for her the inevitable consequences of the murder. As soon, however, as the deed is done, her womanly nature asserts itself; her amazing self-control gives way, and remorse wells up in her conscience-tortured heart. She had denied the quality of her sex, only to find that the woman was stronger than the queen or the wife. Macbeth, on the other hand, is possessed from the beginning by a vivid imagination that visualizes the deed itself and falters at its contemplation. Deeper and deeper he plunges into guilt until a sort of world-weariness and sick despair settle upon his brooding spirit. In words as eloquent as Shakespeare ever wrote he pronounces a requiem upon his wife and summarizes his pessimistic indictment of old age and of life; life is to him but "a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." He dies with the harness on his back, the intrepid soldier that he has always been, but with a sigh that pierces to the depths. EDWIN MIMS.

MCBRIDE, măk-brid, SIR Richard, Canadian statesman: b. New Westminster, British Columbia, 15 Dec. 1870, where his father held office under the Crown. He was educated at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, graduating in 1890, called to the bar in 1892, he practised his profession in Victoria. Entering politics he was elected in 1898 a Conservative of the provincial legislature. In 1900-01 he was Minister of Mines in the Provincial Ministry; in 1902-03 a leader of the Conservative opposition; in 1903 Premier and Minister of Mines; in 1906 a delegate to the Interprovincial Conference at Ottawa; and in 1907 a delegate to the Colonial Conference at London (England). In 1912 he was knighted. Consult Gregg, T. A., Richard McBride,' with portrait, Canadian Magazine (July 1904).

MACBRIDE, Thomas Huston, American educator and botanist: b. Rogersville, Tenn., 31 July 1848. After graduation at Monmouth College in 1869 he taught mathematics and modern languages at Lenox College from 1870 till 1878, in which year he became assistant professor of natural sciences. In 1884 he was made professor of botany and held this post until 1914 when he became president. Since 1916 he has been president emeritus. His specialty is fungi. Dr. Macbride has had many degrees: Monmouth gave him A.M. in 1873; the University of Bonn the same in 1891; Lenox gave him Ph.D. in 1895; Monmouth that of LL.D. in 1914, and Coe the same in 1915. He is a member of many scientific societies, of the American Forestry Association, Iowa Park and Forestry Association and of the Society of Botanists of the Central States. He is also a Fellow of the Botanical Society of America. He has published many of his lectures and addresses, has contributed to the Popular Science Monthly, Science, etc., and is the author of a textbook on (Botany) (1895) and 'North American Slime Moulds (1899).

MCBURNEY, măk-ber'ni, Charles, American surgeon: b. Roxbury, Mass., 17 Feb. 1845; d. 1913. He was graduated at Harvard in 1866; and from the Columbia Medical School in 1870, and thereafter practised his profession in New York. He was professor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and was visiting and consulting surgeon

MCBURNEY, Robert Raikes, American religious worker: b. Castleblaney, Ireland, 31 March 1837; d. Clifton Springs, N. Y., 27 Dec. 1898. He came to the United States in 1854, and from 1862 was the general secretary of the New York Young Men's Christian Association. He was devoted to his work, and with the progress of years came to becognized as the leading Y. M. C. A. secretary in the world.

MCCABE, ma-kāb', Charles Cardwell, American Methodist bishop: b. Athens, Ohio, 11 Oct. 1836; d. New York, 19 Dec. 1906. He. was educated at Ohio Wesleyan University. In 1860 he entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry, and in 1862 was appointed chaplain of the 122d Ohio Infantry. At the battle of Winchester he was captured, and held in Libby prison for four months, and soon after his release entered the service of the United States Christian Commission and succeeded in raising a large amount of money for its work. Later he became financial agent for Wesleyan University; and in 1884 was made secretary of the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society. He was remarkably successful in raising large amounts of money for missionary purposes. He became a bishop of his Church in 1896, and in December 1902 was elected chancellor of the American University at Washington, D. C.

