elsewhere. KiSwahili is the most important language, being the lingua franca of the semi-literate and educated sections and generally understood throughout the country. English is also fairly widely understood. Gujarati and Urdu are used by many of the Asian population. The official language is English but there is a proposal to introduce KiSwahili by 1974. Newspapers are published in English and in Kiswahili and broadcasts are made in the same languages; there are also some programmes in other African languages.

Christianity is the predominant religion, there being in 1962 approximately 2,896,900 Protestants and 1,756,800 Roman Catholics. There are 309,100 Muslims, but this figure excludes the Somalis and those Africans in the north who are members of the Sunni sect. Among the Asian community there are Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Muslims and Ismailis (followers of H.H. the Aga Khan), but the Goans are Roman Catholics.

Although the Government's long term objective of universal free primary education has not yet been achieved in Kenya, considerable advances have been made in recent years and it is estimated that over 60 per cent of those in the 7-13 age group are now attending primary school. Enrolment in primary schools rose from 891,553 in 1963 to approximately 1,278,850 in 1969, when there were 6,132 primary schools in existence. Secondary schools increased in number from 142 in 1962 to 708 in 1969. Secondary enrolment (excluding technical schools) was 114,567 in 1969 divided between Government aided schools and unaided schools, including 'Harambee' self-help schools. Enrolment in teacher training colleges was 7,145 in the same year. It is estimated that about 30 per cent of the total population are literate.

The University College, Nairobi, is a constituent college of the University of East Africa, but will become an autonomous university this year. There were 1,500 Kenyan students studying in East Africa in the academic year 1968/69 and a further 2,000 studying in other countries. The College comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Engineering, Veterinary Science, Architecture, Commerce, Medicine, and newly established Faculties of Building Economics and Home Economics. There is also an Institute of Adult Sciences which forms part of the University College.

The Kenya Government's Development Plan, 1970-74, does not envisage any dramatic changes in the scope and execution of health services but rather a general improvement in the standard of services through more effective coordination and consolidation of existing units and a steady increase in facilities, especially in rural and pastoral areas of the country. Work began, however in 1969 on a major extension to the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, to provide an additional 1,100 beds and facilities for the Medical School. Work on the first phase of this project, in which the clinical teaching facilities are being established, is expected to be completed by February 1971. The number of hospital beds in Kenya, including maternity beds, totalled about 13,600 in 1967 and it is expected that this will increase to 16,000 by 1974. Development expenditure on health services over the Plan period is estimated at K£19-6 m. and recurrent costs K£43 m.

Kenya is divided into seven Provinces and the Nairobi Extra Provincial District, comprising Nairobi and its environs. The Provinces are: Central, Coast, North-Eastern; Eastern; Western; Nyanza; and Rift Valley.

The capital of the country is Nairobi with a population of approximately 478,000 (1969 census) which is increasing at approximately six per cent per

annum. The principal cities and towns with racial population figures based on the 1962 census are:

The main port is Mombasa, which has 14 operational deep-water berths with extensions now under construction. Net registered tonnage in 1968 was 8,002,000 and the port is served by many steamship companies. Other ports of importance to the dhow traffic from India and the Arabian Peninsula are Lamu and Malindi. There is considerable traffic in livestock between Lamu and Mombasa. The Kenya shipping line, Southern Line, operates in East African waters carrying cargo to and from Mombasa, and the recently established East African Shipping Line is at present operating four cargo vessels between Europe and East African ports.

The principal international airport is Nairobi (Embakasi) (runway 13,500 feet), 8 miles from Nairobi. There is a small airport nearer Nairobi at Wilson, with a runway length of 4,800 feet, 3 miles from the city centre. Mombasa has an airport 4 miles from the town, with a 6,200 feet runway. The airport at Kisumu is two miles from the town, and has 6,000 feet of runway. Extensions are planned to both Nairobi and Mombasa airports. The principal local airlines are: The East African Airways Corporation; Safari Air Services Limited; Wilken Air Services Limited; and Caspair Limited.

There are about 1,270 miles of railway laid in Kenya, with a narrow gauge of 3 ft. 3 in. The railway in Kenya forms part of the East African railway system. The tonnage of public railway traffic amounted to 5,196,000 in 1968 and 4,719,000 passengers were carried during the same period. No separate figures exist for Kenya. There are about 27,500 miles of roads in Kenya, of which 1,740 miles are bitumen surfaced. Of the remaining 25,000 miles some are only tracks suitable for four-wheel-drive traffic.

