tain range in Ireland, culminating in Carrantuohill, 3,414 feet high.

His

MCGILLIVRAY, ma-gil'i-vră, Alexander, chief of the Creek Indians: b. in Alabama about 1740; d. Pensacola, Fla., 17 Feb. 1793. father was a Scottish merchant of good family and his mother a half-breed. He received a good education at Charleston, S. C.; was placed in a mercantile establishment in Savannah; but soon returned to the Creek country, where he became partner in a large trading house and rose to a high position among the Indians. After the death of his mother, a member of the ruling stock, he became chief of the Creeks, having received a call from a formal council, and styled himself Emperor of the Creek Nation. During the Revolution the McGillivrays, father and son, were zealous adherents of the royal cause, the former holding the rank of a colonel in the British service. After the war Alexander McGillivray, in behalf of the Creek confederacy, entered into an alliance with Spain, of which government he was made a commissary, with the rank and pay of colonel. In 1790 he was induced by President Washington to visit New York, where he eventually signed a treaty yielding certain disputed lands lying on the Oconee. He was also persuaded to withdraw from Spanish service and was rewarded with an appointment as agent for the United States, with the rank and pay of brigadier-general.

MCGILVARY, Evander Bradley, American linguist and philosopher: b. Bangkok, Siam, 19 July 1864, of American parents. He was graduated from Davidson College in 1884 and from Princeton in 1888. He was appointed as instructor in the classics at Bingham School in 1884, and in 1889-90_studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. From 1891 to 1894 he was translator for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in Siam, and in 1894 began graduate work at the University of California, where he later became assistant professor. In 1899 he was appointed Sage professor of ethics at Cornell. In 1905 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin. In 1910-11 he was president of the Western Philosophical Association and in 1912-13 of the American Philosophical Association. He has translated the Gospels of Matthew, Luke and John, and the Acts of the Apostles into the Lao dialect of Siamese. Has contributed to various philosophical journals and to encyclopædias.

MCGLYNN, ma-glin', Edward, American Roman Catholic clergyman: b. New York, 27 Sept. 1837; d. Newburg, N. Y., 7 Jan. 1900. He was educated at the College of the Propaganda in Rome, and from 1866 was pastor of Saint Stephen's Church in New York. He favored the education of children by the State rather than in parochial schools and in 1886 warmly supported the candidacy of Henry George for the mayoralty, thereby bringing upon himself the censure of the Church. He was summoned to Rome to exculpate himself, but refused to go, pleading his ill-health. Persisting in his refusal he was excommunicated in 1887. He was one of the founders of the Anti-Poverty Society and was its president. In 1893, after a hearing before the Pope's delegate, Monsignor Satolli, the ban of excommunication was reVOL. 184

moved, after signing a document drawn up by the apostolic delegate to the effect that his economic views were not in conflict with the Catholic faith. He was in charge of Saint Mary's parish in Newburg at his death.

MCGOVERN, ma-gov'ern, John, American author: b. Troy, N. Y., 18 Feb. 1850. He was connected for 16 years with the Chicago Tribune, and since 1880 has been engaged in literary work and lecturing, chiefly on great writers and historical characters. In the action of S. E. Gross, author of the play (The Merchant Prince of Cornville,' against Edmond Rostrand, author of Cyrano de Bergerac,' he acted as literary expert for the former, furnishing in the case over 700 exhibits containing innumerable parallels between the two dramas. The United States Court at Chicago issued a decree in 1902 sustaining the claim of Gross to priority of authorship and forbidding the representation of 'Cyrano de Bergerac in this country. Govern's numerous writings include "The Empire of Information) (1880); A Pastoral Poem (1882); 'The Toiler's Diadem' (1885); "Under the Open Sky (1890); 'King Darwin,' a novel (1894); American Statesmen' (1898); 'Famous Women of the World' (1898); John McGovern's Poems (1902); The Golden Legacy); History of Grain' (1913); Trees' psychologically considered; 'Hospitality'; 'In Bohemia, etc.

