on both sides of the Pasig River, and has a frontage of four miles on the bay of Manila. The corporate jurisdiction for police purposes extends three miles from the shore over Manila Bay, making the total area under the police jurisdiction of the city 32 square miles or 20 square miles on land, and 12 on the bay. The name of the city is a corrupt form of a Tagalog word, originally written "Maynila," and means a species of shrub or brush which formerly grew on the site of the city. It is now applied not merely to the town within the walls, but to the whole region and the inhabitants included within the corporate limits. The most important divisions of the city are the walled town, particularly known as Manila, on the left bank of the river and Binondo on the right bank. Other districts, formerly more independent than at present, have retained their names and some degree of individuality. Immediately south of the walled town lies Ermita; farther on along the shore is Malate; and inland directly east of these lie Paco, Pandacan and Santa Ana. The most northern district on the shore of the bay is Tondo, and between this district and the lower part and mouth of the river lies San Nicolas. The other districts north of the Pasig are Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Cruz and Trozo.

The walled town was occupied chiefly by the members of the Spanish colony. Its streets are straight and run at right angles with one another, dividing the area within the wall into 54 blocks. The buildings have usually two stories, and are built like the houses of Spanish cities. It contains the cathedral, the principal religious houses and churches of the ecclesiastical orders, various schools, the University of Saint Thomas, the hospital of San Juan de Dios, the mint and the new city hall. This building was started by the Cosmopolitan Hospital Association in 1901 but owing to lack of funds remained uncompleted and was purchased and completed by the city authorities. The cathedral is an imposing building.

The north wall of the town extends along the bank of the Pasig. Around the outside of the rest of the wall runs a moat receiving water from the river just east of the town and emptying into the river just west of it. Until 1852 the drawbridges across the moat at the several gates were raised every evening at 11 o'clock, and lowered in the morning at 4. Since then it has not been customary to close the gates.

Only a few of the streets of Manila, of which there are about 80 miles, are paved. The rest are macadamized. European and American retail shops occupy the Escolta, in Binondo. The street called Rosario is almost entirely given up to Chinese shops. The wholesale houses and the banks occupy the district north of the Pasig and west of the Bridge of Spain.

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established Spanish authority at Manila in 1571, by a treaty with Lacandola, Rajah of Mavnila, which was confirmed by the compact of blood made between the contracting parties. On 3 June 1571, he conferred upon Manila the title of "distinguished and ever loyal city." This title was subsequently confirmed by royal decree. He also gave the city a municipal organization, by appointing two alcaldes, one aguacil mayor and 12 regidores. He also appointed one notary for the cabildo, or corporation, and two notaries

public for the court of the alcaldes. Later there were only eight regidores, but in addition a registrar and a constable. The alcaldes were justices, and were elected annually from the householders by the corporation. The regidores were aldermen and with the registrar and constable held office permanently as a proprietary right. The permanent positions in the cabildo could be bought and sold or inherited. This form of organization was maintained throughout the Spanish period.

In 1578 the church and all the inhabitants of Manila were separated from the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Mexico, and the church was erected into a cathedral, but the new bishop was subject to the archbishop of Mexico. On account of the long time needed to communicate between Spain and the Philippines the king ordered the governor of the islands to fill vacancies in the cathedral whenever they might

occur.

As early as the beginning of the 17th century the city of Manila was surrounded by a wall of hewn stone about three miles in circuit. It contained a college conducted by the Jesuits, a school for girls called the Santa Potenciana, two hospitals, one for Spaniards and one for Filipinos, a house of mercy for receiving sick slaves and furnishing lodgings to poor women and a hospital for Chinese. At this time there were within the walls about 600 houses built of stone and mostly occupied by Spaniards. There were also about 2,000 Chinese, with 200 shops, and a garrison of 200 soldiers.

In the war between England and Spain, in 1762, Vice-Admiral Samuel Cornish was ordered to proceed against Manila. He carried British and Sepoy forces under Sir William Draper. On 6 Oct, 1762 Archbishop Rajo, as acting governor, surrendered the city, agreeing to pay the British an indemnity of $4,000,000. Only a part of this was paid. The affairs of Manila were administered by the British military authorities until 10 Feb. 1763. After this Manila remained uninterruptedly under the control of the Spanish until 13 Aug. 1898, when it was surrendered to the authorities of the United States. On 20 August the military government opened the custom-house for business, continuing in force the Spanish tariff and customs regulations. In 1899 the Filipinos in insurrection made several attempts to destroy the city. The attempts on 4 and 22 February resulted disastrously to the insurrectos. A similar undertaking was planned for the occasion of General Lawton's funeral.

The political relation of Manila to the central government of the islands is not greatly unlike that which Washington holds to the Federal government of the United States. The city was incorporated by an act passed by the United States Philippine Commission on 31 July 1901. The government is vested in a municipal board of five members appointed by the civil government, with the advice and consent of the Commission. The municipal board has certain legislative and executive authority. The organic act provides also for a secretary and other officers, and prescribes their powers and duties. The insular government contributed to the municipality 30 per cent of the city's net expenditure, and the balance is met by funds derived from city taxes. To illustrate: the expenses for the fiscal year 1907 were

$3,871,964.92. Of this sum the insular government contributed 30 per cent, or $1,161,589.48. The total receipts, including this contribution, were $4,103,220.80 leaving $231,255.88 as excess of receipts over expenditures. The population of Manila, reported by the census published in 1905, was 219,928.

