immense whirls. The depth of the water around, supposed at one time to be too great to admit of soundings, has been ascertained not to exceed 20 fathoms, with a bottom of rocks and white sand. Immediately to the west the soundings are from 100 to 200 fathoms. The whirlpool, idealized by medieval and later writers, including Edgar Allan Poe, is greatest at high or low water. When the wind is northwest and opposed to the reflux of the waves it attains its greatest fury, and becomes extremely dangerous, but in ordinary circumstances it may be traversed without difficulty.

MAES, or MAAS, mäs, Nicolas, Dutch painter: b. Dordrecht, 1632; d. Amsterdam, December 1693. He entered the studio of Rembrandt at Amsterdam about 1650 and studied there about four years, attaining a style of execution and coloring so similar to that of his master that many of his paintings were for a long time believed to be Rembrandt's work. He returned to Dortrecht in 1654 and in the succeeding 10 years did his best work, which retained the influence of Rembrandt, particularly in coloring. From the time of his going to Antwerp in 1665 his style changed and he abandoned the domestic genre type of work for that of portraiture, and his subsequent pictures show the influence of Van Dyck. So different were the characteristics of the two periods that at one time it was believed that there were two artists of the same name. Of his earlier and better period notable examples are 'The Reverie (Ryks Museum, Amsterdam); 'Card Players' (National Gallery, London); The Eavesdropper' (Six Gallery, Amsterdam); (Young Girl Peeling an Apple' (Metropolitan Museum, New York); Hagar's Departure,' long believed to be a Rembrandt (Earl of Denbigh's Collection); 'The Listening Girl' (Buckingham Palace). Numerous other examples exist in the galleries of Berlin, Brussels, Munich, The Hague, Frankfort, Hanover and Petrograd.

MAESTRICHT, mas'triht, Netherlands, the capital of the province of Limburg, on the left bank of the Maas, at the confluence of the Geer, lies on the Belgian frontier, 19 miles north-northeast of Liége, 56 miles east of Brussels and 52 miles west by south of Cologne. Among the chief buildings are the church of Saint Servais, partly Romanesque and partly Gothic, dating from the 10th century, the townhall, the courts and general prison and the arsenal. The fortifications were dismantled between 1871 and 1878; it it, however, still a considerable garrison town. Maestricht carries on an active transit trade with Belgium, and has manufactures of glass and earthenware, firearms, shot, cloth and paper-hangings; also ironfoundries, beet-root sugar refineries, tobacco and cigar factories, tan-pits, distilleries and breweries, the latter producing very noted beer. About three miles from the town is the Pietersberg (Peters Hill), on which stands the fort of Saint Pierre, and under which are extensive subterranean quarries of extraordinary interest, the excavation of which is supposed to have been begun by the Romans. Maestricht was besieged and taken and 8,000 of its inhabitants were massacred in 1579 by the Spaniards under the Duke of Parma; in 1673 it was taken by Louis XIV, and again by the French in 1748 and 1794. William III of England failed to

111

capture it and in 1830 its garrison resisted successfully the attacks of insurgent Belgians. Pop. 38,611.

MAESTRICHT BEDS, in geology, a series of calcareous beds 100 feet thick, on the banks of the Meuse, near the Dutch city of Maestricht. The Maestricht calcareous rock contains Belemnitella, mucronata, Pecten quadricostatus, etc., also the genera Braculites, Hamites, etc., which are only Mesozoic. It is a connecting link between the Secondary and the Tertiary rocks, but in all essential respects belongs to the former.