a

MCCABE, James Dabney, American author: b. Richmond, Va., 30 July 1842; d. Germantown, Pa., 27 Jan. 1883. He was the son of James Dabney McCabe (1808-75), Protestant Episcopal clergyman and writer, and was educated at the Virginia Military Institute. He began to write very early. At the beginning of the Civil War he published a pamphlet entitled 'Fanaticism and its Results, by A. Southerner (Richmond 1860) and throughout the war he employed his pen effectively in the cause of the Confederates. Three martial plays were performed in Richmond in 1862-63 and his war-story, 'The Aide-de-Camp,' was issued in 1863. In 1863 he published a Christmas compilation called The Bohemian' and in 1863-64 edited The Magnolia Weekly. His war-poems were very popular, particularly "The Sword of Harry Lee.' He wrote several biographies, including Life of Gen. Thomas J. Jackson' (Richmond 1863); Memoir of Gen. Albert S. Johnston) (1866); and 'Life and Campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee' (New York 1867). His other works are 'Planting the Wilderness' (Boston 1869); History of the Late War between Germany and France' (1871); Lights and Shadows of New York Life (New York 1872); History of the Grange Monument,' published under the name of Edward Winslow Martin (Chicago 1874); 'Paris by Sunlight and Gaslight' (Philadelphia 1875); 'Centennial History of the United

States (Philadelphia 1875); Pathways of the Holy Land (1877); History of the TurkoRussian War) (1879); Our Young Folks Abroad) (Philadelphia 1881), and 'Our Young Folks in Africa) (1882). Besides these he was the author of several hundreds of short stories, essays and translations, and made a compilation of the romance and humor of the war called 'The Grayjackets' (1867).

MCCABE, Joseph, British rationalist: b. England, 1867. He was educated at Saint Francis's, Manchester, at Saint Anthony's, Forest Gate and at the University of Louvain. In 1883 he became a Franciscan was ordained a priest in 1890 and in 1895 became rector of Buckingham College. In 1896 he left the Roman Catholic Church and became a lecturer and writer on rationalistic subjects. His books include Twelve Years in a Monastery) (London 1897); 'Modern Rationalism) (1897); ‘Abelard) (1901); 'Saint Augustine and his Age (1902); Talleyrand (1906); The Martyrdom of Ferrer (1909): The Decay of the Church of Rome) (1909); 'The Evolution of Mind' (1910); The Empresses of Rome' (1911); The Story of Evolution) (1912); Goethe' (1912); The Empresses of Constantinople (1913); A Candid History of the Jesuits' (1913); The Sources of the Morality of the Gospels) (1914): George Bernard Shaw' (1914); The Soul of Europe' (1915); The Kaiser (1915); Crises in the History of the Papacy (1916); The Romance of the Romanoffs (1917); The Bankruptcy of Religion (1917); The Pope and the Church' (1918). He has also published translations of Haeckel, Ferrer and Günther. Under the heading "Mr. McCabe and a Divine Frivolity" Chesterton devotes chapter to him in 'Heretics' (London 1909).

a

MACCABEES, a famous family which battled for liberty in the 2d century B.C., when the Jews were persecuted by the Syrians under Antiochus IV, Epiphanes. Originally applied to Judas, the third son of the aged priest Mattathias, who began the revolt, the name was widened to include the family of Judas and his followers, in due course to be applied to all wrestlers for freedom in the Greek period of Jewish history. The word's origin has received various fanciful explanations, but the most probable etymology is from the Aramaic maqquaba (Judges iv, 21 and elsewhere) meaning "Hammer."

