A detailed list of Brunei titles, orders and decorations may be found in the Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book 1966. The following Orders are additional to those shown in the Order of Precedence: PSLJ-Paduka Seri Laila Jasa (The Order of Laila Jasa, 1st Class), which precedes the SPMB; DSLJ-Dato Seri Laila Jasa (The Order of Laila Jasa, 2nd Class), which precedes DPMB; SLJ-Seri Laila Jasa (The Order of Laila Jasa, 3rd Class), which precedes SMB. The PSNB (Paduka Setia Negara Brunei) was incorrectly described as The Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei, 1st Class and should have been described as The Most Blessed Order of Setia Negara Brunei, 1st Class. In the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Classes of the Order and also for the PSPNB the word 'Setia' should be substituted for the word 'Stia', which is an abbreviation.

DOMINICA

OMINICA lies in the Windward Islands group between the French islands of Guadeloupe, to the north, and Martinique, to the south, near to the intersection of the parallels 15° N. and 61° W.

The island is 29 miles long and 16 miles wide, with an area of 289-8 square miles. It is roughly rectangular in shape with rounded projections at each end and is very mountainous, picturesque and well-watered. A central ridge with

lateral spurs runs from Cape Melville in the north to terminate in cliffs in the extreme south, where is found the largest concentration of high land. Morne Diablotin (4,747 feet) in the north is the highest point.

During the cool months of the year-December to March—the climate is particularly pleasant. The dry season lasts from about February to May; June to October are generally the wettest months and the period during which hurricanes occur. The annual temperature ranges from 78°F to 90°F in the hottest month -generally July. The rainfall is heavy, especially in the mountainous areas, where the average figure is 250 inches as compared with 70 inches along the coast. There are numerous rivers but none is navigable.

The last census, taken in April 1960, gave the population as 59,916. The estimated population on 31st December 1969 was 70,177. The birth and death rates for the same year are 38-4 per thousand and 7.6 per thousand respectively. Roseau, the capital, has a population of about 12,201.

The population is composed of people of African descent, people of mixed descent, Europeans, Syrians and Caribs, the last three groups in small numbers. English, the official language, is very widely spoken and almost universally understood but a French patois persists as the medium of conversation among the masses. Religious adherence is predominantly Roman Catholic but the Church of England and the Methodist Church have also been long established. There are six Government hospitals including two cottage hospitals, a leper sanatorium and a mental hospital with a total of 316 beds. The main hospital, the Princess Margaret, in Roseau, includes a 40-bed wing for the care of patients suffering from chest conditions. Regular general medical care clinics are held throughout the year by district medical officers at 27 dispensaries, cottage hospitals and health centres distributed all over the island. A maternity, child hygiene and school health service, with headquarters in Roseau, is operated under the direction of the Chief Medical Officer. For the co-ordination of the District Health Services and improvement in Public Health Services a Medical Officer of Health and a Superintendent of Public Health Nurses have been appointed. Powdered skimmed milk donated by UNICEF as well as vitamins and other food supplements are distributed at maternity and school clinics. The most prevalent diseases on the island are gastro-enteritis, deficiency diseases, tuberculosis and helminthiasis.

Agriculture is the principal occupation, but road and building construction, secondary industries, transport and commerce absorb a large number of the working population. No statistics of occupations are available. The estimated labour force in 1965 was 24,249, of whom 13,743 were males and 10,506 females. Of these all but 549 males and 315 females were employed and the working population was estimated at 23,386. There are six registered trade unions.

The main crops are bananas, limes, coconuts, grape-fruit, oranges, cocoa, vanilla, mangoes, avocado pears and various ground provisions for domestic use. The main products are raw and sweetened lime juice, lime oil, copra and rum. The livestock population consists of about 3,109 head of cattle, 6,976 pigs, 2,533 sheep and 4,602 goats.

Forest resources in merchantable timber are considerable. According to a Canadian-sponsored survey carried out in 1962 there are over 470 million board feet of gommier, the dominant of three merchantable species. Timber production is on the increase since the establishment of a saw mill. A small export trade in timber is developing.

There is a Government-controlled fisheries scheme which in its present form provides, as one of its main features, interest loans to fishermen through a co-operative to purchase outboard motors and fishing boats.