MAETERLINCK, mět'er-link, Maurice (Gallicized from the original MOORIS MÄTERLINCK), Belgian author: b. Ghent, 29 Aug. 1862. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Belgium, then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1887, but was from the first more interested in letters, and in 1896 settled in Paris as an author. His work may be divided into three parts, his lyric verse, his dramas and his philosophical essays. Of the first the two vol.umes Serres Chaudes' (1889) and Douze Chansons (1896) are representative. Maeterlinck's verse is imaginative, but lacks in any strong degree the melodic quality. His dramas are La Princesse Maleine' (1889); Les Aveugles (1890); L'Intruse' (1890); 'Les Sept Princesses' (1891); 'Pélleas et Mélisande' (1892); Alladine et Palamides' (1894); 'La Mort de Tintagilles' (1894); Aglavaine et Sélysette) (1896); Ariadne et Barbeblue' (1899); 'Sœur Béatrice) (1899); and 'Monna Vanna (1902); 'Jayzelle' (1903); The Blue Bird, a sublimated Fairy Tale (1909); Mary Magdalene' (1910); The Death of Tintagiles) (1913). Several of these were translated into English by Richard Hovey (q.v.), and Monna Vanna' was rendered by Alexis I. du P. Coleman. The dramas are Maeterlinck's most striking work. Their eery symbolism can hardly be explained, but must be appreciated at first hand. Though they inaugurated a new theatric school the 'Drame Intime they are properly reading plays, and lose their subtlety, mystic qualities and impressiveness in presentation. 'Pélleas et Mélisande was given in the United States by Mrs. Patrick Campbell. To many the essays are his ultimate test as a force in literature, the most interesting things that Maeterlinck has done. The volumes are 'Le Trésor des Humbles (1896); 'La Sagesse et la Destinée' (1898), and 'La Vie des Abeilles' (1902); Le double jardin' (1904); Mon chien' (1906); L'Intelligence des Fleurs' (1907); La Mort' (1913); The Unknown Guest' (1914). The first is somewhat mystical, all are somewhat diffuse; but he has been called by virtue of them a true successor of Swedenborg and Böhme. See BLUE BIRD, THE; MONNA VANNA; PELLEAS AND MÉLISANDE Consult Courtnev, 'Development of Maurice Maeterlinck) (1904); Harry, 'Maurice Maeterlinck; a Biographical Study (1910); Thomas, Maurice Maeterlinck' (1911); Sturgis, The Philosophy of Maeterlinck' (1914); Clark, Maurice Maeterlinck: Poet and Philosopher' (1915); The Wrack of the Storm (1916).

MAEVIAD AND BAVIAD. See BAVIAD. MAFEKING, mä-fa-king' or măf'e-king, Cape Colony, a former Bechuana settlement, now a town, the administrative seat of the

Bechuanaland protectorate, close to the borders of the Transvaal, 870 miles by rail northeast of Cape Town and about 200 miles west-southwest of Pretoria. The town stands near the upper Malopo River, is 4,194 feet above sea-level and contains several substantial buildings, including a Masonic temple, a town-hall and a hospital and there is a good water-supply and a racecourse. Mafeking sustained a protracted siege during the South African War of 1899–1901. It was isolated in October of the former year and was brilliantly defended by a small force under Colonel (now General) Baden-Powell, until relieved by Colonel Mahon in May 1900.

MAFFEI, Francesco Scipione, MARCHESE DI, Italian dramatist and scientist: b. Verona, 1 June 1675; d. there, 11 Feb. 1755. He studied at the Jesuit College, Parma, for five years and from 1698 at Rome. He was present at the battle of Höchstädt in 1704, taking part in the Bavarian campaign as a volunteer under his brother, Gen. Alessandro Maffei. He commenced a literary career in 1710 by the publication of 'Della scienza cavalleresca,' noted for a censure of duelling; became associated in founding the Giornale dei litterati; and edited with introductions some of the best plays of the Cinque cento. In 1713 appeared his own play 'Merope,' since frequently reprinted, one of the most brilliant successes achieved in the history of dramatic literature. While it lacks a love motif, it is considered a masterpiece of Italian tragedy. Voltaire adapted it for the French stage, declaring it "worthy of the most glorious days of Athens," and it inspired Home's celebrated English drama 'Douglas.' His versatility and scientific attainments are shown in subsequent work which include Teatro italiana (1723-25); Istoria diplomatica' (Mantua 1727); Le Ceremonie comedy (1728); and 'Verona illustrata' (1732). From 1732 he spent four years in travel in France and England, returning by way of Holland and Germany, and wrote (Galliæ Antiquitates (Paris 1733); Istoria teologica) (Trent 1742); Dell impiego del denaro (1746), justifying loans on interest; and 'Arte magica' (1749-54). He was also associated with Maratori in the great collection of the 'Rerum italicarum scriptores' which occupied 15 years and were published in 25 folio volumes (172338). A complete edition of Maffei's works were published in 21 volumes (Venice 1790); and selected 'Opusculi litterari) (Venice 1829; Milan 1844). See MEROPE.

