Chicago Convention of 1912. In the same year Mr. McCormick was member of a committee of his party which went abroad to study social legislation. He was twice elected to the general assembly of Illinois and was a member of the 65th Congress, 1917-19, as Congressmanat-large from Illinois. In 1918 he was elected to the United States Senate.

MCCORMICK, Leander James, American inventor: b. in Virginia, 1819; d. Chicago, 20 Feb. 1900. In early life he worked with his father in manufacturing reaping-machines; removed to Chicago in 1848, and entered into partnership with his brother, Cyrus Hall McCormick (q.v.), and superintended the manufacturing department of their reaping-machine plant until 1879, when the firm was incorporated as the McCormick Harvesting-Machine Company. Ten years later he retired from active business. Many of the improvements in the famous McCormick reaping-machine were made by him. In 1871 he gave an observatory with a powerful telescope to the University of Virginia.

MCCORMICK, Robert Sanderson, American diplomat, father of Joseph Medill McCormick and Robert Rutherford McCormick: b. Rockbridge County, Va., 26 July 1849; d. Chicago, 16 April 1919. He was educated at the University of Virginia and entered the diplomatic service as secretary of the American legation at London in 1889-92. He was appointed first Ambassador to Austria-Hungary in July 1902; was Ambassador to Russia from December 1902 to 1905; and Ambassador to France in 1905-07. He was decorated with the Order of the Rising Sun, Japan, 1907. During the Russo-Japanese War Mr. McCormick represented the interests of Japan in Russia.

MCCORMICK OBSERVATORY. See LEANDER MCCORMICK OBSERVATORY.

MCCORMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, in Chicago, Ill.; opened in 1830 under the auspices of the Presbyterians, as a department of Hanover Academy, at Hanover, Ind. Ten years after its opening the school was removed to New Albany, Ind. Cyrus H. McCormick (q.v.) offered the institution a liberal endowment, which generous gift caused the removal of the school to Chicago, in 1859. It was for a time known as the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest. In 1886 the present name was taken in honor of its liberal benefactor. No fees are charged for lodging or tuition, and some of its income is used in assisting worthy and needy students. In 1917 there were connected with the seminary 18 professors and instructors and 206 students. The library contained about 41,000 volumes. The total income on productive funds and from other sources, but excluding benefactions, was about $98,000. Its buildings and grounds were valued at nearly $1,000,000 and its endowment funds at about $1,800,000.

McCOSH, ma-kosh', James, Scotch-American author and educator: b. Carskeoch, Ayrshire, 1 April 1811; d. Princeton, N. J., 16 Nov. 1894. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, which he entered at 13, and at the University of Edinburgh, where he went in 1829. He became a minister of the Church of Scotland; was settled at Arbroath in 1835, and

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at Brechin in 1839; but at the disruption of the Scottish Church joined the Free Church, whose organization he was active in promoting. In 1850 he published The Method of the Divine Government, Physical and Moral, in which he applied the philosophy of Sir William Hamilton to questions of theology with such skill as to elicit from him the highest commendation. This work at once gave McCosh wide fame as a philosophical thinker, and in 1851 he was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics in Queen's College, Belfast, where he remained 18 years, not only discharging his professional duties, but also entering earnestly into work of religious and social improvement, through which his spirit of benevolence and his enlightened zeal for general education accomplished lasting results. In 1868 he was elected president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), having previously visited this country and become impressed with its educational promise. This promise was especially bright when he assumed the presidency of Princeton, but the conditions of transition in the sphere of higher education were such as to demand consummate powers of leadership. Such powers McCosh, although a foreigner, brought to his work with most satisfying success. During the 20 years of his administration at Princeton he saw the number of students and professors more than doubled and prosperity increased in all departments. His resignation in 1888 was due to the advance of years, and he was able to continue in the chair of philosophy beyond that period. As a philosopher he maintained the principles of the Scottish metaphysicians against all empirical methods, but went beyond his predecessors in the direction of intuitionalism, although he once declared that this "rose out of rationalism as frogs rise out of the melted ice," and few orthodox theologians were abreast of him in welcoming the evolutionary features of the new biology. His writings on theology, philosophy and psychology are very numerous and include 'Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation,' in collaboration with Dickie (1856); The Intuitions of the Mind Inductively Investigated' (1860); The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural (1862); 'An Examination of Mill's Philosophy) (1866); Laws of Discursive Thought' (1869); Christianity and Positivism (1871); The Scottish Philosophy, Biographical and Critical' (1874); The Development of Hypothesis (1876); The Emotions) (1880); Psychology of the Cognitive Powers (1886) (Psychology of the Motive Powers (1887) Realistic Philosophy Defended) (1877), and 'Our Moral Nature (1892). Consult Dulles, J. H., A McCosh Bibliography) (Princeton 1895), and Sloane, W. M., The Life of James McCosh' (New York 1896).