When

The story of the Maccabean struggle belongs to the history of heroism in all ages. Antiochus of Syria (175-164 B.C.) strove to impose Hellenism in its crassest form upon the Jews under his sway and Jerusalem was overrun, while pagan rites were ordered to be substituted for Jewish, a sacrifice to Zeus being offered (168) on the Temple altar, an aged priest at Modin, Mattathias, spurned the mandate, killed the royal messenger, and destroyed the altar. Then escaping with his five sons to the mountains, he raised the standard of revolt. Two years later he died, and Judas, the third son, was acclaimed leader. His skill and genius, joined to a religious fervor that was the secret of his strength, cleared away every obstacle, as he defeated in rapid succession the three Syrian generals, Apollonius, Seron and Gorgias, and later the regent, Lysias. In 165 he

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reconsecrated the Temple amid the exultation of the people the festival of Hannukkah, in memory of this restoration is still observed by the Jews of every land. In 162 Lysias granted religious freedom but Judas resolved to fight on until political liberty was also attained. A year later he defeated Nicanor at Adasa, but shortly afterward he fell at Elasa, while resisting Bacchides with greatly superior forces. The command was now assumed by his brother Jonathan, who was astute enough to secure the favor of the Syrian ruler and was made high priest (153). For a time he fought for Antiochus VI, who owed his crown to Tryphon, and succeeded so well as to awaken Tryphon's jealousy. He fell into his power at Ptolemais and was finally put to death (143), Simon, the last surviving son of Mattathias, became leader of the Jewish people. By his ability and force of character, Ee outwitted Tryphon and secured the independence of Judæa. In 141 he was appointed by the people hereditary leader and high priest. With him began properly the Hasmonean dynasty the name being traced to an ancestor of the house Asamonaios (Josephus, Antiq. xii, 6); according to Wellhausen (Phar. und Sadd. x, Note 94) he was the grandfather of Mattathias. The first year of his reign marked the beginning of a new era (Seleucid year 170143-142 B.C.). The country enjoyed much prosperity, its resources were greatly developed and the outlook was distinctly more favorable than at any previous period since the Exile. With a change of rulers in Syria, Antiochus (VII) Sidetes becoming king, Simon and two of his sons were murdered by his son-in-law who wished to curry favor with the new monarch. But the third son, John Hyrcan, escaped and succeeded to the throne, reigning 30 years with much ability. Partisan strife, however, disturbed the kingdom's peace and weakened its strength, with the constant clashing of Pharisee and Sadducee.

On the death of John Hyrcan (105), his son Aristobulus reigned for a year when his brother Alexander Jannæus became ruler (104-78), a man of considerable energy, in his persistent conflicts to extend and defend his realm. His sympathies were with the Sadducees, and once when officiating as high priest, some of the Pharisees in their anger threw at him and the attending Sadducees citrons which had been supplied for the Feast of Tabernacles. As punishment, he attacked them with his troops, killing 6,000. On his death his widow, Salome Alexandra, ruled (78-69), reversing his policy and making the Pharisees her favorites, the land enjoying peace and prosperous growth. Her eldest son, Hyrcan II, who lacked capacity, was made high priest. The younger, Aristobulus, stronger and abler, coveted the succession and organized an army to conquer Jerusalem, when Alexandra died and Hyrcan was willing to retire in his brother's favor.

At this moment a new factor appeared in the person of Antipater of Idumæa who sought to further his own designs. An appeal to Rome was made. Pompey resolved to settle the matter in his own fashion, at some slight which Aristobulus offered, entered Jerusalem and made Hyrcan II high priest and ethnarch, while his brother was carried a captive to Rome. And now the Roman yoke became firmly fastened, Antipater was made procurator in 47, with his

sons Phasæl and Herod governors of Jerusalem and Galilee. In 41 they became tetrarchs of Judæa. In 40, Antigonus, the sole surviving son of Aristobulus, was appointed king by the Parthians, in the swift changes of the day. But Herod who had escaped from prison, while his brother had committed suicide, was given the throne by the Romans (37 B.C.). In the same year Antigonus was put to death by Mark Antony and the Maccabean-Hasmonean dynasty ended.