a

MAFFITT, John Newland, American clergyman: b. Dublin, Ireland, 28 Dec. 1794; d. Mobile, Ala., 28 May 1850. He was a Wesleyan preacher in Ireland and in 1819 emigrated to the United States, where he became a member of the New England Methodist Episcopal conference. He founded the Western Methodist in Nashville in 1833 and conducted revivalist meetings throughout the South and West. In 1837 he became professor of elocution and belles-lettres at La Grange College, Louisiana, and in 1841 he was elected chaplain to Congress. He published several religious works, also an autobiography.

MAFFITT, John Newland, American naval officer: b. at sea, 1819; d. Wilmington, N. C., 1866. He enlisted in the United States navy in 1832 and in 1861 entered the service of

the Confederacy where he took rank as commodore. In command of the Florida he rendered himself valuable to the Confederate cause, taking many prizes and damaging seriously United States commerce. Owing to ill-health he resigned before the end of the war.

MAFIA, mä-fe'ä, a Sicilian secret society similar to the Camorra (q.v.), which has long existed in Naples, but much more powerful. The Mafia is essentially a form of organized lawlessness, but its organization is sufficiently elastic to baffle all the attempts of the government to suppress it. It is generally said to have had its origin in the compagni d'armi, a kind of police organized in Sicily early in the 19th century and dissolved by Garibaldi in 1860. Its members, who are required to prove their daring in a knife duel, are bound never to carry their suits to the regular courts or to give evidence before them. Murder and robbery are discountenanced under ordinary circumstances, but they are resorted to without hesitation in the case of informers or specially obnoxious persons. Blackmail is levied from landowners, who are required to employ only mafiosi in certain occupations. Criminals are protected and elections controlled by this infamous society, whose authority is greater than that of the law among the lower classes in Sicily. The Chinese highbinder societies are similar to the Mafia. Within recent years these murderous organizations have secured a footing in the United States and murders directly chargeable to the Mafia have been committed in New York, New Orleans, Chicago and other large cities. Consult Alongi, G., La Mafia' (Turin 1886; 2d ed., Palermo 1904); Calou, E. C., La Mafia (Madrid 1905); Paton, W. A., Picturesque Sicily' (1898); Vizzini, A., 'La Mafia' (Rome 1880).

MAGALHAES, ma-ga-lyä'ensh, Domingos José Gonçalves DE, VISCONDE DE ARAGUAYA, Brazilian poet and diplomat: b. Rio de Janiero, 13 Aug. 1811; d. Rome, Italy, 10 July 1882. He was educated in medicine; but entered upon a diplomatic career in 1836, when he became an attaché at the Brazilian embassy at Paris. He was Minister to Austria in 1859-67, and Ambassador to the United States in 1867-71. At the time of his death he was Ambassador at Rome. He began the writing of verse at an early age and attained a considerable reputation, being regarded as the leader of the romantic school of Brazilian poetry. Among his more important works are 'Suspiros poeticas' (1836); and A confederação dos Tamoyos (1857). His Obras completas' were published (Paris 1864).

MAGALHÃES, Fernão de. See MAGELLAN, FERDINAND.