McCOY, Isaac, American missionary and Indian agent: b. near Uniontown, Pa., 13 June 1784; d. Louisville, Ky., 21 June 1846. His early life was spent in Kentucky. Reared on the frontier, his educational advantages were very limited, but he was of a studious disposition. He was married at the age of 20 and was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist Church at 24, settling in Indiana about the same time. After serving eight years as pastor of a church, he entered the mission field among the Miami

Indians, in the valley of the Wabash River, in 1817. He subsequently labored among the people of the Pottawatomie and Ottawa tribes in Michigan. During the course of his work among the Indians he became impressed with expediency of removing the Indians from the contaminating influences of the white settlements. In June 1824 he submitted the matter to the consideration of the Baptist Mission Board at Washington, D. C., and was authorized to present the matter to the attention of the President of the United States. He failed to secure an audience with President Monroe, but he was successful in interviewing the Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun, under the jurisdiction of whose department was included all matters pertaining to the administration of Indian affairs. Secretary Calhoun approved of the scheme thus proposed for the establishment of an Indian Territory west of the Mississippi and became its champion. Although several tribes had removed to the West prior to that time, the government had no settled policy in regard to the matter until after Secretary Calhoun took it up officially after the suggestion was made by Mr. McCoy. In 1827 he again visited Washington, where he interviewed President John Quincy Adams and Secretary Barbour of the War Department. In 1828, Mr. McCoy and Capt. George Kennerly of Saint Louis were appointed by the Secretary of War as commissioners to conduct delegations representing the Choctaw, Creek, Pottawatomie and Ottawa tribes on an inspection of the region to be included in the proposed Indian Territory, in the performance of which duty they made two tours of the wilderness region west of Missouri and Arkansas during the late summer and autumn of 1828. During the ensuing 10 years Mr. McCoy was almost constantly in the Indian Territory (i.e., the present States of Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma), selecting and surveying locations for immigrant Indian tribes for the government, and, at the same time, aiding in the location and establishment of missions and schools among them. He published a brief annual pamphlet entitled The Annual Register of Indian Affairs within the Indian (or Western) Territory, during the years 1835 to 1838 inclusive. Previous to that he had published a pamphlet, 'The Practicability of Indian Reform.' He was also the author of 'A History of Baptist Indian Missions.' His last years were spent at Louisville, Ky., where he had charge of the work of the American Indian Mission Association.

McCOY, Joseph G., American pioneer in the overland cattle trade: b. Springfield, Ill., 20 Dec. 1837; d. Kansas City, Mo., 19 Oct. 1915. Reared on a farm, he made a specialty of feeding cattle for the beef market. At the conclusion of the Civil War the scarcity and high price of beef and the seeming impossibility of transporting the cheap cattle from the overstocked ranges of Texas to the Northern markets, because of the introduction of splenitic fever which was certain to follow among native herds, appealed to the typically American genius of McCoy for achieving that which had been reputed to be impossible. He finally proposed the establishment of a shipping point on one of the new railways, which were then being built westward across the great plains, to which the

beef stock of Texas might be slowly driven northward during the grazing season, keeping well to the westward of the frontier settlements, and shipped thence by rail to the market at Chicago for immediate slaughter. This proposal, though simple, was so novel that railway managers at first refused to consider it seriously. McCoy finally induced one of the railway companies to back him in the enterprise and he arranged to build shipping pens at Abiliene, Kan. As the result of a diligent advertising campaign a few Texas ranchmen were persuaded to undertake to drive herds across the Indian Territory to the designated shipping point on the Kansas Pacific Railway, during the season of 1867. Thirty-five thousand head of beef cattle were thus marketed that season. The next year the number thus driven overland to the shipping point was increased to 75,000 head; in 1869, this number was doubled, and in 1870 the number was doubled again. When the overland cattle trade was well established the railway company soon ceased to pay the stipulated royalties to McCoy, but he continued his active interest in the live-stock business until old age forced his retirement. He published 'Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade in the West and Southwest' (1874). He was a pioneer settler at El Reno, Okla., in 1889, and was nominated as the candidate for Territorial delegate to Congress by the convention of the Democratic party in 1890.