The only mineral so far found on the island is pumice, a light-weight concrete aggregate of volcanic origin used chiefly for building purposes. It is at present mined under licence by a group of American investors.

The principal manufactures are cigarettes, cigars, handcrafts and canned citrus juices, some of each of which are exported. Also produced are quantities of edible oils, laundry and toilet soaps, coconut meal and crude oil.

There were 19 registered Credit Unions at the end of 1965, with a membership of 8,083 and a share capital of $933,584*. There were also four marketing cooperatives (lime, grapefruit, oranges and copra) with a membership of well over 200.

Roseau is the principal port but the banana boats of Geest Industries Ltd, the marketing company, call regularly at Portsmouth, the second town, to collect the bananas of the northern district.

The Melville Hall Airport is situated in the north-east of the island approximately 34 miles from Roseau. Airmail, freight and passenger services are provided by the Leeward Islands Air Transport (LIAT) which operates a daily schedule between Antigua and Barbados by Avro 748 planes carrying 48 passengers.

The following steamship services call at Dominica: the West Indies Shipping Service, Harrison Line, Saguenay Shipping Ltd, Compagnie Génerale Transatlantique Ltd, Royal Netherlands Steamship Ltd, Geest Lines, Lamport and Holt Line Ltd, Grimaldi Sicca Lines, Booth American Shipping Corporation, and the Linea 'C' Line. In addition there are about 80 small sailing craft and seven West Indian-owned motor vessels, ranging between 23 tons and 130 tons, which connect Dominica with the other islands of the Eastern Caribbean.

At the end of 1969 there were 182.5 miles of first-class bituminous roads, 190.75 miles of second class, and some 373 miles of unoiled roads and pedestrian tracks. There were 2,720 registered motor vehicles in 1969.

The territory was allocated £2,719,120 ($13,051,776) to March 1959 under the Colonial Development & Welfare Acts 1945 and 1959. Under the 1963 and 1966 Acts, further allocations of £350,000 ($1,680,000), £300,919 ($1,444,411-20) and £1,026,000 ($4,924,800) were granted making a total accumulated allocation from Colonial Development & Welfare Funds of £4,396,039 ($21,100,987·20). The main heads of taxation are income tax and customs and excise duties. In the case of individuals income tax ranges from 4 cents for every dollar of the first $500 of chargeable personal income to 50 cents for every dollar over $10,000; companies are charged at the rate of 40 per cent on every dollar of chargeable income. Customs duties on goods imported into the territory are generally specific in regard to foodstuffs and ad valorem on other commodities. The rate of ad valorem duty varies between 5 per cent and 30 per cent preferential, and 8 per cent and 40 per cent general. Most ad valorem goods are chargeable at 20 per cent and 30 per cent preferential and general respectively. Export duty, at varying rates is payable on the principal agricultural products. Excise duty is payable on rum, cigarettes, cigars and tobacco. Other forms of taxation are estate duty and stamp duty. There is provision for double income tax relief in respect of Britain, Canada, the United States, Sweden, Denmark and Norway.

* $4.80= £1.

The estimated revenue for 1969 was $11,247,418 (including $1,687,690 from C.D. & W., $1,510,000 grant-in-aid).

In 1969 there were 55 elementary schools providing primary and post-primary education, with a total enrolment of 18,178 pupils, and four secondary (grammar) schools, two for boys and two for girls with a total enrolment of 1,738 pupils. One of the boys' secondary schools (the Dominica Grammar School) to which a technical wing is attached, is wholly maintained by the Government. Primary education is free. Attendance is compulsory wherever adequate school facilities exist. So far 25 areas have been declared compulsory attendance areas. There are also 26 subsidised private infant schools for children of pre-school age. Secondary education is provided up to University-admission level. The secondary schools prepare pupils for the Cambridge G.C.E. examination, on the results of which an annual Government Scholarship is awarded. An increasing number of opportunities for higher education by way of scholarships, bursaries and training courses have been made available in recent years mainly by the United Kingdom, Canada and the University of the West Indies.

There is one central free library in Roseau, with branches at Portsmouth, the second town, in the north of the island and Grand Bay in the south. The service has been extended to other rural districts by means of a Mobile Library Service. There are two commercial cinemas, the Carib and the Arawak in Roseau.