Mc

McGRATH, mă-grăth', Harold, American journalist and novelist: b. Syracuse, N. Y., 4 Sept. 1871. He was educated in Syracuse and has been engaged in journalism since 1890. He has written Arms and the Woman' (1899); "The Puppet Crown' (1901); The Grey Cloak' (1903); The Princess Elopes (1905); 'Enchantment' (1905); 'Hearts and Masks' (1905); Half a Rogue' (1906); The Watteau Shepherdess, an operetta (1906); The Best Man' (1907); The Enchanted Hat' (1908); The Lure of the Mask' (1908); 'The Goose Girl (1909); A Splendid Hazard' (1910); The Carpet from Bagdad' (1911); Place of Honeymoons (1912); Parrot and Co. (1912); 'Deuces Wild' (1913); Adventures of Kathlyn' (1913); Million Dollar Mystery (1914); Pidgin Island (1914); "Voice in the Fog' (1915).

MCGRATH, Patrick Thomas, BritishAmerican journalist: b. Saint John's, Newfoundland, 16 Dec. 1868. He was educated at the Christian Brothers' School, Saint John's, and in 1889 became a reporter on the Saint John's Evening Herald. He was promoted acting editor in 1893, and in 1894-1907 was editor. He established the Evening Chronicle, which in 1912 was united with the Herald, and became president of the company. He has acted as Newfoundland correspondent of the London Times since 1904 and is an extensive contributor to both British and American periodicals, He has been president of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland since 1915. He assisted in the preparation of the colony case concerning the French and American fisheries and was the colony's secretary on the occasion of the Dominion's Royal Commission visit to Newfoundland in 1914. He has been honorary secretary of the Newfoundland Patriotic Fund, the Newfoundland Regiment Finance Committee and the Newfoundland War Pensions

Board since 1914; and chairman of the HighCost-of-Living Commission since 1917. Author of From Ocean to Ocean' (1911); Newfoundland in 1911.)

McGREADY, ma-grā'di, James, American Presbyterian clergyman: b. in Pennsylvania about 1760; d. 1817. He studied for the ministry in the school of John McMillan, of Cannonsburg, Pa., and in 1788 was licensed to preach. After some years of work in North Carolina, in 1796 he removed to southwestern Kentucky, and under his direction began the great revival of religion which culminated in 1800 and became memorable in the religious history of the country. He organized and conducted the first camp-meeting, and employed as preachers unordained young men without special theological training, thereby provoking dissension in the Presbyterian Church. Out of this disagreement arose the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (see PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH), organized in 1810. McGready, however, afterward became reconciled to the older Church and resumed his fellowship in it. Two volumes of his sermons were published years after his death, the first at Louisville, Ky., in 1831, the second at Nashville, Tenn., in 1833. Consult Davidson, History of the Presbyterian Church in the State of Kentucky) (New York 1847); Edson, Early Presbyterianism in Indiana' (1898); Foote, 'Sketches of North Carolina, Historical and Biographical) (New York 1850; 2d series, 1855); Smith, History of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church.'

MacGREGOR, măk-grěg'er, John ("ROB Roy"), Scottish traveler, writer and philanthropist: b. Gravesend, 24 Jan. 1825; d. Boscombe, 16 July 1892. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and was graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1847. He was called to the bar in 1851, but after a brief period in which he devoted himself to the law of patents he abandoned the profession and spent his time in travel and in works of philanthropy. He traveled in Europe, Egypt, Palestine, Russia, Algeria and America. He was deeply interested in the history and theory of marine propulsion and was largely instrumental in the introduction of canoeing into British sports.

He con

structed a canoe which he christened Rob Roy, and in which he made extended journeys. His books giving accounts of these expeditions were widely and deservedly popular. He was possessed of ample resources and gave liberally to philanthropic purposes. He sketched cleverly and illustrated his own books, and in early days occasionally contributed sketches to Punch. Besides numerous magazine articles he was author of Three Days in the East' (1850); Our Brothers and Cousins, A Tour in Canada (1859); A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe' (1866); The Rob Roy on the Baltic (1867); The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Red Sea and Gennesareth (1869), etc.

MCGUFFEY, măk-guf'fe, William Holmes, American educator: b. Washington County, Pa., 23 Sept. 1800; d. Charlottesville, Va., 4 May 1887. He was graduated at Washington College, Pa., in 1826, was appointed professor of ancient languages at Miami University in that year, and in 1832 became professor of moral philosophy there. He was appointed president of Cincinnati College in 1836 and of

Ohio University in 1839. He was professor of moral philosophy at Woodward College, Cincinnati, in 1843-45, and thereafter until his death he was professor of moral philosophy and political economy at the University of Virginia. He prepared the series of school reading- and spelling-books known under his name and for many years widely popular in the schools of the United States.