McCRACKAN, mạ-krăk'an, William Denison, American author and lecturer: b. Munich, Germany, 12 Feb. 1864. He is of American parentage, but received his earliest education at the Latin Gymnasium, Stuttgart, Germany, Saint Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and was afterward graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., in 1885. He has written The Rise of the Swiss Republic) (1892); 'Romance and Teutonic Switzerland) (1894); 'Swiss Solutions of American Problems'; 'Little Idyls of the Big World' (1895); (The Huntington Letters (1897); Fair Land Tyrol) (1905); (The Italian Lakes (1907); Christian Science: Its Discovery and Development' (1912). From 1901-04 he was a member of the Christian Science Committee on Publication,

MacCRACKEN, Henry Mitchell, American Presbyterian clergyman and educator: b. Oxford, Ohio, 28 Sept. 1840; d. Orlando, Fla., 24 Dec. 1918. He was graduated at Miami University in 1857; for four years was a teacher and school superintendent; studied at the United Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Xenia, Ohio, and at the Princeton Theological Seminary, and later at Tübingen and Berlin universities. He was minister of the Westminster Church, Columbus, Ohio, 1863-67, and of the First Presbyterian Church at Toledo, Ohio, 1869-81. In 1867 he was deputy to the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, and to that of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland in 1884. From 1880 to 1884 he was chancellor of the Western University, Pittsburgh, Pa., and in the latter year became vice-chancellor and professor of philosophy in the University of the City of New York, of which he was made chancellor in 1891. Since then the name of the institution has been changed to New York University, and the seat of the University College and School of Applied Science has been re

moved to University Heights, New York City. Under his administration the Hall of Fame for Great Americans (q.v.) was added to the university, its growth and prosperity greatly increased and the extension of its work and influence has given it a leading position in the field of American education. During Dr. MacCracken's active connection with the institution it grew from a college with 91 students to a university with 4,113 students, and the property increased in value from $547,000 to $5,211,000. He resigned the chancellorship 28 Sept. 1910. Besides numerous papers on subjects of education, religion and philosophy, he published 'Tercentenary of Presbyterianism) (1870); 'Popular Sermons (1875); 'Leaders of the Church Universal' (1879); John Calvin' (1888); 'Cities and Universities' (1882); 'The Scotch-Irish in America' (1884); A Metropolitan University) (1892); Educational Progress in the United States (1893); Lives of Church Leaders: or Heroes of the Cross' (1900); The Three Essentials) (1901); 'The Hall of Fame (1901); Urgent Eastern Questions' (1912).

MacCRACKEN, Henry Noble, American educator: b. Toledo, Ohio, 19 Nov. 1880. He was the son of Henry Mitchell MacCracken (q.v.) and was educated at New York and Harvard universities. He was instructor in English at the Syrian Protestant College in 1900-03; Harvard Fellow in 1907-08; instructor and afterward assistant professor of English at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale in 1908-13. He was president of Smith College in 1913-15, and since 1915 has been president of Vassar College. Since 1917 he has been national director of the junior membership in the American Red Cross. He has written for the magazines on philology; has edited 'The Serpent of Division' (1910); The College Chaucer (1913); Shakespeare's Principal Plays (1914), etc. He is author of "First Year English' (1902); and part author of (English Composition in Theory and Practice' (1909).

MacCRACKEN, John Henry, American educator: b. Rochester, Vt., 30 Sept. 1875. He is the son of Henry Mitchell MacCracken (q.v.), and was educated at the New York University, the Union Theological Seminary and the University of Halle. He was associated with New York University as Fellow, instructor and assistant professor of philosophy in 189499; was president of Westminster College, Missouri, in 1899-1903; syndic and professor of politics at New York University in 1903-15; and since 1915 has been president of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.

McCRADY, ma-krā’di, Edward, American soldier and historian: b. Charleston, S. C., 8 April 1833; d. there, 2 Nov. 1903. He was graduated at Charleston College, admitted to the bar in 1855, and joined earnestly in the movement which led to the secession of his State. He took part in the capture of Castle Pinckney, 27 Dec. 1860, and was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter in the following April. As captain of the first military company raised in South Carolina for the whole war, he entered the Confederate army, 27 June 1861, was made major and then lieutenant

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colonel, was badly wounded at the second battle of Bull Run (or Manassas), 30 Aug. 1862, and in January 1863 received an injury in camp from a falling tree, in consequence of which he was transferred from field service to the command of a camp of instruction at Madison, Fla., in 1864. He remained at that post until the end of the war. Later he became majorgeneral of State troops and a member of the South Carolina legislature (1880-90), where he proposed the South Carolina Election and Registration Law. Among his more important writings may be mentioned The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government, 1670-1719) (1897); The History of South Carolina Under the Royal Government, 1719-1776) (1899); The History of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775-1780) (1901); and The History of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1780-83) (1902).

