TAMIL NADU The State of Madras was re-named Tamil Nadu in 1968 and comprises the large Tamil-speaking remnant of the former Province of Madras. In 1953 it lost its northern areas to Andhra and in 1956 some of its western districts to Mysore and Kerala. It acquired, however, in 1956 a small Tamil-speaking portion of Travancore-Cochin. Its area is about 50,000 square miles and its population about 37 million. The State capital is Madras. The Dravida Munnetre Kazhagam form the State Government. Governor: Sardar Ujjal Singh Chief Minister: Karunanidhi UTTAR PRADESH The State of Uttar Pradesh comprises the former United Provinces and the Princely States of Benares, Tehri-Garhwal and Rampur. Its boundaries were unaffected by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Its principal language is Hindi. Its area is about 113,000 square miles and its population is about 82 million. The State capital is Lucknow. The State Government is a coalition of the regional BKD and the Congress Party (Ruling). Governor: B. Gopala Reddy WEST BENGAL The State of West Bengal comprises the western part of the former Bengal Province and the Princely State of Cooch Behar. Under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, it was enlarged to include certain contiguous areas of Bihar. Its principal language is Bengali. Its area is about 34,000 square miles and its population about 40 million. The State capital is Calcutta. The State is under President's Rule which was imposed in March 1970. Governor: B. S. Dhawan DELHI The Territory of Delhi (formerly a Part C State) comprises the cities of Old and New Delhi and the area immediately surrounding them. Its area is 573 square miles and its population about 3.5 million. Lieutenant-Governor: A. N. Jha Chief Executive Counsellor: V. K. Malhotra Chief Secretary: S. C. Verma HIMACHAL PRADESH The Territory of Himachal Pradesh (formerly a Part C State) comprises a number of former Princely States in the Punjab Hill area, plus six districts formerly belonging to the Punjab but allotted to Himachal when the Punjab was reorganised in 1966. The territory's area is about 19,500 square miles and its population about 2.5 million. Its capital is Simla. Lieutenant-Governor: Lt.-General K. Bahadur Singh Chief Secretary: K. N. Channa MANIPUR The Territory of Manipur was formerly a Princely State and then a Part C State of the same name. Its area is about 8,600 square miles and its population is about 950,000. Its capital is Imphal. The Congress Party form the Government. Chief Commissioner: B. Prasad Chief Minister: M. Koireng Singh TRIPURA The Territory of Tripura was formerly a Princely State and then a Part C State of the same name. Its area is about 4,000 square miles and its population about 130,000. Its capital is Agartala. Administrator: D. K. Bhattacharya THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS This chain of islands, with an area of 3,215 square miles, lies in the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal about 800 miles to the east and south-east of Madras. The total population is about 78,000 of whom two thirds are to be found in the Andamans, where the majority live within a radius of 15 miles of Port Blair, the capital. Chief Commissioner: H. S. Bhutalia THE LACCADIVE, MINICOY AND AMINDIVI ISLANDS This group of very small islands lies between 100 and 200 miles off the southwest coast of India. The islands were, prior to 1956, administered by the State of Madras. The total area of the group is 11 square miles and the population about 26,000. The Administrative Headquarters is at Kozhikode (formerly known as Calicut) in Kerala. Administrator: C. H. Naire DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI The area became a Union Territory, under the terms of the Constitution (Tenth) Amendment Act, 1961, on the 11th August 1961. It has an area of 189 square miles, and a population of 65,000. Administrator: K. R. Damle GOA, DAMAN AND DIU Goa, Daman and Diu became a Territory of the Indian Union according to the provisions of the Constitution (Twelfth) Amendment Act, 1962. In the General Elections held in December 1963 the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak obtained a majority in the Goa Assembly, and now form the Government. The territory has a total area of 1,431 square miles (Goa 1,394 square miles) and the population is 660,000 of which some 600,000 live in Goa. Lieutenant-Governor: Nakul Sen PONDICHERRY The Government of India, in agreement with the Government of France, took over the administration of the French Establishments in India (Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahe) in 1954, and a Treaty ceding these territories to India was