MCGUIRE, mă-gwir', Hunter Holmes, American surgeon: b. Winchester, Pa., 11 Oct. 1835; d. near Richmond, Va., 19 Sept. 1900. He was graduated from the Winchester Medical College in 1855, and from the Medical College of Virginia in 1858, studying also in the medical schools of New Orleans and Philadelphia. He was professor of anatomy at the Winchester Medical College in 1856-58 and afterward practised in Philadelphia. He enlisted in the Confederate army at the outbreak of the Civil War, became medical director of the Army of the Shenandoah Valley and later of the Second Army Corps. He was in attendance upon General "Stonewall Jackson at the time of his death in 1863. In 1865-78 he was professor of surgery at the Virginia Medical College, Richmond. He organized Saint Luke's Home for the Sick in Richmond, with a training school for nurses. He was president of the American Medical Association in 1893.

MACH, mäh, Ernst, Austrian physicist and philosopher: b. Turas, Moravia, Austria, 18 Feb. 1838; d. 9 Feb. 1916. After a partly private secondary education he studied at the University of Vienna, taking his doctor's degree in physics in 1860. After spending several years as privatdocent he was appointed professor of mathematics at Gratz and in 1867 was called to the chair of physics at the University of Prague. Here he published in 1883 his first important work, 'Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung historisch-kritisch dargestellt,' which has run through seven German and several English editions. Having turned his attention to the relation of physiological and physical processes, he next produced his equally epoch-making 'Analyse der Empfindungen (1886; 6th ed., 1911). Owing to his increased interest in epistemological and historical problems, Mach gladly accepted in 1895 the offer of a philosophical chair at Vienna, where he read on the history and theory of the inductive sciences. The following year appeared his 'Principien der Wärmelehre,' while his university lectures ultimately took the shape of a substantial volume in 1905 under the caption 'Erkenntnis und Irrtum. A paralytic stroke suffered in 1898 reduced the remainder of his life to a cripple's martyrdom, though it did not interfere with his mental activity. In spite of his liberal position in politics he was honored with the title of a court chancellor and was made a member of the upper chamber of the Austrian Parlia

ment.

Mach's aim was to liberate science from metaphysical conceptions and thus he became in a sense a precursor of pragmatism. His general trend of thought exerted a profound influence on men like William James, Jacques Loeb, Karl Pearson and Wilhelm Ostwald, and his attempt to substitute the mathematical notion of function in place of the time-honored concept of causality has recently found an ad

vocate in Bertrand Russell. His definition of science as an economical description rather than an explanation of the universe aroused considable discussion in philosophical circles. Sympathetic insight, impartiality, a singularly sane judgment and an almost complete freedom from preconceptions render Mach an ideal historian of science and one of the trustworthiest leaders of advanced thought. His principal works are accessible in English translations. For a brief exposition of his philosophy with biographical notes consult Carus, Paul, Professor Mach and his Work (in The Monist, January 1911, pp. 18-42).

ROBERT H. LOWIE, American Museum of Natural History. MÁCHA, mä'ką, Charles Ignace, Czech poet: b. Prague, 10 Nov. 1810; d. Leitmeritz, 5 Oct. 1836. His style of poetry is full of sentiment and reflection, a forerunner of the present Czech school of poetry, strongly influenced by Byronic "Weltschmerz,» i.e., the spirit bred by the realization of disharmony between ideals and concrete facts of reality. He studied in Vienna and Prague. Extreme poverty caused pulmonary trouble, from which he died after a lingering illness. His chief work, Maj' (Prague 1836), is a lyrical epic. His historic tales, such as The Gypsies, etc., are in the style of Walter Scott. His collected works were published in Prague (1862).

