DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION NIGERIAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS IN OTHER Britain: Alhaji Sule Dede Kolo; Canada: (Ambassador); COMMONWEALth High CommISSIONERS Britain: Sir Leslie Glass, KCMG; Australia: NIGERIAN REPRESENTATION IN NONCOMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES Algeria (Chargé d'Affaires); Belgium (Ambassador); Brazil (Chargé d'Affaires); Cameroun Republic (Ambassador); Chad (Chargé d'Affaires); Congo (Kinshasa) (Ambassador); Dahomey(Chargé d'Affaires); Equatorial Guinea (Ambassador); Ethiopia France (Ambassador); Germany (Ambassador); Guinea (Ambassador); Italy (Ambassador); Ivory Coast (relations broken off on 15th May 1968); Japan (Ambassador); Liberia (Ambassador); Mali (Chargé d'Affaires); Morocco (Chargé d'Affaires); Netherlands (Ambassador); Niger (Chargé d'Affaires); Republic of Ireland (Ambassador) (resident in London); Poland (Chargé d'Affaires); Saudi Arabia (Ambassador) (resident in Khartoum); Senegal (Ambassador); Sudan (Ambassador); Sweden (Chargé d'Affaires); Switzerland (Chargé d'Affaires); Togo (Ambassador) (resident in Accra); United Arab Republic (Ambassador); United Nations (Permanent Representative); United States (Ambassador); U.S.S.R. (Ambassador); Warsaw (Chargé d'affaires). Nigeria broke off diplomatic relations with Tanzania, Zambia and the Ivory Coast following their recognition of Biafra. THE STATES The twelve States were established by decree of 27th May 1967; they are; Central Eastern State Aba, Abakaliki, Afikpo Awgu, Awka, Bende, Nsukka, Okigwe, Onitsha, Orlu, Owerri and Udi divisions. Lagos State Rivers State Western State The Federal Territory and Badagry, Epe and Ikeja divisions. Egba, Egbado, Ekiti, Ibadan, Ife, Ijebu, Ijebu Remo, Ilesha, Okitipupa, Ondo, Oshun, Owo and Oyo divisions. South Eastern State Ogoja, Obudu, Obubra, Ikom, Abak, Calabar, Eket, Nyong, Ikot-Ekpene, Opobo and Uyo divisions. Kwara State Ilorin, Lafiagi-Pategi, Borgu, Igala, Igbirra, Kabba and Kwara, Koton-Karfi divisions. Mid-Western State Aboh, Afenmai, Akoko-Edo, Asaba, Benin, Ishan, Isoko, Urhobo, Warri and Western Ijaw divisions. North Central State Katsina, Jema'a, Kaduna Capital Territory and Zaria divisions. Benue-Plateau State Akwanga, (Southern) Idoma, Lafia, Nasarawa, Tiv, Wukari, Jos, Lowland (Shendam) and Pankshin divisions. North-Western State Argungu, Gwandu, Sokoto, Abuja, Bida, Kontagora and Minna divisions. North-Eastern State Bedde, Biu, Bornu, Dikwa, Potiskum, Adamawa, Muri, Numan, Sardauna (Northern), Sardauna (Southern), Bauchi, Gombe and Katagum divisions. Each state has its own Military Governor and (almost entirely) civilian Executive Council. Each state has its own civil service and its own capital and receives a defined individual share of the Federal Revenue. The Military Governors are members of the Supreme Military Council and each State has its own civilian representative on the Federal Executive Council. NIGERIAN TITLES NORTHERN States Note: The possessive is formed by adding 'n' to the end of the title, e.g. Galadiman Pategi or Galadima of Pategi (although Dallater becomes Dallatun, and Wambai becomes Wamban). Magajin Garin Magatakarda Mai Makama Mallam Sardauna Shehu Tafida Turaki Wali Wambai Waziri Zanna District Head. District Head. Chief Moslem Judge. Treasurer. District Head Chief Scribe. Kanuri title for Emir or Administrative Head. Equivalent to Hausa 'Sarki'. Title for an Emir or District Head. Nearest English equivalent Leader of Moslem scholars. Equivalent to an Honorary Doctorate. Vizier or Chief Minister, e.g. Wazirin Ayyukan Katsina-Chief Equivalent to English title 'Lord' (Kanuri). WESTERN STATE AND MID-WESTERN STATE There are numerous individual titles in Western and Mid-Western Nigeria, e.g. Oni, Alake, Olubadan, Ataoja and Olu. The title is normally prefixed to the name of a district, in which case the titles mentioned above become Oni of Ife, Alake of Abeokuta, Olubadan of Ibadan, Ataoja of Oshogbo and Olu of Warri. When not so prefixed, the word 'Oba' meaning 'Ruler' of a district may be used in place of the title, e.g. 'Oba of Lagos' and 'Oba of Benin'. The titles may further be preceded by the personal names of the holders of the titles in the same manner as the names of monarchs of England and other European countries, e.g. His Highness Aderemi II, the Oni of Ife; His Highness Gbadebo II, the Alake of Abeokuta, or His Highness Akenzua II, the Oba of Benin. In recent times the words 'His Highness' are most often replaced in Western Nigeria by the Yoruba equivalent ‘Oba Alaiyeluwa'. T PAKISTAN HE Islamic Republic of Pakistan consists of two physically separate provinces, East and West, on opposite sides of the Indian sub-continent and more than 1,000 miles apart. West Pakistan comprises the provinces of Sind, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Baluchistan and Punjab (West Punjab of undivided India). The former Princely States of Swat, Dir and Chitral form part of the NWFP, Bahawalpur of Punjab and Kalat of