MAGALLANES, mä-gäl-yä'nes, Chile, a territory lying south of the department of Chiloe, and including the many islands, large and small, along the western and southern coasts of Chile. Its entire area is about 65,355 square miles. Among the more prominent islands in the territory are the Wellington group, Hanover group, Queen Adelaide Archipelago, Madre de Dios and a part of Tierra del Fuego. The mainland is a narrow strip of mountainous sea-coast. The islands are barren; there are extensive forests on the mainland, but very little agricultural land. The climate

is disagreeable and stormy. The animal life is not abundant; the seal and sea-otter frequent the coast and in the sheltered regions cast of the Andes cattle, horses and sheep are raised. Coal has been found in the southern part and there are also copper and gold mines. The capital is Punta Arenas. Pop. 30,623.

MAGDA. Sudermann's 'Heimat' ("Home") was the sensation of the theatrical season 188990 in Berlin, and the play, either in the original German or in translations commonly bearing the title 'Magda'- the name of the heroine is probably to be regarded as the most widely known and the most successful drama of the end of the century. Its success is traceable to at least four causes: its theme of revolt against paternal tyranny is one to which the times were sympathetic, its construction is skilful and in every sense theatrical, it contains a number of picturesque episodes and amusing characters, and is distinguished for animated dialogue; but most of all, its heroine is an unconventional, self-assertive, and emotional "new woman" who affords an actress an unusual opportunity for temperamental display. The technique is a clever combination of the naturalism of Ibsen and the methods of the drame à thèse familiar in the works of Dumas fils. The conventional raisonneur - in the person of the Pastor Heffterdingk― mediates between Magda and her father, and debates with each the problems presented by the situation of a prodigal daughter who returns home after a life of moral irregularity but operatic success. We are bidden to despise respectability and admire independence. But the representative of each side is far from being an acceptable champion. Magda's father fails to recognize the difference between a child with duties and a human being with rights, and Magda reveals no conception of the fact that duty is only in part a social obligation and is in its innermost essence an obligation of self-respect. Translated by C. E. A., Winslow (Boston 1896); edited by F. G. G. Schmidt (Boston 1909).

WILLIAM G. HOWARD, Assistant Professor of German, Harvard University.

MAGDALA, mäg'da-la, or MAKDALA, Abyssinia, fortified town on the plateau of Talanto in Shoa, 72 miles northeast of Debra Tabor. The original fort was built on an isolated rock 3,300 feet above the Beshilo, and was stormed and wholly destroyed by the British troops under Sir Robert Napier 13 April 1868, Sir Robert becoming Baron Napier of Magdala in recognition of the achievement. The natural strategic advantages of the position, however, caused the fort to be rebuilt and the town has acquired considerable importance. Altitude, 9,110 feet. Pop. about 4,000.

MAGDALEN, măg'da-len, a name applied to one of the Marys in the Gospels, derived from her place of birth, or former residence, in order to distinguish her from other women of that name (Matt. xxvii, 56, 61; Mark xv, 40, 47; Luke viii, 2; John xix, 25).

MAGDALEN (môd'lin) COLLEGE, Oxford, England, originated in Magdalen Hall, founded in 1448 by William Patten, commonly called William of Waynflete, from the place of

VOL. 18-8

113

his birth, bishop of Winchester and Lord Highchancellor of England, who 10 years later added the College of Saint Mary Magdalen. In some respects Magdalen is the most noteworthy college of the university. Five of the fellowships are attached to five Waynflete professorships, of moral philosophy, chemistry, mineralogy, physiology and pure mathematics, established in lieu of the three former lectureships of divinity, moral philosophy and natural philosophy. There is also a professorship of botany. The buildings are noted for their beauty and Occupy extensive grounds. Among Magdalen's celebrated alumni are Addison, Camden, Foxe, Gibbon, Hampden, John Lyly, Sacheverell, Selborne, Tyndale and Cardinal Wolsey. Consult Wilson, Magdalen College' (1899); Glasgow, 'Sketches of Magdalen College' (1901).