The Dominica broadcasting station is a branch of the Windward Islands Government's jointly-owned broadcasting station in Grenada. A national radio station is being set up and should be operating shortly.

HISTORY

Dominica was discovered by Columbus on Sunday (dies dominica) 3rd November 1493. It was then a stronghold of the Caribs, who had arrived in the Antilles from the mainland of South America and were in course of driving out the less warlike Arawaks. The Spanish made no attempt to establish settlements on the island either then or later, probably because of the strength of the Caribs and the forbidding terrain.

English associations with Dominica did not begin until 1627, when it was included in a grant of sundry islands in the Caribbean made to the Earl of Carlisle; several attempts to take possession, however, proved abortive.

Under the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, Great Britain and France agreed to treat the island as neutral ground and to leave it to the Caribs. Nevertheless, French planters continued to settle and establish plantations and Dominica came to be regarded as a de facto French colony. In 1759 the English captured it from the French and the conquest was acknowledged in the ninth article of the Peace of Paris 1763. The French settlers were generously secured in their possessions on condition of taking the oath of allegiance and paying a small quit rent. In 1775, by Royal Proclamation, a House of Representatives was established.

In 1778, the French in Martinique, attracted by the fertility of Dominica and encouraged by some of their countrymen on the island, launched a military and naval assault under the Marquis de Bouillé. They captured Dominica on 7th September after an obstinate resistance. Marquis Duchilleau, a cruel and tyrannical officer, was appointed Governor. Trade failed and great distress followed.

In 1783 the island was again restored to the English and Sir John Ord, Bart., was appointed Governor.

In 1795 another invasion of the island was attempted by Victor Hugues, the French Republican leader who had previously forced the British troops to evacuate Guadeloupe. The brave and well-directed resistance of the inhabitants, under the command of Governor Hamilton, forced part of the enemy to flee, and the rest to surrender.

In 1805 the French again landed at each flank of Roseau. The regular troops and the militia fought gallantly, but unfortunately the capital was set on fire accidently and was obliged to capitulate, paying the enemy £12,000 to quit; whilst the Governor, Sir George Prévost, and the troops (regular and militia) proceeded across the island to the superior position of Prince Rupert, near the town of Portsmouth. The French withdrew and made no further attempt to capture the island.

In 1833 the island was, with Antigua and the other Leeward islands, formed into a general government, under a governor-in-chief, resident at Antigua.

In 1871 Dominica and other British islands to the north were formed into the federation of the Leeward Islands Colony to which Dominica remained attached until 1939. In 1940 the island became a unit of the Windward Islands group. In January 1960 the post of Governor of the Windward Islands was abolished and the Windwards Group was dissolved as an administrative unit.

CONSTITUTION

Following decisions taken at a conference in London in April and May 1966, subsequently endorsed by a resolution of the Legislative Council, provision was made in the West Indies Act, 1967, under which Dominica assumed a status of association with the United Kingdom on 1st March 1967. The association is a free and voluntary one, terminable by either country at any time. Dominica is fully self-governing in all its internal affairs. The United Kingdom is responsible for defence and external affairs. Agreement has been reached on close consultation over the discharge of these responsibilitiies and on the delegation of executive authority in a wide field of external relations. The British Government conduct their affairs with Dominica and the rest of the West Indies Associated States through the British Government Representative, whose headquarters are at Castries, St Lucia.

Under the Constitution the Governor is Her Majesty's Representative. Except where otherwise provided the Governor is required to act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.

The Cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament for the government of Dominica. The Cabinet consists of the Premier, the other Ministers and at any time when his office is a public office, the Attorney-General ex-officio. The Governor appoints as Premier a member of the House of Assembly who appears to him likely to command a majority in that House. Other Ministers not exceeding five, are appointed on the advice of the Premier. There is provision for the appointment of Parliamentary Secretaries not exceeding three.

Parliament consists of Her Majesty and a House of Assembly. The House of Assembly consists of a Speaker, members, for the present eleven, elected by universal adult suffrage in single member constituencies (one of whom may be the Speaker), three nominated members and, at any time when his office is a