signed in 1956 and ratified by the French Assembly in 1962. The total area is 186 square miles and the population 410,000. The former French settlements now form one Territory of the Union under the collective name of Pondicherry. The area of the Himalayan State of Sikkim is 2,745 square miles and its population, enumerated in the 1961 census of India, 161,080. Its capital is Gangtok. The State is a protectorate of India. The Government of India is responsible for its external relations, defence and communications, while as regards internal government the State enjoys autonomy, subject to the ultimate responsibility of the Government of India for the maintenance of good administration and law and order. BHUTAN The State of Bhutan, near the eastern end of India's Himalayan frontier, is in treaty relations with the Government of India, under which, while the Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of the State, the Government of Bhutan agree to be guided by the Government of India's advice in regard to external affairs. Its area is about 18,000 square miles and its population about 300,000. The capital is Thimpu. Prefixes to Indian names TITLES IN INDIA Indian prefixes (to be used instead of, and not in addition to, Mr, Mrs, and Miss) are for men, Shri; for married women, Shrimati; and for unmarried women, Kumari. In the case of Sikhs the prefixes are Sardar, Sardarni and Biba respectively. The suffix ji' is frequently added to Indian names as a term of respect. This can either be to the first name (Indíraji) or to the last name (Gandhiji). Indian Honours There are four awards given for eminent public service: Titles 1 Bharat Ratna 2 Padma Vibhushan 3 Padma Bhushan 4 Padma Shri Under the Indian Constitution, 'no title, not being a military or academic distinction shall be conferred by the State'. Titles received before Independence, or hereditary titles, may be retained, but they are not used in official communications. JAMAICA AMAICA lies between longitudes 76° 11′ W. and 78° 21′ W. and between latitudes 17° 43′ N. and 18° 32′ N. The name is derived from the aboriginal Cuba, 445 miles north of Cartagena and 540 miles from Colon. The island's greatest length is 146 miles and its greatest width about 51 miles, and with an area of more than 4,400 square miles it is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Kingston. Jamaica is mountainous; the main range runs from east to west, with numerous subsidiary ranges, some parallel to the main range, others spreading out north-west and south-east from it. The highest point is Blue Mountain Peak (7,402 feet), in the east of the island. From these mountains a number of streams flow to the north and south shores, but none is navigable except the Black River, and that only for small craft. The island is indented with many bays and harbours, notable among which are Port Antonio at the eastern end, Montego Bay at the western end of the north coast, and Kingston on the south side of the island. Jamaica has a tropical climate of considerable variety. On the coast, high daytime temperatures (maximum 94° F., minimum 70° F.) are usually mitigated by sea breezes, while in the uplands of the interior the altitude brings a refreshing drop in humidity and temperature, particularly at night (maximum 81° F., minimum 43°F.). The island lies in the hurricane zone, and although the last hurricane to hit the island severely was in 1951 a number have threatened Jamaica since then. Lying close to the course of 'Flora', the hurricane of 1963, the island suffered great damage from floods and heavy rains. Most of Jamaica has a good rainfall, Kingston 60-35 inches, Port Antonio 153-83 inches representing respectively low and high rainfall areas, and although rain occurs at all times of the year, it is heaviest in May and from August to November. The population at the census of 7th April 1960 was 1,613,148 and the estimated population at the end of 1969 was 1,972,130. The population of the main towns on 7th April 1960 was: Kingston and St Andrew (Metropolitan Area), 378,518; Montego Bay, 23,471; Spanish Town, 14,439; May Pen, 14,214. The birth-rate in 1969 was 33.1 per 1,000 and the death-rate 7.2 per 1,000. In 1963 76.3 per cent of the population were of African descent, 15.1 per cent of Afro-European, 1.7 per cent of Indian (mainly from South India), 0-8 per cent of European and 0-6 per cent of Chinese descent. The main language is English and religion is mainly Christian with 317,600 Anglicans, 306,000 Baptists, 191,200 Church of God, 115,300 Roman Catholics, 107,900 Methodists and 82,700 Presbyterians. Primary education is free but not yet compulsory. About 10 per cent of the total school population