Bibliography.- Curtiss, "The Name Maccabee' (Leipzig 1876); Henderson, F., The Age of the Maccabees) (1898); Morrison, The Jews under Roman Rule'; Streanes, The Age of the Maccabees'; Weiss, 'Judas Makkabeaus (1897). Consult modern histories of the Jews, Graetz, Schürer, etc. ABRAM S. ISAACS.

ment,

MACCABEES, Book of the, a name given to several Apocryphal books of the Old TestaOf the four or five thus termed, two were declared canonical by the Council of Trent (1546), are contained in the Vulgate, and among the Apocrypha of the English Bible. The three other books may be summarized: Book III is found in the Septuagint but not in the Vulgate, Book IV is included in some manuscripts of the Septuagint and of Josephus. Book V is merely a Syriac reproduction of the sixth book of Josephus' Jewish War' and is of no historical value.

para

First Book was the record of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus (175 B.C.) to the death of Simon (135 B.C.), and is composed after the model of the Old Testament historical style, terse, simple, and at times poetic and impassioned. The narrative is written with due proportion and in sympathetic tone. All events are dated in terms of the Seleucid era. It is generally admitted that the original was in a Semitic language, most probably Hebrew, to which both Origen and Jerome bear testimony. However, it is not impossible that they were acquainted with an Aramaic version or phrase. The Greek translation of the Hebrew was made at an early date and has alone survived. It bears all the marks of a literal translation, preserving the Semitic and at times the Hebrew idiom. The author, to judge from the book itself, was a pious and patriotic Jew: a Palestinian, to infer from his evident familiarity with the Holy Land and his want of knowledge as to the foreign lands mentioned. An admirer of the Maccabees and their military skill, he shows the influences of his day by omitting the words "God" and "Lord" as in the book of Esther, substituting "He" and "Heaven." Owing to his omission of the disloyal priests, Jason and Menalaus, in striking contrast to the attitude of the Second Book, Geiger claims a Sadducee as its author, a view held by later authorities, even if Geiger's views as to its being a partisan document are not upheld. Opinions differ as to its precise dateSchürer tracing it to the first or second decade of the 1st century B.C., while Torrey dates it early, in the reign of Simon, a little after 135 B.C. The book is one of the most vivid and valuable sources extant for Jewish history.

Second Book, has a peculiar opening - two letters written by Jews of Palestine to brethren in Egypt, held by some to be spurious. The

work itself, an abridgment of five books written by Jason of Cyrene, covers Jewish history from a period a year earlier (176 B.C.) than its predecessor to the death of Nicanor (161 B.C.). It is of special interest as picturing the situations in Palestine before the revolt of Mattathias and furnishing other data that are lacking in the First Book. The author, probably a Hellenistic Jew, writes largely from the religious point of view, is a Pharisee, with a direct partisan tendency. Greek was the original language. Its exact or approximate date cannot be fixed. Among its characteristics are allusions to angels and spirits, to resurrection and immortality that the book concludes with the victory of Judas over Nicanor, indicates its aim -to arouse the Jew to observe the two Maccabean feasts, that of Dedication and of Nicanor. The incident of the mother and her seven sons, and other stories of martyrdom have given the book a value and power of its own, which appealed with special force to the Christians of the first four centuries, as Bevan states in his 'House of Seleucus (1902, II 175).

It

Third Book describes the escape of the Jews from martyrdom in Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy IV, Philopator (222-204 B.C.). has no relation to the Maccabees, but doubtless its title was given later when all who suffered for the olden faith were called by that name. It was written by an Alexandrian Jew to give courage and endurance to his brethren in Egypt. In view of the fact that early Jewish settlements in the Fajum have been discovered. Both I. Abrahams and A. Büchler claim the book has distinct reference to a persecution in the Fajuma theory that is disputed.