Baluchistan. The territory of the official capital, Islamabad, as well as some of the tribal areas, falls under the direct jurisdiction of the central government, The commercial capital, Karachi, is now part of Sind. East Pakistan, much smaller in area and much more densely populated than West Pakistan, comprises the former province of East Bengal together with the Sylhet District of Assam. The total area of Pakistan is 365,529 square miles. In West Pakistan the mountain ranges lie on a north-east south-west axis. In the extreme north-east are the Chitral mountains, part of the Hindu Kush range, in which is located Pakistan's highest mountain Tirich Mir (25,230 feet above sea level). The average height of the Chitral mountains and the Sulaiman range which adjoins, running to South Waziristan, is about 14,000 feet. From South Waziristan the Kirthar range runs south-west to the Mekran range (average height 6,000 feet). The five main rivers of West Pakistan are the Indus, the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi and the Sutlej. It was from these five rivers (panjab) that the Punjab took its name. Most of the province of East Pakistan consists of an alluvial plain, forming part of the Gangetic delta. It is crossed by a network of navigable rivers, including the eastern arms of the Ganges, the Jamuna (or Bramaputra) and the Meghna, flowing into the Bay of Bengal. West Pakistan has an arid and semi-arid climate with three distinct seasons. Winter lasts from November to February, summer from March to June and the monsoon period July to September. The climate is more extreme inland than on the coast. The inland plains are hot in summer and cool or cold in winter: in January and February the night temperature may drop to freezing point, while in the summer maximum temperatures range between 32°C (89.6°F) and 49°C (120°F). The annual rainfall varies in different regions from about 4 inches to 40 inches, most of it falling in July, August and September. The southern areas are arid and depend on irrigation from rivers and canals. East Pakistan has a tropical monsoon climate, hot and extremely humid during the summer and mild and dry during the short winter. The rainfall is heavy, ranging from 50 inches to 135 inches in different districts, and the bulk of it falls during the monsoon season (from June to September). The mean temperature during the winter (November to February) is about 20°C (68°F) and during the hot season 30°C (86°F). The total population, according to the 1961 census, was 93,721,000 of whom 42,881,000 lived in West Pakistan and 50,840,235 in East Pakistan. 1961 census figures for the principal towns were Rawalpindi 340,175, Karachi 1,912,598, Lahore 1,296,477, Dacca 556,712, Hyderabad 434,537, Lyallpur 425,248, Chittagong 364,205. The estimated present population of the country (1970) is 128 millions. Until 1960 the capital of Pakistan was Karachi. It was then announced that An outline of the history and constitutional development of the Indian sub-continent prior to August 1947 may be found in the Commonwealth Office Year Book, 1967. Rawalpindi was to be the principal seat of the Central Government of Pakistan until a new capital had been built at Islamabad, a few miles north of Rawalpindi. This decision was reaffirmed in the 1962 Constitution which also declared that Dacca was to be the second capital and principal seat of the National Assembly. The President lives at Rawalpindi; all the main offices of the Central Government and most of the Diplomatic Corps are now in Islamabad. The Assembly used to meet alternately at Dacca and Rawalpindi. Islamabad had a population of 30,000 in 1968, but this is increasing steadily. The national languages of Pakistan are Bengali and Urdu, but the English language may be used for official and other purposes until arrangements for its replacement are made. The question of the replacement of the English language for official purposes is under consideration. Various regional languages are in use in West Pakistan, the main ones being Punjabi, Pushtu, Sindhi and Baluchi. Other languages, such as Gujarati, are also used by Pakistanis who used to live in India. About 90 per cent of the population of Pakistan are Muslims. The majority of the remaining 10 per cent are Hindus, most of whom live in East Pakistan. There are smaller communities of Christians and Buddhists in both wings of the country, and a few Parsis. National Day: Pakistan Day, 23rd March. EDUCATION Primary education (from 6–11) is free but not yet universal; 45 per cent of the children eligible were estimated to be at school in 1965. Enrolment in secondary schools is over 2 millions (1967). There are twelve universities with a 1966-7 enrolment of 24,409, three specialise in agriculture and two in engineering. But to this total should be added the 300,000 students in the degree-granting general arts and science colleges which are affiliated to universities and sometimes on the same campus. Literacy is estimated at 19 per cent of the whole population and 29 per cent of the male population. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS Principal seaports, with total import and export tonnages for 1968/69 in millions, are Karachi 8-4; Chittagong 4-5; Chalna 2-2. The principal shipping line is the National Shipping Corporation. The principal airports with runway lengths in feet are: Karachi (10,500 and 7,500); Lahore (7,500 and 5,040); Rawalpindi (9,700 at present but capable of extension to 12,000); Dacca (10,500); Chittagong (6,000 and 5,500) and Quetta (12,000). The national airline is Pakistan International Airways, which provides all domestic services and operates a substantial network of international services. There are about 26,600 miles of roads in Pakistan (22,700 in West Pakistan and 3,900 in East Pakistan). Out of this total about 12,700 miles are metalled (1969); 10,300 in West Pakistan and 2,400 in East Pakistan. There are 10,204 miles of railway track in Pakistan: 7,604 in West Pakistan and 2,600 in East Pakistan. The main gauge is 5 ft. 6 in. but there are also about 2,036 miles of metre gauge (3 ft. 33 in.) and 475 miles of narrow gauge (2 ft. 6 in.). Radio Pakistan, under the control of the Central Government, provides the sole national broadcasting service. A television service was introduced in Lahore and Dacca in 1965, and in Rawalpindi and Karachi in 1967. THE ECONOMY The economy of Pakistan is regulated in accordance with a series of Five Year Plans. The fourth of which commenced in July 1970. A main objective of these Plans, the attainment of food grain self-sufficiency, has now been largely achieved through the use of improved strains of wheat and rice, increased fertiliser inputs and the extension of the irrigation system. Overall economic growth rates achieved in recent years are, at 1959/60 constant prices: 1965/66 4.6 per cent, 1966/67 5.2 per cent, 1967/68 7.4 per cent and 1968/69 5.2 per cent. The objectives of the Fourth Plan are to continue economic growth at a projected rate of 6.5 per cent per annum with special emphasis on reducing the disparity between the East and West Wings, and also to achieve a better balance between economic and social objectives, notably by increasing educational facilities and a wider distritribution of wealth and income. Disbursements of aid to Pakistan in 1969/70 are estimated to be US$550 million of which $410 million were provided by the World Bank-sponsored Pakistan Consortium, and about $140 million from other sources. Total foreign assistance over the Third Plan period amounted to approximately $2,830 million. Pakistan's foreign trade in 1968/69 showed a deficit of visibles of Rs.1,565 million, with imports totalling Rs.4,870 million and exports Rs.3,305 million. (Official exchange rate: Rs.11.43=£1). Main exports were raw jute, (Rs.730.6 million), jute manufactures (Rs.657.6 million) raw cotton (Rs.365-2 millon) cotton twist yarn and thread (Rs.224.3 million) and cotton fabrics (Rs.244.2 million). In 1968/69 the United Kingdom was Pakistan's principal trading partner, taking 11.7 per cent of Pakistan's exports and supplying nearly 11.4 per cent of her imports. The United States provided the second largest market for Pakistan's exports and supplied 29.2 per cent of her imports. Hong Kong and Singapore were Pakistan's third and fourth largest markets respectively. The Central Government Budget for 1970/71 provides for revenue expenditure of Rs.5,572 million and development expenditure of Rs.7,270 million. The total is the largest in the country's history and budgeted revenue surplus for the year, at Rs.1,589 million, is greater than the entire revenue for 1954/55. The principal sources of Central Government revenue from taxation will be Customs 21 per cent, Internal Excise 31 per cent and Income and Corporation taxes 12.6 per cent. The Development Budget will be provided from foreign development credits (30) per cent) and loans and grants from internal resources (52 per cent). Principal items of expenditure from the Revenue Budget are Defence 54 per cent, Civil Administration 13 per cent, Grants to Provincial Governments 6 per cent and interest payments 20 per cent of total reserve. Particular attention has been paid to power and irrigation. In West Pakistan the coming into service of the hydro-electric installations at the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River (one of the Indus Basin Works) and the completion of the thermal power stations at Lyallpur and Multan, will provide sufficient capacity into the early 1970s. Thereafter they will be supplemented by the Tarbela Dam on the Upper Indus, now under construction and due to be completed in 1975, and by the Canadian-financed nuclear power station at Karachi. In East Pakistan installed power generating capacity was over 300 megawatts in 1968, being provided by thermal power stations supplemented by gas turbine units. Many large projects are underway to provide flood protection, irrigation and drainage. The high cumulative growth of G.N.P. is not reflected by a corresponding |