office unless Parliament petitions his removal on the grounds of incompetence or misconduct. The President personally makes senior appointments in the public service, but he is empowered to delegate to the Public Service Commission appointments to any other class of public services. Similarly, the President has the power to make or terminate all appointments in the armed forces, but he may delegate these powers to any member of the armed forces. The President may issue a Proclamation enabling him to take emergency measures. The Constitution may only be amended by a majority of at least two-thirds of all Members of Parliament. Unlike some other Republics, Malawi does not have a Vice-President or Prime Minister. The Republic Constitution, unlike its predecessor, contains no Bill of Rights. HISTORICAL LIST GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIME MINISTER PRESIDENT GOVERNMENT As a result of the change to republican status, new elections were held in 1966. 50 candidates were returned on the general roll and 5 were nominated by the President to represent minority interests. As Malawi is a one-party state, all 50 general-roll candidates belong to that party, the Malawi Congress Party. THE PRESIDENT Works & Supplies) CABINET Minister of Local Government: The Hon. G. E. Ndema, MP Minister of State: The Hon. A. A. Muwalo Minister of Education: The Hon. M. M. Lungu, MP Minister of Labour: The Hon. R. J. Sembereka, MP PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES Ministry of Trade and Industry: J. W. Gwenge, MP NATIONAL ASSCMBLY Speaker: The Hon. I. K. Surtee Clerk of Parliament: C. K. M. Mfune JUDICIARY Puisne Judges: AUDIT DEPARTMENT MINISTRIES AND GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT AND CABINET MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Chief Education Officer: (vacant) MINISTRY OF HEALTH Permanent Secretary: R. P. Chisala Under Secretary (Development): R. B. S. Under Secretary: H. Y. S. Dickson Purdy MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND TOURISM Permanent Secretary: (vacant) Director of Information: D.C. van der Spuy Director of Tourism: J. Ludlow MBE MINISTRY OF LABOUR OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (JUSTICE) Permanent Secretary: C. V. B. Munthali Attorney-General: B. C. Roberts, CMG, QC Labour Adviser: H. R. G. Hurst Solicitor-General and Secretary for Justice: MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT D. R. Barwick Permanent Secretary: N. N. P. Thindwa Director for Public Prosecution: L. A. Under Secretary: P. N. Hawker, MBE Chatsikah Director of Antiquities and Culture: P. A. Cole-King Director, Department of Archives: J. D. C. Permanent Secretary: J. R. Ngwiri Drew Chief of Protocol: G. L. Lungu MINISTRY OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY Permanent Secretary: F. P. Kalilombe Commissioner for Industrial Development: MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS Accountant General: R. G. A. Parvin Commissioner of Taxes: G. W. Brake, DFC Permanent Secretary: G. A. Jaffu Controller of Customs and Excise: B. D. Director of Civil Aviation: S. W. F. Palmer, D'Urban Jackson DFC Road Traffic Commissioner: K. M. Luwani Postmaster-General: R. E. Raby MINISTRY OF WORKS AND SUPPLIES Permanent Secretary: P. Bannister, OBE Secretary for Works and Supplies: E. G. Deputy Secretary: J. Evans Richards Director of Forestry and Game: B. R. Fuller, Deputy Secretary: J. S. Pullinger, OBE, GM MBE Director of Buildings: R. J. King Director of Geological Survey: F. Habgood Director of Roads: H. G. Brind Commissioner for Lands: (vacant) Director of Plant and Vehicles: C. H. A. Director of Surveys: R. A. Minchell Lane DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION MALAWI REPRESENTATION IN OTHER COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES Malawi REPRESENTATION IN NON-COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES Ethiopia; W. Germany; United States (Ambassadors); Holy See; Belgium; The Netherlands; Portugal (Ambassador) (resident in London); Austria; Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Switzerland (Ambassador) (resident in Bad Godesberg); Israel (Ambassador) (resident in Addis Ababa); United Nations (Permanent Representative); South Africa (Chargé d'Affaires). COMMONWEALTH HIGH COMMISSIONERS Israel, Germany, Portugal, Germany (AmIN MALAWI bassadors); Norway, Austria, Switzerland, Britain: T. S. Tull, cbe, DSo; India: M. M. Japan, Korea (Ambassadors) (resident in Khurana; Botswana: G. Ć. Motlhasedi Nairobi); Sweden, Holy See, The Nether(resident in Lusaka). lands, Italy (Ambassadors) (resident in Lusaka); Belgium (Ambassador) (resident in NON-COMMONWEALTH REPRESENTATION Bujumbura); South Africa (Chargé IN MALAWI d'Affaires); United Nations (Resident France, United States, Republic of China, Representative). MALAYSIA M ALAYSIA is a federation consisting of the eleven States of West Malaysia, namely Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor and Trengganu and the two States of East Malaysia, namely Sabah and Sarawak. The States of West Malaysia are situated in that part of the Malay Peninsula which lies to the south of the Isthmus of Kra between latitudes 1° and 7° North and longitudes 100° and 105° East. They are bordered on the north by Thailand, on the west by the Straits of Malacca, on the east by the South China Sea and to the south by Singapore. The States of East Malaysia are situated on the North and West Coasts of Northern Borneo being bounded by the South China Sea to the West, the Sulu and Celebes Sea to the East and Indonesia to the South. The British protected state of Brunei is an enclave within Sarawak. Sabah lies between latitudes 4° and 