MCCRAE, John David, Canadian physician, soldier and poet: b. Guelph, Ontario, 30 Nov. The second son of Lieut.-Col. David McCrae 1872; d. of pneumonia in France, 28 Jan. 1918. (who organized and took over a battery to France), he was educated at the University of Toronto and took his M.D. degree in 1910. He became Governor's Fellow in Pathology at McGill University; afterwards lecturer in pathology and in medicine. After attaining the M.R.C.P. he was appointed assistant physician to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, and physician to the Alexandra Hospital. With Professor Adami he was co-author of a textbook on pathology and also contributed to the System of Medicine' by Osler and McCrae, the latter being his elder brother (see MCCRAE, THOMAS). He served as a lieutenant of artillery in the South African War, taking part in several important engagements. At the outbreak of the European War he volunteered for service and crossed the sea in September 1914 with the Canadian Field Artillery. served in the field till after the second battle of Ypres, when he was placed in charge of medicine and second in command of the hos

He

pital unit provided by McGill University. Shortly before his death he had been appointed consultant to the British Armies in the Field, but had not yet entered upon that post. McCrae attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel; besides achieving high military, professional and academic distinction, he had earned a creditable reputation as a poet. He did not write much, yet his verses have obtained a permanent place in modern anthologies. One of his best-known works is the now famous lyric, 'In Flanders' Fields,' written during the battle of Ypres and originally contributed to Punch. The style is peculiarly his own:

In Flanders' Fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place, and in the sky
The larks still bravely singing fly,
Scarce heard amidst the guns below.
We are the dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved; and now we lie
In Flanders' Fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe,
To you from falling hands we throw
The Torch-be yours to hold it high;
If you break faith with us who die,
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow,
In Flanders' Fields.

MCCRAE, Thomas, American physician: b. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 16 Dec. 1870. He was educated at the universities of Toronto and Göttingen, and in 1904-12 was associate in medicine at Johns Hopkins Hospital, serving as associate professor of medicine of the university in 1906-12. He has been professor of medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and physician to the Jefferson and Pennsylvania hospitals since 1912. He was associate editor of Osler's 'System of Medicine'; is co-author, with Sir William Osler, of 'Cancer of the Stomach (1900); and assistant author of Osler's 'Practice of Medicine' (1912; new ed., 1918).

MCCRARY, George Washington, American justice and legislator: b. Evansville, Ind., 29 Aug. 1835; d. Saint Joseph, Mo., 23 June 1890. He went with his family to the Wisconsin Territory, now a part of Iowa, when a year old, studied law in Keokuk, Iowa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He was elected to the State legislature in 1857, and in 1861-65 served in the State senate where he was chairman of the committees on military affairs and the judiciary. He was a member of Congress from 1869-77, and was appointed to the committees on naval affairs, revision of laws, elections, railways and canals, and the judiciary. He proposed the formation of a joint committee for the purpose of determining the electoral vote in the Hayes-Tilden Presidential election, and was connected with the preparation and passing of the Electoral Bill. He was Secretary of War under President Hayes in 1877-79, when he was appointed justice of the United States Circuit Court. resigned in 1884 and removed to Kansas City, Mo., where he acted as general consulting attorney for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad until his death. He is author of 'American Law of Elections' (1875).

He

MCCREA, Dorothy Frances, Australian poet and story writer. See MOCREA, GEORGE GORDON.

MCCREA, George Gordon, Australian poet : b. Anchorfield, near Edinburgh, Scotland, 29 May 1833. His father went to Australia in 1841 as warden of the Gold Fields of Australia, taking his family with him. Young McCrea was educated privately and entered the Audit Office in 1854. After serving in the office of the chief secretary and the registrar-general, he became senior examiner of patents and deputy registrargeneral. He was retired on a pension after 40 years' service. Among his published works are Balladeadro and Mamba (1866-67); Karakorok'; 'The Man in the Iron Mask (1873); 'A Rosebud from the Garden of Taj,' 'Afloat and Ashore' and a vast amount of material the greater part of which still remains unpublished. Among this are two dramas and A History of Seychelles' in two volumes. His son, Hugh Raymond McCrea, is an artist and poet well known in Australia; and his daughter, Dorothy Frances, is a clever story writer and a poet of some reputation in Australia.