Fourth Book has been aptly described by Freudenthal (Breslau 1869) as a homily delivered probably on the Feast of Dedication to a Greek-speaking Jewish community. It is sermon not history, to prove how the passions can be controlled by the reason, by which term he means reason enlightened by religion and the Mosaic Law. This thesis is illustrated by many examples, notably from the Maccabean struggle. A Hellenist to a certain extent, he was nevertheless an earnest, loyal Jew, eloquent and convincing. His precise date is unknown. He supplied the model for similar homilies by Christian writers in the early centuries, with their thrilling martyrdoms. In the Church the book was attributed to Josephus and added to his writings, with whose style and language it is wholly incompatible.

Without historical value is the so-called Fifth Book which Cotton gives in his 'Five Books of the Maccabees (1832), and known also as the Arabic Book of Maccabees' which claims to be the history of the Jews from 186 B.C. to the end of Herod's reign, but which in reality is nothing but a compilation from First and Second Books of Maccabees and Josephus. The manuscript of a 'Fifth Book' which Sixtus Senensis (1566) states that he saw in Lyons and which was subsequently lost by fire, is characterized by Schürer as a "reproduction of Josephus, the style being changed for a purpose.»

Bibliography.- Abrahams, I., J. Q. R.' (1896-97, IX, 39); Büchler, A., Tobiaden and

Oniaden' (Vienna 1899); Fairweather and Black, First Book of Macc. in Cambridge Bible Texts'; Grimm in 'Handbuch zu den Apokryphen'; Kacutzsch, Apokryphen'; Schürer, "History of the Jewish People.' ABRAM S. ISAACS.

MACCABEES, Knights of the Modern. See MACCABEES, THE.

MACCABEES, The Ladies of the, a fraternal beneficiary association, founded in 1886, formerly the Ladies of the Modern Maccabees. Until 1914 it formed a species of auxiliary organization to the Knights of the Maccabees and the latter exercised over it a kind of guardianship. It has about 50,000 members and since its institution has distributed about $7,000,000 in benefits and insurance.

MACCABEES, Ladies of the Modern. See LADIES OF THE MACCABEES.

MACCABEES, The, a secret fraternal beneficiary association having its general offices at Port Huron, Mich. An association bearing the name of Knights of the Maccabees of the World was first organized in the city of London, Canada, in the year 1878, by W. D. McLaughlan and several other gentlemen of that city. The Association grew rapidly, and its tents, as its local lodges were called, sprung up all over the Canadian provinces and in many of the States of the American Union. In 1914 it united with the Knights of the Modern Maccabees, long a rival organization under the general title of the Maccabees.

The Association takes its name from the Maccabees, a chivalrous and religious people whose history is given in the apochryphal writings of the Old Testament. The leading character in this history was Judas Maccabeus, a valiant soldier and one of the foremost generals of the period in which he lived. During the wars in which the Maccabees were engaged and in which he was their leader he required that a portion of the fruits of all their victories should be set aside for the benefit of the widows and orphans of those who had fallen in battle.

It was this particular practice and characteristic that probably suggested to Mr. McLaughlan and his co-laborers the name for their new society, because the purpose of this society, as set forth in their laws, was to unite fraternally all white male persons of sound bodily health and good moral character, between the ages of 18 and 70 years of age, and to provide for such members benefits in case of disability, and to the beneficiaries of such members benefits in case of their death.

The main purpose of this Association is to provide social and fraternal intercourse for its members, and benefits in the way of insurance to the families of deceased members. The constituent organizations have distributed about $80,000,000 among the disabled members and the beneficiaries of the deceased members. The assets of the new united organization amount to $20,000,000. There are more than 300,000 members.

Its work is conducted on the lodge system under ritualistic ceremony. Its form of government is thoroughly representative, every member having a voice in the conduct of its affairs, making of its laws, the election of its officers and the fixing of their compensation,

The general meeting of the law-making body (The Supreme Tent) is held once in three years, at which the members are represented through delegates chosen from subordinate tents, conventions and great camps. In the interim between the meetings of its governing body its affairs are administered by a board of seven trustees, consisting of the supreme commander and six others elected by the Supreme Tent. The board of trustees has the general custody and management of the funds of the Association; under its direction all investments are made, the laws of the Association requiring that all investments shall be made in government, State and municipal bonds.

