOURISM

Secretary for Communications, Works and
Tourism: R. M. Jenkins MBE
Postmaster-General: K. E. Miles

Controller of Transport and Civil Aviation:
J. V. Verran, DFC

Director of Works: J. P. Barron

Director of Marine: Captain P. G. Hough

MINISTRY OF LABOUR

Secretary and Commissioner of Labour:
T. R. Vakatora

MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND
CO-OPERATIVES

Secretary for Commerce & Industry:

W. W. A. Miller

Secretary and Registrar of Co-operatives:
S. Nand

AUDIT DEPARTMENT

Director: K. A. W. Johnson, OBE

JUDICIARY

Chief Justice: Sir Clifford Hammett

Puisne Judges: R. Knox-Mawer; M. Tikaram

DERRICK, R. A. The Fiji Islands. Government Printer, Suva, Revised edition, 1957.

FURNAS, J. C. Anatomy of Paradise. Gollancz, London, 1950.

BELSHAW, Professor Cyril S. Under the Ivi Tree. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1964.

BURNS, Sir Alan. Fiji. H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1963.

Handbook of Fiji, 1965, edited and compiled by Judy Tudor. Pacific Publications Pty Ltd, Sydney.

DERRICK, R. A. A History of Fiji, which deals with the period up to 1874.
Government Printer, Suva.

LEGGE, J. D. Britain in Fiji, 1858-1880. Macmillan, London, 1958.

MILNER, G. B. Fijian Grammar. Government Printer, Suva, 1956.

SNOW, P. A. A Bibliography of Fiji, Tonga and Rotuma. University of
Miami Press.

THOMSON, Basil. The Fijians. Heineman, London, 1908.

T

THE GAMBIA

HE GAMBIA lies on the West Coast of Africa and is wholly bounded on

the landward side by Senegal. It consists of a rectangle 70 miles long and 30 miles broad covering the mouth of the Gambia River and the land on either side and a stripe of land 10 kilometres wide on each side of the river above this, extending, if measured in a straight line, for approximately 130 miles. The lower 290 miles of the Gambia river flow through the country from east to west. The Gambia lies between latitudes 13° and 14° N., and between longitudes 14° and 17° W., and occupies 4,003 square miles including river area.

The principal feature of The Gambia is the river, one of the finest waterways in Africa. Quite large ocean-going vessels of 26 feet draught can enter the port of Bathurst and smaller ocean-going vessels of 17 feet draught can sail 150 miles up-stream of Kuntaur.

The Gambia enjoys a cool, dry season from November until April, with temperatures which may fall as low as 58°F, but for the rest of the year it is hot and humid with mid-day temperatures as high as 110°F in Upper River Division. There is a rainy season from July to October; annual rainfall averages 45 inches a year at Yundum airport, 40 inches at Bathurst and 35 inches at Georgetown. The Gambia is divided into five divisions-Upper River Division, MacCarthy Island Division, Lower River Division, Western Division and North Bank Division. In addition Bathurst on the Island of St Mary, known also as Banjul Island, has its own form of local government and at the time of independence acquired city status.

The Divisions are divided into Districts. The administrative headquarters of the Divisions, at each of which is a Divisional Commissioner, are at Basse, Georgetown, Mansa Konko, Brikama and Kerewan respectively. There is an Assistant Divisional Commissioner for the North bank section of Lower River Division at Kerewan.

The growth of representative local government is fostered by the creation of Area Councils, of which there are six covering The Gambia.

The first complete census of the population of The Gambia was held in April 1963 and gave the following figures:

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In 1963 24,412 births and 13,288 deaths were registered. The population consists of a number of tribes, the most important of these being the Mandingo (128,807); Fula (42,723); Woloff (40,805); Jola (22,046); and Serahuli (21,318). In Bathurst the largest element is that of the Woloffs numbering 11,311. An influential community is that of the Akus (2,974), descended from detribalized Africans liberated in the early nineteenth century during the campaign against the slave trade.

The official language is English and all State education, both at primary and secondary level, is in English, but each tribe has its own language. The principal vernacular languages are Mandinka and Woloff. There are numerous Muslim schools in which Arabic is taught for the better understanding of the Koran. The Christian Mission schools are Anglican, Methodist and Roman Catholic. There are relatively few Christians outside the Bathurst area, and in the Provinces there are large numbers of Muslims and some sections of the population retain their original animist beliefs.