The

MAGDALEN (măgdạ-lěn) ISLANDS, Quebec, Canada, near the centre of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 54 miles northwest of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and 100 miles southwest of Newfoundland. Amherst, Alright, Coffin, Wolf, Grindstone, Deadman, Entry and Byron islands compose the group which are politically attached to the district of Gaspé, Quebec. inhabitants exist chiefly by the fisheries of the adjacent waters; gypsum which is found in veins and hollows, and grindstones from Grindstone Island, are exported. House Harbor on Alright Island, and Amherst where there is a custom house, are the chief settlements. Pop. about 5,000.

MAGDALENA, mäg-dä-lä'nä, a river of Colombia, South America, which has its rise in the Andes Mountains in the southwestern part of Colombia, and flows north to the Caribbean Sea. A short distance from the sea, at the city of Barranquilla, the river divides and discharges its waters through two channels. It is about 1,000 miles in length. It is navigable for ocean steamers to La Dorada, 592 miles from Barranquilla, and for small steamers to about 900 miles from its mouth. Magdalena River is the principal route from the sea to the interior of the country, and the work of clearing and canalizing both the upper and lower parts of the stream has greatly increased its importance and value as a means of communication and transportation. Bogota (q.v.), the capital, is largely dependent upon this river for means of communication with places on the coast. The largest tributary is Cauca, whose source is near that of the Magdalena, and part of its course is almost parallel with the main river. Short railroads connect some of the interior towns with the river and its tributaries.

MAGDALENA (măg-da-lē'na) BAY, an inlet on the west coast of Lower California, in Mexico, one of the best harbors on the Pacific Coast. The inlet or arm of the sea is about 40 miles long and 12 miles wide and is protected by a long, low sand-bar. A town of the same name is situated on the harbor.

MAGDALENE (măg'da-lĕn) COLLEGE, Cambridge, England, was founded in 1542 by Thomas, Baron Audley of Walden, in place of Buckingham College, established by Edward, Duke of Buckingham, in 1519, which had succeeded a monks' hostel for students founded in 1428. There are seven open fellowships on the foundation, and 12 open scholarships. There

are also several exhibitions. The annual Pepysian benefaction, value £50, is in the master's gift, and is usually bestowed upon poor and deserving students. The buildings consist of two courts, restored and altered in 1880, a chapel and hall dating from the 15th century and the Pepysian Library, built in 1688. Samuel Pepys, Charles Kingsley and Charles Stewart Parnell were educated at Magdalene College.

MAGDALENIAN STAGE, a period in the history of Paleolithic man in southwestern Europe when humanity lived largely in caves (wherefore these people are called "cave men”). They had attained a remarkably high degree of skill in the graphic arts, and adorned the interior of caverns with paintings and many objects with engravings of animals and other subjects. See STONE AGE.

MAGDEBURG, mäg'dě-boorg, Germany, city, capital of the Prussian province of Saxony, on the Elbe, about 88 miles southwest of Berlin. The manufacturing and trade of Magdeburg are extensive,, and its facilities for transportation by water and railroad are excellent. Among its industrial establishments are the Gruson Works, noted for their connection with the Krupp Works, the beet-sugar factories and a number of other establishments. It has a large number of excellent schools, gymnasia, a pedagogical seminary, art schools, industrial schools, etc. Magdeburg is a place of great antiquity, being a trading centre in the 9th century. It early distinguished itself in the Reformation. During the Thirty Years' War the town was besieged, stormed and sacked by Tilly, when 20,000 persons are said to have been murdered. Pop. about 279,685. Consult Wolter, Geschichte der Stadt Magdeburg) (3d ed., Magdeburg 1901); Dodge, 'Gustavus Adolphus (New York 1906).

MAGDEBURG CENTURIES, a Protestant history of the Christian Church by centuries, written in Latin in 1562 by Matthias Flacius of Magdeburg and other Lutheran theologians. It first appeared as 'Historia ecclesiæ Christi (7 vols., Basel 1559-74); a German translation of the earlier part also appearing (Jena 1560-65). German Protestant princes bore the cost of publication. The 'Ecclesiastical Annals of Baronius (q.v.) were a Catholic reply to the Magdeburg Centuries. See PROT

ESTANTISM.