During recent years the city has been in a large measure transformed. An elaborate system of electric street railways has been constructed, and has been in operation for a number of years. The waterworks provided by the foundation made by Carriedo had been made inadequate by the growth of the city, and a new system has been constructed. The old sewers, or such as existed, discharged into the moat about the wall or into open estuaries. They furnished a very imperfect means for disposing of the sewage of the city, and have been superseded by a new and elaborate system.

The harbor which afforded vessels little or no protection from typhoons has been made safe and convenient. Large ships were obliged to lie in the bay two or three miles from shore, and to transfer passengers and freight to land in lighters. An enclosed harbor has been constructed by building a long breakwater southward from the mouth of the Pasig River, and by dredging the bottom of the sea in front of it. The material thrown out has been deposited behind a bulkhead, making 200 acres of new land. The largest ships can now dock at piers constructed within this secure harbor. The construction of this harbor has cost somewhat more than $4,000,000, and the work practically finished in 1908. A general plan for the development and improvement of the city was formed by Mr. D. H. Burnham, who was engaged by the Commission to visit Manila for this purpose.

was

The Luneta is an elliptical drive and promenade on the shore of the bay between the city wall and the houses of Ermita. It has been greatly enlarged by the American government, and it has ceased to be a place for public executions. A military band gives a concert here nearly every evening.

Among the statues adorning public places the most noteworthy are that of Charles IV in the square in front of the "Palace" or Ayuntamiento building, that of Isabella II in the plaza of Malate and that of Legaspi and Urdaneta near the Luneta. Other monuments are the Magellan column standing on the south bank of the river just below the Bridge of Spain, and the Anda monument on the same bank nearer the mouth of the river. The division of the city into two parts by the Pasig and the presence of numerous estuaries has necessitated the building of a large number of bridges. The most noteworthy of these are the Bridge of Spain and the Ayala Bridge. Among the noteworthy establishments or institutions in the city are the Philippine General Hospital, the university and the special schools, the public library, the government laboratories, the government printing office and the government cold storage and ice plant.

Vessels approaching Manila by sea from the northwest first sight the Capones Grande light off the southwest coast of Zambales. Vessels from the ports of Indo-China first sight the Corregidor light. Vessels from Singapore,

Java, India, Borneo, and all the southern ports of the Philippine Islands sight the Cabra Island light. All converge on the Corregidor light at the entrance of the bay. BERNARD MOSES, University of California. MANILA, University of, founded in 1585 by Philip II of Spain. Later branches or affiliated schools were founded in different parts of the island. A seminary for the sons of Spanish nobles was opened in 1601, and 10 years later departments were added for the sons of those not belonging to the nobility and for the natives. The university was reorganized in 1857, and again after the American occupation. The departments are science, classics, law, medicine, theology, philosophy, engineering, pharmacy, arts and music. The usual degrees are granted. In 1918 there were about 800 students in attendance.

MANILA BAY, the largest bay in the Philippine Archipelago, indenting the western

central coast of the island of Luzon. Its greatest dimensions are from the minor bay of Pampanga in the northwest to Point Kalumpan on the south, about 38 miles; from the delta of the Grande de la Pampanga River southwest to Corregidor Island is 31 miles; circumference 120 miles. The entrance between Point Kalumpan and Corregidor is about seven miles in width; that between Corregidor and Mariveles about two miles. There are lighthouses on either side of the larger entrance. The bay is surrounded by five provinces, and receives the waters of many rivers, including the Grande de la Pampanga, with its large delta, and the Pasig at Manila, which communicates with Laguna Bay, to the southeast, and has been dredged for navigation. The lands on both sides of the bay at the entrance are high and covered with vegetation, but the shores at the head of the bay are low and marshy, intersected by numerous small rivers, estuaries and tidal lakes. It is one of the finest harbors in the East, being free of obstructions to navigation, and affording excellent anchorage. But the water is so rough at times that it was necessary to construct large breakwaters to protect the shipping. Point Luzon is at the mouth. Submarine telegraphs are laid in the bay which run to San Francisco, to Hongkong and to Iloilo. Manila, the capital of the archipelago, and Cavite, the United States naval headquarters in the Philippines, are on its shores; an artificial port is being constructed at Manila. In this bay Admiral Dewey won a victory over the Spanish fleet 1 May 1898.

MANILA BAY, Battle of. See SPANISHAMERICAN WAR.

MANILA HEMP, or ABACA, Musa textilis. This species belongs to the plantain or banana family, the commercial fibre being derived from the stalk or trunk of the wild plantain of the Philippine Islands, and is classed as a structural fibre. The strongest and best of our hard cordage fibres, it is employed in the United States for standard binder twine and for all sizes of rope from the smallest dimensions to hawsers and cables. The old rope and the waste are employed as paper stock. The fibre is creamy white to reddish white, lustrous, easily separated, stiff and resistant, while its