MAYER, Frank Blackwell, American artist, brother of Alfred Marshall Mayer (q.v.) and nephew of Brantz Mayer (q.v.): b. Baltimore, 27 Dec. 1827; d. 1908. He studied art there under A. J. Müller, and under Gleyre and Brion in Paris and then settled in Annapolis. He made a special study of Dakota Indian types; contributed to Harper's and Century various articles with his own illustrations; and exhibited in the Paris Salon and at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, where he received a medal for two pictures, The Continentals' and Attic Philosopher.'. Among his other canvases are Feast of Mondawmin'; 'The King's Fool'; 'The Trappist'; 'Maryland in 1750'; 'Crowning a Troubadour,' 'The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux,' 'Minnesota' (1886); The Washington Cockade,' 'Founders of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad' (1891; and 'The Burning of the Peggy Stuart.)

MAYER, Henry, American caricaturist: b. Worms, Germany, 18 July 1868. Educated in Germany and England, he at first followed a business career in the latter country, but emigrating to the United States in 1887 soon won for himself a distinct place as caricaturist, by his designs and illustrations for American and European papers. Since 1893 he has resided in New York. His works are Autobiography of a Monkey) (1896); ‘In Laughland' (1899); 'Fantasies in Ha-Ha' (1899); A Trip to Toyland' (1900); Adventures of a Japanese Doll' (1901); Alphabet of Little People' (1901). He is the creator of 'Impressions of the Passing Show for 10 years in the New York Times. He received a personal gift of two cloissonné vases with imperial crest from the late Mikado for his cartoons during the RussoJapanese War. He is editor of Puck since 1914.

MAYER, mi'ĕr, Julius Robert von, German physicist: b. Heilbronn, Würtemberg, 25 Nov. 1814; d. there, 20 March 1878. He was educated at the gymnasium in Heilbronn, studied medicine at Tübingen and finished his university studies at Munich and Paris. In 1840 he went to Java as a ship's surgeon, and while there turned his attention to studies of the blood, extending his work to exhaustive investigations of animal heat, to which he applied the mechanical theory. Returning in 1841 to Heilbronn, where for some years he practised his profession, he became deeply engrossed with his scientific labors, and in 1842 published in Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie a preliminary statement of his revolutionary theory of heat, together with his views on the conservation and correlation of energy. Three years later he restated his results in 'Die organische Bewegung in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Stoffwechsel,' at the same time giving a forecast of his theory of the meteoric origin of the sun's heat. Contemporaneously with Mayer the mechanical theory of heat was worked out independently by J. P. Joule (q.v.) in England, and a controversy arose regarding the priority of discovery. The Royal Society.gave Mayer the Copley medal in 1871, and two years before his death he was ennobled by the king of Würtemberg. His collected works appeared in 1867 under the title 'Die Mechanik der Wärme' (3d ed., by J. S. Weyrauch 1893). Consult

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Weyrauch, Robert Mayer (Stuttgart 1890); id., Kleinere Schriften und Briefe von Robert Mayer (Stuttgart 1893); Gross, Robert Mayer and Hermann von Helmholtz) (Berlin 1898); Jeutsch, E., Julius Robert Mayer; seine Krankheitgeschichte und die Geschichte seiner Entdeckung) (Berlin 1914).

MAYFAIR, London, England, a fashionable neighborhood in the "West End" adjoining Belgravia, east of Hyde Park, and bounded by Park lane and Bond street. See LONDON.

MAYFIELD, Ky., city, county-seat of Graves County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, about 30 miles from the Mississippi River and 25 miles from the Ohio at the mouth of the Tennessee. It was settled about 1820 and incorporated in 1850. It is in a fertile agricultural region in which the chief product is tobacco and in which the city has extensive interests. Mayfield has large tobacco warehouses and factories, clothing factories, woolen mills, fire-clay works, flour and lumber mills. It has an extensive trade in tobacco. The mayor is elected once in four years; the council acts upon the appointments of the executive. Pop. 5,916.

MAYFIELD, Pa., borough of Lackawanna County, 15 miles northeast of Scranton, on the New York, Ontario and Western and the Delaware and Hudson railroads. It has extensive interests in coal, the mining of which is the leading industry. There is also a silk mill. Pop. 3,660.

MAYFLOWER, The, the name of the vessel in which the Pilgrim Fathers, or first colonists in New England, sailed to this country in 1620. The Mayflower was a vessel of 180 tons. She set sail from Southampton, England, on 5 Aug. 1620, in company with her sister ship, the Speedwell, but the courage of the captain and the crew of the latter vessel failing, both ships put back to port. Finally on 6/17 September the Mayflower again spread her sails from Plymouth, having on board as passengers 41 men and their families, 102 persons in all. They succeeded in crossing the Atlantic after a stormy voyage of 63 days. They intended to go to the mouth of the Hudson River but the captain of the Mayflower took them to Cape Cod. They landed at Plymouth, Mass., at a point where Plymouth Rock, a huge granite boulder, stands at the water's edge. A complete and authentic list of the male passengers who landed from the Mayflower is as follows:

THE MAYFLOWER PASSENGERS.