MACCABEES, The Woman's Benefit Association of the, an adequate rate fraternal order for women with headquarters at Port Huron, Mich. Miss Bina M. West is the founder and present supreme commander and Miss Frances D. Partridge the supreme record keeper. Organized in 1892, as the Ladies of the Maccabees of the World, reorganized under its present name in 1915 and established in the United States and Canada, the order has 3,000 local bodies with 192,000 members and a reserve fund of $12,000,000; it has paid in death benefits about $15,500,000; provides whole life, term and disability protection; 20-year plans; junior protection for children of members; sick, last illness and burial; and maternity benefits. It maintains a free hospital service in every State for needy sick, and a patriotic service for the aid of members affected by the war. It is the first society of its kind to own a home-office building, erected at a cost of $250,000 without extra cost to its members through the advance in values of property holdings. The order is founded, officered and managed solely by women for home protection, mutual fellowship and fraternal aid.

MCCALL, Edward Everett, American jurist: b. Albany, N. Y., 6 Jan. 1863. He was educated at the Albany High School and the New York University, was admitted to the bar in 1884 and practised in New York from 1884 till 1902. From that year until 1913 he was justice of the Supreme Court of New York (1st district) and Democratic candidate for mayor of New York in 1913, but was defeated by the late John Purroy Mitchel (q.v.). Judge McCall is a member of various New York clubs, including the Lotus, Manhattan, Catholic, Democratic and Athletic.

McCALL, ma-kâl', George Archibald, American soldier: b. Philadelphia, 16 March 1802; d. 25 Feb. 1868. He was graduated at West Point in 1822; in 1836 reached the rank of captain, and that of colonel in 1850. Having served against the Seminoles in Florida, he won distinction in the Mexican War; in 1850 he became inspector-general, resigning from the army three years later. In 1861 he was given command of the Pennsylvania Reserves, with the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and participated in the work of the Army of the Potomac, particularly in the Peninsular campaign of 1862, in which he was engaged with his troops at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill and Frazier's Farm (qq.v.). At Frazier's Farm, 30 June, he was taken prisoner and was confined for several weeks in Libby prison. In August he was exchanged, but impaired health pre

vented him from returning to the army, and in 1863 he resigned. He wrote 'Letters From the Frontier (1868).

MCCALL, John Augustin, American insurance official: b. Albany, N. Y., 2 March 1849; d. Lakewood, N. J., 18 Feb. 1906. He was educated in his native city and served for several years as clerk in the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. In 1877 he entered the New York State insurance department in which he served as clerk, deputy superintendent and superintendent. In 1887 he was made comptroller of the Equitable Life Assurance Company and in 1892 became president of the New York Life Insurance Company. In 1905 the Armstrong insurance investigation led to his resignation in 1906 and he died two months after resigning.

MCCALL, Samuel Walker, American public official: b. East Providence, Pa., 28 Feb. 1851. In 1874 he was graduated at Dartmouth College, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1876, since when he has practised in Boston. He was editor-in-chief of the Boston Daily Advertiser in 1888-89 and served as delegate at the Republican National Convention of 1888, 1900 and 1916. He was member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1888, 1889 and 1892 and was a member of Congress from 1893 to 1913 from the Eighth Massachusetts district. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the governorship of Massachusetts in 1914. He was successful the following year, being elected governor for 1916. He was re-elected for the two successive terms of 1917 and 1918. He has published 'Life of Thaddeus Stevens' (1899); Dartmouth Centennial Address on Daniel Webster' (1902); The Business of Congress' (1911); Life of Thomas B. Reed' (1914); The Liberty of Citizenship) (1915), and magazine articles. He received honorary degrees from Dartmouth, Oberlin, Tufts, Maine, Trinity, Columbia and Williams.