MACHÆRODUS, mā-ke'rō-dus, a genus of huge extinct cats, fossil in the Miocene and subsequent formations, and including the largest of the Nimravida. See SABRE-TOOTHED TIGER.

ma-ki'rō-don

MACHAIRODONTINE, ti'ni, an extinct subfamily of Felide, including the sabre-toothed cats and their allies. This group became separated from the typical cats (Felina) in the Oligocene epoch, and remained a numerous and powerful element of the carnivora of the world until the close of the Pleistocene. The general form and structure were catlike, and produced an equally effective armament, except, perhaps, in speed, for the limbs were shorter and heavier as a rule than in the feline cats of similar size, and the hind foot had five toes, instead of four. Another difference was in the comparative shortness of the tail. Mainly, however, the specialization of this subfamily was in the dentition, which differed from that of the cats in many particulars, and especially in the extraordinary development of the upper canines into huge stabbingtusks, especially striking in Smilodon, one of the most modern and widely distributed American genera. Other genera are Hoplophoneus, a primitive genus of the White River beds, with species of small size; Machairodus, Eusmilus and Dinictis were other White River genera of importance, while later forms illustrate the genera Archælurus and Nimravus.

MACHAR, ma-kär', Agnes Maule (FIDELIS), Canadian author: b. Kingston, Ontario, about 1856. She was educated at Kingston and at an early age her contributions began appearing in the magazines of Canada, England and the United States. She is author of a volume of verse, Lays of the True North'; two historical works, 'Memorials of Rev. Dr. Machar)

the author's father; "The Story of Old Kingston) (1908); Stories of the British Em

51

pire) (1913); and the novels, Katie Johnston's Cross; Lost and Won'; 'Roland Graeme, Knight (1892); 'The Heir of Fairmount Grange,' etc.

MCHENRY, măk-hěn'ri, James, American military surgeon and politician: b. Ballymena, County Antrim, Ireland, 1753; d. 1816. He had studied at Dublin, when, about 1771, he came to America, and in Philadelphia soon entered upon the study of medicine under Dr. Benjamin Rush (q.v.). On the outbreak of the Revoluton he became surgeon of the 5th Pennsylvania battalion; in November 1776 was taken prisoner at Fort Washington; was paroled in the following January, and in March 1778 exchanged. In May of that year he was made assistant private secretary to Washington, and held that position until October 1780, when as major he was appointed to a place on the staff of Lafayette. Elected in 1781 to the Maryland senate, he continued a member of that body until 1786, being also during the second half of that period a delegate to the Confederation Congress. In 1787 he was made a member of the Constitutional Convention; in 1789 was elected to the general assembly of Maryland, and sat in the senate of that State, 1791-96, when he was appointed by Washington Secretary of War, retaining that position in the cabinet under John Adams' administration until 1800. As an ardent Federalist he used his influence in favor of a strong national defense, and was a zealous partisan of Alexander Hamilton. His partisanship in favor of Hamilton led to a request for his resignation from President Adams. After resigning from Adams' Cabinet he spent the rest of his life in Maryland. Fort McHenry (q.v.) was named after him.

MCHENRY, James, American physician and author: b. Larne, County Antrim, Ireland, 20 Dec. 1785; d. there, 21 July 1845. He was educated in Dublin and Glasgow, practised his profession for a time in Ireland and in 1817 emigrated to the United States and finally settled in Philadelphia, where he practised medicine and was engaged in mercantile business. In 1842 he was appointed United States consul at Londonderry and held that post until his death. Among his works are 'The Usurper; an Historical Tragedy' (played in Philadelphia 1820); The Wilderness, or Braddock's Times: A Tale of the West' (2 vols., 1823); Jackson's Wreath (1829); (O'Halloran, or the Insurgent) (1824); "The Betrothed of Wyoming' (2d ed., 1830), etc.

MCHENRY, Fort. See FORT MCHENRY. MACHETE, ma-chā'tā, a short swordlike tool, half knife, half cleaver, used in Cuba and other countries of tropical America for cutting cane and as a weapon in war. It was first brought into prominence during the Cuban revolution.

MACHIAS, ma-chi'as, Me., town, countyseat of Washington County, on the Machias River, and on the Washington County Railroad, about 120 miles east by north of Augusta. It is about 12 miles from the mouth of Machias River. A trading post was established here in 1633, by Englishmen, but after a few months they were forced by the French to abandon the place. The first permanent settlement was made in 1763, and in 1784 it was incorporated