In the name of God Amen! We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc., have undertaken for the glory of God and the advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and of one another covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic for our better ordering and preservation, and furthermore of the. ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices from time to time, as shall be thought most mete and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names, at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the Eighteenth, and of Scotland the Fifty-fourth, Anno Domini 1620.

Whittier, Lowell, Holmes and other poets have immortalized the Mayflower in wellknown poems. Consult Carpenter, E. J., The Mayflower Pilgrims' (New York 1918); Usher, R. G., The Pilgrims and Their History (New York 1918).

MAYFLOWER. See ARBUTUS, TRAILING. MAYFLOWER DESCENDANTS, Society of, an American patriotic society founded in New York City, 22 Dec. 1894. Its membership is confined to lineal descendants of any passengers on the Mayflower, the voyage of which terminated at Plymouth Rock, Mass., in November 1620. There are also numerous State societies of a similar character. There are more than 2,000 members of the society.

MAYHEM, in law, the maiming of one person by another, the destroying or disabling of an arm, leg, hand or foot, putting out an eye, etc. Mayhem renders the perpetrator liable to a civil action for damages, and also to a criminal prosecution.

MAYHEW, ma'hu, Experience, American missionary: b. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 27 Jan. 1673; d. there, 29 Nov. 1758. He took charge of a half-dozen congregations of Indians, and in 1709 executed for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England a translation of the Psalms and of the Gospel according to Saint John into the Indian tongue. His principal writing is Indian Converts' (1727), containing accounts of 30 Indian ministers and 80 other Indian Christians.

MAYHEW, Henry, English journalist and author: b. London, 25 Nov. 1812; d. 25 July 1887. In 1831 he started, with Gilbert A'Beckett, a periodical called Figaro in London; in 1841 produced, with A'Beckett, the farce of the Wondering Minstrel'; and not long after formed a literary partnership with

his brother Augustus, the "Brothers Mayhew," as they came to be familiarly known, turning out a number of most successful works of amusing fiction. Among these may be mentioned The Greatest Plague of Life, or the Adventures of a Lady in Search of a Good Servant) (1847); The Image of His Father, or One Boy is More Trouble than a Dozen Girls' (1850); Living for Appearances) (1855). In 1851 appeared the first volume of his most important work, 'London Labor and the London Poor.' He was one of the founders of Punch (1841) and its first editor. Other works of his are The Wonders of Science, or Young Humphry Davy'; 'Young Benjamin Franklin'; 'The Boyhood of Martin Luther'; 'German Life and Manners, as Seen in Saxony at the Present Day'; 'The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life' with Binny. His brothers Horace, Thomas and Edward also assisted Henry and Augustus in their enterprises, beside publishing independently.

MAYHEW, Jonathan, American clergyman: b. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 8 Oct. 1720; d. Boston, 9 July 1766. He was graduated from Harvard in 1744, and from 1747 until his death was minister of the West Church in Boston. In a day of theological controversy he was prominent for his tracts. His views were so liberal as to exclude him from the Boston Association of Congregational Ministers. He opposed the measures of the British society for the propogation of the Gospel in foreign parts, and got into a dispute about it with Secker, archbishop of Canterbury. In both pulpit and press he was an earnest patriot, being of much assistance to Otis and other early leaders. By the Tories he was considered to have brought about the Stamp Act riots because of a sermon in which he pleaded for the repeal of the act. From him came the suggestion of uniting the colonies in opposition to England. Among his writings are (Seven Sermons' (1749); Discourse concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-resistance to the Higher Powers) (1750), and 'Sermons (1756). Consult the Memoir' by Bradford (Boston 1838); Tyler, 'History of American Literature.'

MAYHEW, Thomas, American colonial governor: b. England, 1592; d. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 25 March 1682. Prior to his emigration to New England in 1631 he had been a merchant in Southampton. He settled first at Watertown, Mass., and in 1641 secured from the agent of Lord Stirling a grant of the larger part of the island of Martha's Vineyard and the title of governor. With his son Thomas he labored to convert the Indians of the island so successfully that during King Philip's War the island Indians protected the white settlers. He founded Edgartown in 1647, and after the death of his son and grandson continued their ministry and organized an Indian church. Consult Banks, C. E., The History of Martha's Vineyard (Boston 1911).

MAYNARD, ma'nard, Charles Johnson, American naturalist: b. West Newton, Mass., 6 May 1845. He had a common school education, worked on a farm and devoted himself to natural history as a boy. He is well known as an ornithologist, discovered the bittern's vocal organs and in 1875 was elected vice-president of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, in connec