receive secondary education. The literacy figure is approximately 59 per cent. For administrative purposes the island is divided into three counties (Surrey, Middlesex and Cornwall) and fourteen parishes. The main seaports with tonnages for 1967 are as follows: Kingston, 2,288,635 landed, 424,806 shipped; Montego Bay, 55,941 landed, 37,668 shipped; Port Antonio 6,640 landed, 56,173 shipped; other ports 425,919 landed, 9,842,438 (mainly bauxite) shipped. Jamaica has international airports at Palisadoes, 11 miles from Kingston (length of runway 7,600 feet), and at Montego Bay (length of runway 8,500 feet), three miles from the town. The principal airline is Air Jamaica Ltd. The principal shipping lines are Jamaica Banana Producers Steamship Co., Ltd., and J. S. Webster & Sons, Ltd. There are 205 miles of standard gauge railway and road mileage is 2,682. There are two broadcasting companies in the country: the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation and Radio Jamaica Limited. The Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation provides television facilities. The main agricultural products are sugar, rum and molasses, bananas and citrus fruit. Jamaica is the largest exporter of bauxite in the world. The deposits are worked by five American and one Canadian companies; the latter and one other processing bauxite into alumina. The most recent to start production May, 1969, is the Alpart Consortium, comprising Reynolds Metal Co., the Kaiser Aluminium & Chemicals Corporation and the Anaconda Company of the United States. Output is estimated to be approaching one million tons and the plant has approximately doubled Jamaica's alumina capacity and made her after the United States, the second largest producer of alumina in the Western World. An interesting addition to the industry is an American Company, which is to operate on second grade deposits only. Gypsum is also mined. Cement is manufactured locally. The main exports in 1969 were bauxite, £24,210,341; sugar and sugar preparations, £15,405,194; alumina, £35,112,739; bananas, £6,234,557; rum, £902,829; tobacco products, £1,053,732; citrus products, £2,675,974. Total exports in 1969 were £103,497,792 and total imports £184,696,868. For the year 1969/70 Government revenue is estimated at £106,000,000 and expenditure at £113,000,000. Development continues apace with Government schemes for schools, hospitals, water supply and tourist facilities and the private sector concentrating on industry, services, port facilities, hotels and houses. National Day, Independence Day, which is celebrated on the first Monday in August, commemorates the achievement of Independence on 6th August 1962. HISTORY When Columbus discovered Jamaica on 4th May 1494 he found it peopled by Arawak Indians, estimated to number some 60,000. No pre-Arawak remains have been found, and it would appear that Jamaica was uninhabited before about A.D. 1000. Columbus took possession of the island in the name of the King and Queen of Spain, but it was not until Juan de Esquivel was appointed the first Governor in 1509 that European occupation began. The island became a fief held on special terms by the descendants of Columbus as Marquises of Jamaica; but it was never a large or flourishing colony and served little more than as a supply base for expeditions to the mainland. The first capital at Sevilla Nueva near the modern St Anne's Bay was soon abandoned in favour of Villa de la Vega, on the site of the present Spanish Town. Under the Spanish the Arawak Indians died out and had disappeared entirely by the time the English arrived. It was in 1655 that an English expedition under Admirals Penn and Venables, after failing in their objective of capturing Hispaniola, landed at Passage Fort on 10th May. They met with little resistance, Villa de la Vega falling quickly, but Spanish guerrillas held out in the interior until 1660 when the Spanish Governor and his followers escaped to Cuba. They took with them most of the slaves whom they had imported from Africa; but some of these remained in the fastnesses of the interior, forming the nucleus of what were later known as the Maroons. General Edward D'Oyley was appointed the first civil Governor in 1661 and was succeeded the following year by Lord Windsor, who brought with him a Royal Proclamation giving the people of Jamaica the rights of citizens of England and the right to make their own laws. Although Port Royal was the first capital, in 1664 much of the administration was removed to Spanish Town, where the first House of Assembly, comprising 23 freeholders, met on 20th January that year. During the early years colonisation was slow, although the population was |