MCCALLA, Bowman Hendry, American naval officer: b. Camden, N. J., 19 June 1844; d. Santa Barbara, Cal., 6 May 1910. He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1864 and rose to captain in 1898. In 1890 he was court-martialed on charge of cruelty to his subordinates and was suspended for three years, but in consideration of previous acts of gallantry was restored to active service in 1891. He commanded the Marblehead during the war with Spain in 1898 and was subsequently restored to the place he held on the list of officers previous to his suspension. In 1899 he commanded the Newark and aided in the pacification of the Philippines. In 1900 he cooperated with Vice-Admiral Seymour in putting a stop to the Boxer troubles at Peking. In 1901 he was given command of the Kearsarge; in 1905 became commandant of the Mare Island navy yard and was retired 19 June 1906.

MacCAMERON, mă-kǎm'er-on, Robert Lee, American painter: b. Chicago, 1866; d. New York, 29 Dec. 1912. After studying in the public schools he began to make sketches for the newspapers in Chicago, and soon removed to New York, where he illustrated for newspapers and studied under William M. Chase. He then went to Paris and studied at the Beaux Arts under Gérôme and Collin. He became a successful portrait painter and for.

several years before his death kept studios in London, Paris and New York. For his 'MiCarême he received honorable mention in the Paris Salon, and in 1912 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. He was a member of several foreign and American art societies. Among his best portraits are President Taft, President McKinley, Archbishop Ryan, Justices of the Supreme Court, Harlan and Brewer, Nellie Melba and Auguste Rodin (Metropolitan Museum, New York). MacCameron also achieved reputation for his cafés and scenes in theatres. A Group of Friends,' also called Wormwood, painted in 1908, is in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington; 'The Daughter's Return, painted in 1909, is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. 'Les Habitués (The Old Customers) hangs in the Wilstach Gallery, Philadelphia. He also painted a religious picture, The Last Supper, in 1909. His last work was "The People of Abyss' (1912). Consult Harper's Weekly (February 1913).

the

MCCAMMON, Joseph Kay, American lawyer: b. Philadelphia, 13 Oct. 1845; d. 2 Jan. 1907. He graduated at Princeton in 1865; studied law; became register in bankruptcy in 1870; was special counsel of the United States in Washington 1871; president of the board for investigation of the Indian service, 1877; Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, 1880-85, and in 1881 was appointed United States commissioner of railroads. Under Presidents Garfield and Arthur he conducted treaties with various Indian tribes. Among his writings are a 'Report on Indian Service) (1878); 'Report of Councils with Bannock and Shoshone Indians (1881); 'Report of Councils with Flathead and Other Indians' (1882); Arguments in Cases Affecting Pacific and Other Railroads.'

MCCARREN, mă'kär'ěn, Patrick Henry, American politician: b. East Cambridge, Mass., in 1849; d. Brooklyn, 22 Oct. 1909. In 1851 he removed to Williamsburg (Brooklyn, N. Y.) and was apprenticed to a cooper, but soon left trade and entered local politics. Before he was 21 he had been defeated for the leadership of his district. In 1881 he was elected to the New York assembly and was re-elected in 1883 and 1887. In 1889 he was elected to the State senate and was continuously a member of that body until his death. In 1893 he became virtually the leader of the Brooklyn Democracy. broke with Charles F. Murphy, the leader of Tammany Hall, and from that time a bitter fight was kept up between these two politicians for the control of the Brooklyn Democracy. In 1904 one of the bitterest chapters in the history of New York politics occurred. McCarren also opposed W. J. Bryan and Charles E. Hughes. McCarren was a man of keen intellect and an aggressive fighter. He was identified with the Standard Oil Company and the American Sugar Company.

He

MCCARTER, Margaret Hill, authoress: b. Charlottesville, Ind., 2 May 1860. She began teaching in elementary schools in Indiana in 1876; graduated A.B. at the State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind., in 1884; was principal of the High School, Rensselaer, Ind., 1884-87; held other educational positions to 1894, and was a lecturer of the State Board of