Broadcasting services are provided by the 'Voice of Kenya' which is Government controlled. All production emanates from Nairobi at present and is boosted by 28 transmitting stations. Broadcasts are made in English, KiSwahili, twelve African vernaculars, Somali and Hindustani. T.V. broadcasting (government controlled) opened in 1962. Depite difficult reception conditions T.V. coverage extends over a considerable area around Nairobi as far west as Kisumu. Plans are in hand to establish television on the Coast, and television programmes will begin at the coast during 1970.

The economy of Kenya is essentially agricultural but secondary industry is being encouraged. The principal exports during 1968 were: coffee (K£12,807,962); tea (K£10,014,063); petroleum products (K£6,110,788); maize unmilled (K£4,774,293); meat products (K£3,025,855); pyrethrum flowers, powder and extract (K£3,040,339); hides and skins (K£1,671,355); sisal (K£1,832,033);

wattle bark extract (K£1,134,085); soda ash (K£1,132,238); and cement (K£1,174,283).

Britain is Kenya's major trading partner, taking in 1969 K£14,859,861 (28 per cent) of her exports and supplying K£36,109,618 (33 per cent) of her imports. Britain's principal imports from Kenya are tea, sisal, coffee, meat preparations, fruit and vegetables; main exports to Kenya are transport equipment, machinery, metals and chemicals.

For the year 1969/70, the net appropriations in aid on the Government appropriation account show an estimated total revenue of K£97,044,000 and estimated total expenditure of K£96,166,000.

Details of the National Power Development Plan (1966-1986) have been published, under which electric power potential would rise from 135 MW (1967) to 853 MW. At 1966 prices this will cost some K£170 million of which K£70 million can be attributed to the cost of building generating stations on the Tana River.

Kenya's mining industry has not yet been greatly developed. Total production of all minerals in 1968 was valued at K£2.4 million, the principal products being soda ash, salt and gold. Geological exploration is continuing, and deposits of lead, silver, fluorite and rare earths show prospects of becoming economically exploitable. Extensive surveys in the search for oil have taken place, and although no 'strikes' have been announced, expenditure on this is expected to continue at the rate of £1 m. per annum for the next few years.

At the end of 1967 Kenya's forest land covered 4,266,000 acres, of which the plantation area accounted for 241,000 acres. Exotic softwoods cover 196,016 acres, excotic hardwoods 23,253 acres, indigenous softwoods 11,436 acres and indigenous hardwoods 9,596 acres. A pulp and paper mill is projected at Broderick Falls in the Western Province. Plantations of softwood species are being developed to support the industry and forest roads are under construction.

Tourism is Kenya's fastest growing industry, and is rapidly overtaking coffee as the country's principal foreign exchange earner. The number of holiday visitors to Kenya totalled over 150,000 in 1968 (a rise of 17,000 on the 1967 total) and receipts from tourism were estimated at about K£15 million. The 1970-74 Development Plan anticipates further expenditure on the development of the industry of about £14 m., and hopes that gross foreign exchange earnings will rise to £36.5 m. in 1974.

Republic Day, 12th December, celebrates both the attainment of Independence and the adoption of a republican constitution in 1964. Kenyatta Day, 20th October, being the anniversary of the detention of President Kenyatta in 1952, is now a day of celebration as a day for re-dedication to the service of the nation. Madaraka Day on 1st June is also a public holiday to mark the anniversary of Kenya's internal self-government.

PRE-INDEPENDENCE HISTORY

Apart from knowledge of successive tribal migrations, little information is available regarding the early history of Kenya's interior. The coastal area has, however, been known for at least 2,000 years to Arabian merchants, who during the 7th century A.D. began to settle it with trading posts. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Malindi, at the mouth of the Sabaki River, in 1498, after sailing round the Cape, and was welcomed by the Sultan. Subsequently the Portuguese established trading posts and gained for a time a monopoly

of coastal trading. The Arabs appealed for help and their kinsmen from Oman drove out the Portuguese; Fort Jesus, in Mombasa, being taken in 1698. Although all important Portuguese possessions had gone by 1740, stability did not return to the coast until the rule of Seyyid Said (1806-1856).

The interior remained largely unknown to the West until the arrival of the first explorers in the middle of the 19th century.

Following German interest in East Africa, Britain and Germany concluded an agreement in 1886 regarding their respective spheres of influence. Britain was not, however, prepared to intervene directly, so in 1887 the British East Africa Association obtained from the Sultan of Zanzibar a concession of the mainland between the Umba and Tana Rivers. In 1888 the Imperial British East Africa Company was incorporated under Royal Charter.