MCCREA, Hugh Raymond, Australian artist. See MCCREA, GEORGE GORDON.

MCCREA, ma-krā', Jane, American Revolutionary heroine: b. Bedminster (now Lamington), N. J., 1753; d. near Fort Edward, N. Y.,

27 July 1777. She was the daughter of a Scotch Presbyterian clergyman, at whose death she went to live with her brother near Fort Edward, N. Y. At the commencement of the Revolution she was betrothed to David Jones, an officer of the Crown. When Burgoyne's army was advancing from the north she was visiting a Mrs. MacNeil at Fort Edward. Her brother, sharing the general alarm felt throughout the region, sent for his sister, intending to remove to a safer locality. On the morning fixed upon for her departure, a band of Indians in the employ of Burgoyne suddenly swooped down upon the MacNeil household and they, together with Miss McCrea, were made prisoners. Mrs. MacNeil and her party arrived in safety at Burgoyne's camp, but half an hour later another party of Indians arrived, bearing a number of freshly severed scalps, one of which bore the long glossy hair of Miss McCrea, whose body was later found by a roadside. The precise manner of her death never became known. The Indians claimed that she was killed by a random shot from an American detachment, whereupon her captors determined to secure the reward for her scalp. It has been surmised that a quarrel arose among the Indians as to whose captive she was and that one of them in a frenzy tomahawked her. Other authorities credit the story that Lieutenant Jones hired the Indians to bring his betrothed to camp where they were to be married and that she was killed in a controversy which arose as to whose captive she was. Lieutenant Jones denied this story; he lived to an old age, a morose and gloomy man. At all events the tragedy caused a general feeling of horror throughout America and England. Burgoyne called a council of his Indian chiefs in order to reprove them, but as his allies would have deserted him the offender was allowed to go unpunished. A blasted pine long marked the spot where tradition relates the beautiful young girl was murdered, and her grave may be seen in a small cemetery near the ruins of Fort Edward. Consult Bascom, R. O., "The Fort Edward Book' (Fort Edward 1903), and Wilson, D., The Life of Jane McCrea' (New York 1853).

MCCREARY, ma-krē'ri, James Bennett, American lawyer: b. Madison County, Ky., 8 July 1838. He was graduated at Centre College, Danville, Ky., in 1857, and from the Law School of Cumberland University, Tennessee, 1859. He entered the Confederate army in 1862 as major of cavalry and served until close of war, being then lieutenant-colonel of the 11th Kentucky Cavalry, C. S. A. He was a member of the Kentucky house of representatives in 1869, 1871 and 1873 (being Speaker 1871-73); governor of Kentucky 1875-79, and a member of Congress in 1885-97. He was a delegate to the International Monetary Conference at Brussels, Belgium, in 1891, and in 1903 became United States senator. In 1911-15 he was again governor of Kentucky. He was delegate-atlarge to the Kansas City National Democratic Convention and to the Baltimore Convention of 1912.

MCCREERY, James, American merchant: b. Ireland; d. Aiken, S. C., 1893. He came to the United States when about 20 and engaged in the dry goods business in Baltimore, and at the beginning of the Civil War removed to New

York, where he soon established a business of his own which made him ultimately one of New York's leading merchants. He was a member of many public boards, one of the founders of the silk industry in America and director of numerous commercial enterprises. He was one of the Chamber of Commerce delegation sent to England two years before his death, and was a leading member of various clubs, chiefly of an educational or public character.

MCCULLOCH, ma-kŭl'ō, Benjamin, American soldier: b. Rutherford County, Tenn., 11 Nov. 1811; d. 7 March 1862. He became a skilled hunter and boatman and joined other frontiersmen in settling Texas. In 1835 he served in the Texan war for independence, being in the battle of San Jacinto. Later he settled as surveyor at Gonzales and was elected to the Texas Congress in 1839. In the following year he was engaged in fighting the Comanches and operating against Mexican raiders. He also commanded a company of rangers in the Mexican War under Taylor and Scott, did important work as a scout, and was specially distinguished at the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista, and in the siege of the City of Mexico. In 1853 he was appointed United States marshal in Texas. In 1857 he was one of the commissioners appointed to settle_the Mormon difficulties in Utah. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate army, was appointed brigadier-general and sent into Missouri, where he was defeated at the battle of Dug Spring. but later united his forces with those of General Price and then defeated the Federals under General Lyon (q.v.) at Wilson's Creek. He commanded a corps at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., where he was killed by a sharpshooter while making a reconnaissance. Consult Reid, S. C., Scouting Expeditions of McCulloch's Rangers) (Philadelphia 1859).