7° North and longitudes 115° and 120° East, while Sarawak lies between latitudes 1° and 5° North and longitudes 109° and 116° East. The total area of Malaysia is about 128,308 square miles, divided as follows: Sq. miles 50,670 77,638 Malaysia includes a number of islands, none of which is far distant from its shores. In addition to the large island of Penang, the most important are the Langkawi Islands off the coast of Kedah, the Pangkor Islands off the coast of Perak, and the Tioman Islands administered by Pahang and Labuan off the coast of Sabah. The greater part of Malaysia is covered by dense tropical jungle, the only generally cleared areas being in the west and northeast of West Malaysia and along the principal river valleys. Large areas of Pahang are gradually being cleared. In West Malaysia the mountain range runs along the spine of the country from the north-west to the south-east, the highest mountain being Gunong Tahan (7,186 feet). The main rivers are the Perak and the Pahang. In Sabah the central range rises to heights of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet and culminates in Mount Kinabalu (13,455 feet), the highest mountain in the region. The principal river is the Kinabatangan. The highest mountain in Sarawak is Murud (7,950 feet), and the main river the Rejang. Both West and East Malaysia are open to maritime influences and are subject to the interplay of the wind systems which originate in the India Ocean and the South China Sea. The year is divided into the south-west and north-east monsoon seasons which in time correspond roughly with the summer and winter of northern latitudes. In West Malaysia the months between the two monsoon periods are generally the wettest, though on the east coast the period of the north-east monsoon brings the greatest amount of rain. In Sarawak, from the beginning of October until nearly the end of February, the north-east monsoon brings heavy rainfall, particularly in the coastal belt. From April to July there is a mild south-east monsoon and during the period rainfall often occurs in the form of afternoon thunderstorms. In Sabah the north-east monsoon lasts from late November and December until March and April, and the southwest monsoon from May to August with interim periods of indeterminate winds between the two monsoons. On the west coast the wetter seasons occur during the south-west monsoon period and the interim periods, while on the east coast the heaviest rainfall occurs during the north-east monsoon. Humidity is generally high. Throughout Malaysia average daily temperature varies from about 21°C (70°F) to 32°C (90°F) though in higher areas temperatures are lower and vary more widely. In the Cameron Highlands in Pahang the extreme temperatures recorded are 26.5C (79°F) and 2°C (36°F). Rainfall averages about 100 inches throughout the year, though the annual fall varies from place to place and from year to year. The driest part of West Malaysia is Jelebu in Negri Sembilan with an average of 65 inches, and the wettest place Maxwell's Hill in Perak with 198 inches a year. A large area of Sarawak receives between 120 and 160 inches of rain. In Sabah rainfall varies from 60 to 160 inches. Malaysia is a multi-racial state. The principal racial groups are the Malays, the Chinese and various communities from the Indian sub-continent and Ceylon. Other numerically significant groups are: the indigenous races of Sarawak and Sabah, of whom the Dayaks, Kadazans (Dusuns), Bajaus, Melanaus and Muruts are the most numerous; the aboriginal peoples who live in West Malaysia; Europeans and Eurasians. The population is increasing rapidly and at the end of 1968 was estimated to be: SARAWAK 52,161 264,467 77,478 168,024 305,619 55,771 923,520 Total 10,402,180 Actual population figures at the time of the last census were: West Malaysia (1957)—6,279,000; Sabah (1960)-454,000; Sarawak (1960)744,000, making a total of 7,477,000. The birth and death rates for the year 1966 were 34:1 per 1,000 and 6.1 per 1,000 respectively. A census is to be conducted in 1970, and preliminary results should be available by mid-1971. The languages mainly spoken are Malay, English, Chinese (various dialects) and Tamil. There are a few indigenous tongues spoken widely in East Malaysia. Hokkien and Cantonese are the main Chinese dialects. The national language of Malaysia is Malay and since 1967 it has also been the sole official language in West Malaysia, although English is still permitted in some fields (such as the law). English will remain an official language in East Malaysia until at least 1973. Islam is the religion of Malaysia, but Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism and Christianity are also widely practised. Six years of primary education are given free at public expense to all children throughout Malaysia. In West Malaysia they receive at least three years secondary schooling as well. The percentage of children attending secondary schools in East Malaysia has increased rapidly and in Sabah, enrolment is now 150,000 of which over 25,000 are new secondary schools. The following is a list of the States and their capitals with estimated population Total population 1,316,772 936,825 648,554 416,795 517,451 431,747 761,194 1,656,985 118,987 Kota Kinabalu (estimated 1969) 640,000 923,520 1,431,707 382,282 The capital of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur situated in West Malaysia halfway between Penang and Johore and 27 miles inland from Port Swettenham. The town was founded in 1857, succeeded Klang as the capital of Selangor in 1895 and became the capital of the Federated Malay States. In 1948 it became the |
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