MAGDEBURG HEMISPHERES, a celebrated invention of two 1.ollow hemispheres, made of copper or brass, with their edges accurately fitted to each other, and one of them furnished with a stopcock. When the edges are rubbed over with grease, pressed tightly together and the globe thus formed exhausted of air through the cock, the hemispheres, which fell asunder before exhaustion, are now pressed together with immense force. If they are one foot in diameter they will, after exhaustion, be pressed together with a force of nearly a ton. This experiment was first performed by Otto von Guericke of Magdeburg, in 1654, at the imperial Diet at Ratisbon, to the astonishment of the Emperor Ferdinand III and the royal family.

MAGELLAN, ma-jěl'an, Ferdinand (Port. FERNÃO DE MAGALHÃES; SD. FERNANDO MAGALLANES), Portuguese navigator: b. probably at

Villa de Sabroza, Trazos-Montes, about 1480; d. Philippine Islands, 27 April 1521. He served in the Indies with distinction, especially at Malacca, and in 1514 saw service in Morocco. In resentment at his treatment by the king, who had not, he thought, duly rewarded his services, he, with Ruy Falero, a geographer and astronomer, renounced his nationality and offered his services to Spain, Magellan's proposal to seek a western route to the Moluccas was accepted by Charles V, and on 20 Sept. 1519 he set sail from San Lucar de Barrameda in command of five vessels. He passed through the strait which bears his name (see MAGELLAN, STRAIT OF), and on 28 Nov. 1520, reached the great ocean which he called the Pacific from its calmness. With his three remaining vessels he sailed by way of the Ladrones Islands to the Philippines, discovering Samar on 16 March 1521. He caused the king of Zebu to swear allegiance to Spain, but was killed in a fight with the natives of Matan. His vessel, the Victoria, under Sebastian del Cano, completed this, the first circumnavigation of the globe. The chief authority for the voyage is a work by Pigafetta, an Italian who accompanied Magellan. Consult Lord Stanley, 'The First Voyage Round the World' (1875); and Guillemard, 'Ferdinand Magellan' (1891).

MAGELLAN, Strait of, the channel which separates the continent of South America from Tierra del Fuego and thus forms a communication between the south Atlantic and the south Pacific oceans. It is upward of 360 miles long, and is of difficult navigation. Its breadth varies exceedingly, the maximum being somewhat over 70 miles. There are a number of bays along the shore and at the southwestern end a group of several small islands. Punta Arenas is the best harbor. The strait was discovered in 1520 by Fernão de Magalhães or Magellan.

MAGELLANIC CLOUDS, in astronomy, called the Nubeculæ, Major and Minor, from their cloud-like appearance, two oval masses of light in the southern hemisphere near the pole; often both visible to the naked eye. Sir J. Herschel describes them as consisting of swarms of stars, clusters and nebulæ of every description.

MAGENDIE, François, frän-swä mäzhon-dē, French physician and physiologist: b. Bordeaux, 15 Oct. 1783; d. Paris, 8 Oct. 1855. He was the pupil of the celebrated surgeon, Boyer, and at 20 was appointed successively aide d'anatomie in the faculty of medicine, and demonstrator. He, however, subsequently devoted himself principally to the practice of medicine, was in 1819 elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and in 1831 succeeded Récamier in the chair of anatomy in the College of France, which he retained until his death. As an experimenter in physiology he occupied a high position and his experiments on living animals were at one time so numerous and involved so much suffering to the animals that the French government deemed it necessary to interfere. The results obtained, however, were of great importance, if they do not absolve him from the charge of cruelty. Among them may be named an original demonstration that the two roots of the spinal nerves are devoted to two separate functions; that the veins are organs of absorption; that strychnine acts upon the