Difficulties of administration in, and communication with, Uganda led to the construction of a railway linking the port of Mombasa with Kisumu on Lake Victoria. Construction commenced in 1895, and Kisumu was reached by 1901. During 1895 a Protectorate was declared over what is now Kenya and Uganda, the properties of the Imperial British East Africa Company being bought up.

European settlement took place between 1897 and the start of the First World War, following a survey made by Lord Delamere. Conditions of land alienation were laid down in 1902. There was also a large influx of Asians, in particular to work on the construction of the railway.

In 1905 the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office, and a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and Legislative and Executive Councils, were appointed in 1906. The Protectorate developed steadily prior to the First World War, settlement making good progress and exports of coffee, wool and wheat seemed promising.

The Germans in East Africa took the offensive at the start of the First World War, and penetrated Kenya's southern border. The British forces, under General Smuts, counter-attacked in 1916 and by the end of 1917 had driven the Germans out of the area.

Many more settlers arrived after the War, special schemes being launched for ex-soldiers. The early 1920s were marked by financial and economic crises, and Kenya was still on the road to recovery when the effects of the world depression of the early 1930s were felt. Economically, the story of the later 1930s is one of gradual recovery.

The defence forces in Kenya were strengthened after the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1936. Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, and British forces, under General Cunningham, took the offensive in 1941. Italian resistance in East Africa ceased when Gondar fell in November 1941.

Between October 1952 and January 1960 a State of Emergency existed, during the period of the Mau Mau uprising.

After a final constitutional conference in September 1963 at which it was agreed that Kenya would assume sovereignty over the coastal strip, previously subject to the sovereignty of Zanzibar, Kenya became a sovereign independent Member of the Commonwealth on 12th December 1963. On 12th December 1964 Kenya became a Republic within the Commonwealth with Mr Kenyatta as its first President.

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The first Legislative and Executive Councils were appointed in 1906, following

the transfer of the Protectorate from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office.

After the First World War, controversy raged over the question of representation on the Legislative Council. In 1919 the number of Nominated Unofficial Europeans was increased from four to eleven and an elective basis established. The grant of the franchise to Europeans called forth a demand from the more numerous Indian community for equal privileges on a common roll with educational qualifications. The matter was resolved by the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 which granted the Indians five seats on a communal basis and also made provision for an Arab Elected Member and a Nominated Unofficial Member to represent African interests. The settlement was accepted by the Europeans, but the Indians launched a campaign of non-co-operation and did not fill the full number of seats allotted to them until the 1930s. A second Unofficial Member was later nominated to represent African interests.

Further constitutional changes took place after the Second World War. Mr Eliud Mathu was nominated in 1944 as the first African to represent his people on the Legislative Council, and a reorganisation of government in 1945 grouped the main departments under Members of the Executive Council.

Constitutional changes proposed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Mr Griffiths, were brought into force in 1951. The appointment of ten Nominated Members of the Legislative Council raised the numbers of the 'government' side from sixteen to twenty-six. At the same time the number of European Elected Members was raised from eleven to fourteen, of Asian Elected Members from five to six, of African Representative Members from four to six, with Arabs having one Representative and one Elected Member.

In 1954 a new constitution was introduced. It provided for a Council of Ministers, exercising collective responsibility, to consist of the Governor, the Deputy Governor, six Official, six Unofficial and two Nominated Members. The Government was reformed on this basis, the six Unofficial Ministers consisting of three European Elected Members, two Asians and one African Representative Member. Three Parliamentary Secretaries were appointed, two Africans and one Arab. At a later date the Governor appointed the Liwali for the Coast as his Personal Adviser on Arab Affairs, and the Liwali was admitted to meetings of the Council of Ministers.

Further changes took place in 1956, when the six Representative African Members were replaced by eight Elected Members. The first African elections took place in March 1957, but deadlock ensued when the African Minister was defeated and none of the newly-elected Members were prepared to accept office. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Mr Lennox-Boyd, held talks in Nairobi in November 1957 with the various groups involved. As agreement did not seem possible, the European and Asian Elected Ministers resigned and the Secretary of State came to the conclusion that the 1954 Constitution had become unworkable.

Following new proposals by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, the number of African Elected Members in the Legislative Council was increased from eight to fourteen. Elections for these new seats were held in March 1958. The Kenya Constitution Order in Council 1958, which came into force on 5th April, created Specially Elected Seats in the Legislative Council and set up a Council of State, designed to protect communities from harmful discriminatory legislation. Certain changes were made to the 1958 Constitution in December