There are 94 Primary Schools with an enrolment figure, for the 1969/70 school year, of 16,867, of whom 11,853 were boys and 5,014 were girls. Primary education is free, but is not compulsory. Secondary education is provided by three Senior Secondary Schools in Bathurst and one in Georgetown, with an enrolment of 1,442, of whom 412 were girls; by 15 Junior Secondary Schools providing education up to Form 4. There were 2,967 pupils, of whom 685 were girls. There is a Teachers' Training College in Yundum with 136 students of whom 107 were men and 29 women, and a Vocational Training Centre in Bathurst. Literacy rate is not known: in English it is estimated at 15 per cent; in Arabic 20 per cent.

The principal sea port is at Bathurst with two Government-owned wharves for ocean-going vessels and a number of private jetties used mainly for the river trade. In 1969, 307 ocean-going ships, trawlers and yachts of a net registered tonnage of 734,841 tons called there.

Bathurst airport is at Yundum, 17 miles away from the town. The main runway is now 7,300 feet long. Internal communications are by road and river. There are 730 miles of motorable roads, of which 330 rank as all-season. There is no railway. Gambia Airways is a handling agency but owns no aircraft.

Bathurst port is served principally by ships of Elder Dempster Lines and other lines of the West African Shipping Conference (Palm Line, Guinea Gulf, Hoegh Line and Nigeria and Ghana national lines). Airlines flying scheduled services to Yundum airport are British United Airways, Ghana/Nigeria Airways pool service and Air Senegal.

The Gambian Broadcasting Service opened on 1st May 1962 and is known as Radio Gambia.

Well over 90 per cent of exports from The Gambia consists of groundnut products. The following table shows the exports during 1968/69:

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Imports in 1968/69 were valued at £9,268,673. The total exports for 1969/70 were valued at £7,381,000 and imports at £9,332,000. In addition to groundnuts, Gambia farmers grow sorghum, millet and rice, the latter having now superseded millet in most of The Gambia as the principal crop for local consumption.

The Government financial year runs from July to June. The budget of the 1969/70 financial year proposed an expenditure of £3.6m. and revenue of £3·1m., the balance to be made up by surpluses from the 1968/69 account. The Development Programme to cover the four years from 1st July 1967 to 30th June 1971 proposes expenditure of up to £5 million, of which aid from Britain will account for £3.2 million in the form of an interest-free loan repayable over 25 years. In the Development Programme emphasis is being laid on agriculture and communications. The estimates for 1970/71 are: expenditure £4,038,350; revenue £3,793,100.

The Gambia Government contributes towards the following Commonwealth Institutions:

The Rothamstead Experimental Station

The Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau and Associated Activities.

The Committee of Information Phytosanitary Convention

The Commonwealth Forestry Association

The International African Migratory Locust Organisation

The West African Institute of Oil Palm Research

The United Nations Desert Locust Project

The Tropical Diseases Bureau

The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

The British Leprosy Relief Association

The British Tuberculosis Association

The Commonwealth Broadcasting Conference

The Gambia's National Day is on 18th February, Independence Day.

HISTORY

The banks of the Gambia River have been inhabited for many centuries and a number of stone circles of ancient origin exist, but there is insufficient archaeological or written evidence to throw much light on the early history of the country.

During the fifth to eighth centuries A.D. most of the Sene-Gambian area was part of the empire of Ghana, whose rulers were of the Serahuli tribe, still strongly represented in The Gambia, and had their seat north of the Upper Niger (not in the country now known as 'Ghana', of which only a small sector was an outlying part of the empire). The Ghana empire was gradually superseded by the kingdom of the Songhais, based on the bend of the Niger south of Timbuktu. The Songhai rulers were also of the Serahuli tribe. They became Muslims and vigorously promoted Islam.

About the thirteenth century A.D. tribes of Mandingo and Susus from the Futa Jallon plateau of Guinea shook off Songhai rule and established themselves in what is now Mali, from Bamako to Timbuktu. They assumed overlordship over the whole Gambia basin. What is now The Gambia was then probably mainly inhabited by Woloffs on the north bank and by Jolas on the south bank. The Mali rulers' names, Keita and Sonko, are still prominent names among Gambian Mandingos.

The Mali empire declined by about A.D. 1500 and its Mandingo leaders retired to their former lands in Futa Jallon, but they held influence over Gambia as recently as the early eighteenth century. Later in that century the area was

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