MCCULLOCH, ma-kŭl'òh, Hugh, American financier: b. Kennebunk, Me., 7 Dec. 1808; d. near Washington, D. C., 24 May 1895. He was educated at Bowdoin College and went in 1833 to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he established a law practice which he continued until 1835 when he entered a branch of the State Bank of Indiana. He was chosen director in 1836 and in 1857 became president of the newly incorporated State Bank of Indiana. He was appointed Comptroller of the Currency in 1863 and in 1865 became Secretary of the Treasury under President Lincoln. Owing to the enor mous expenses incurred by the Civil War, the finances of the country were in a critical condition; in six months the large sum due 500,000 soldiers and sailors was paid together with other heavy expenses, and a reduction of the national debt was begun. McCulloch converted more than $1,000,000,000 of short-time obligations into a funded debt, and in less than two years had succeeded in putting the finances of the country on a sound basis. Congress approved his course and his plan for a speedy resumption of specie payment, but he met with opposition in his purpose to retire the legaltender notes. He occupied the office until 1869 and in 1871 opened a banking business in London where he remained until 1878. He was reappointed to the Secretaryship of the Treasury by President Arthur in 1884 and continued in

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office until the close of the administration. He wrote 'Men and Measures of Half a Century,' and many of his speeches together with a large share of his correspondence have been published. He was the last living member of Lincoln's distinguished cabinet.

McCULLOCH, John Ramsay, English political economist: b. Whithorn, Wigtownshire, 1 March 1789; d. London, England, 11 Nov. 1864. He was educated at Edinburgh; became editor of The Scotsman, an Edinburgh newspaper, 1818-20, and from 1818 wrote many articles for the Edinburgh Review. He was professor of political economy in London University, 1828-32, and in 1838 was appointed comptroller of the stationery office. Among his many books may be mentioned "The Principles of Political Economy) (1825); 'Historical Sketch of the Bank of England' (1831); 'Dictionary of Commerce) (1832); Geographical Dictionary) (1841); A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System' (1845); The Literature of Political Economy (1845), etc. He was one of the earliest advocates of free-trade in Great Britain.

MacCULLOUGH, ma-kŭl'ök, John Edward, American tragedian: b. Coleraine, Ireland, 2 Nov. 1837; d. Philadelphia, 8 Nov. 1885. He came to the United States in 1853, studied for the stage and made his début in Philadelphia, 1857. He played with Edwin Forrest, who left him at his death all his manuscript plays. In 1869 he managed, with Lawrence Barrett, the Bush Street Theatre in San Francisco, Cal. His appearance in England in 1881 was not successful, but his popularity in America remained unbroken. Despite his lack of literary education, a serious handicap, he won high rank in his profession. He played De Mauprat to Edwin Booth's Richelieu, and Richmond to his Richard III. His interpretation of Virginius was unexcelled during his day. Among his leading rôles were Hamlet, Macduff, Richelieu, Spartacus, etc. In 1884, at the height of his brilliant career, he suddenly collapsed, both physically and mentally; he died a year later in an insane asylum in Philadelphia. Consult Clark, John McCullough as Man, Actor, and Spirit) (Boston 1905).

MCCULLOUGH, John Griffith, American politician: b. Welsh Tract, near Newark, Del., 16 Sept. 1835; d. 29 May 1915. He was graduated from Delaware College in 1855 and from the law department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1858. He removed to California in 1859, engaged in law practice in Mariposa County, was elected to the State legislature in 1861, to the senate in 1862 and in 1863-67 was attorney-general. In 1867-73 he practised law in San Francisco and then removed to Bennington, Vt., where he became director and president of several railway systems and prominently connected with various banking and commercial enterprises. He was elected to the Vermont senate in 1898 and in 1902 was elected governor of the State.

McCUMBER, m'kum'bėr, Porter James, American legislator: b. Crete, Will County, Ill., 3 Feb. 1858. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1880 and engaged in the practice of law. He has been senior mem