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devout Christian Chinaman is something yet to be seen in the new world.

No Chinaman in America has yet undertaken to study our laws or familiarize himself with our system of government. During the rebellion of 1861-5, the seventy thousand of these people in the country remained totally oblivious to all passing events: no one of them ever shared a single thought or sympathy with either combatants, neither frowned at defeats nor rejoiced at victories. There is neither a Democrat nor a Republican Chinaman in the whole republic of America.

Coolyism, or the enslaving of Chinese, is carried on to considerable extent throughout the islands of the Pacific ocean, the republics of South America, Brazil, and the West India islands. Most of the Chinese finding their way into these countries are shipped from the port of Macao, lying on the south coast of China near the mouth of the river Hong-Kiang. Spanish and Portuguese speculators and captains seem to have alnost an exclusive control of this traffic, in which African slavery in its worst forms exhibits but mild types of horrors.

Since the abolition of negro slavery in the republic of America, strenuous efforts have been made to introduce Chinese labor into the cotton and rice-fields of the South, with but little effect.

It is estimated that in South America, the Pacific islands, and the West Indies, there are at least eighty thousand of these unfortunate Asiatics, deluded from their country by the allurements of heartless speculators, now undergoing the horrors of slavery in lands where white and black alike hold them in contempt

and lay the heavy burdens of servitude and bondage with relentless severity.

At the port of Macao and its vicinity are agents of the Portuguese government authorized to conduct the deportation of the coolies. Other agents and runners of the Spanish and Portuguese governments drum up in the country all Chinese who can be induced to ship on a contract of eight years service at four dollars per month, with food, clothing, lodgings, and medicine. At the port of debarkation, a form implying the willingness of the Chinaman to indenture himself and embark is gone through; and, after the vessel with her human cargo on board is ready to sail, a final inspection of willingness on the part of the "cooly" is had, but generally in such a hurried and imperfect manner that the poor slave learns his fate only when between decks of the ship he finds himself battened down and with his astonished countrymen packed like sardines, or when, on his arrival in America, he finds himself the bound slave of a cruel master, or on the auction block. To the credit of humanity be it said that Chinese declaring their unwillingness to leave their country are, under the authority of the officers at Macao, released and put on shore; but under the specious arguments of "runners" they soon find themselves at sea.

Great numbers of coolies find their way to Cuba, where they are employed on the sugar plantations as cooks, house-servants, washers, cigar- makers, sugarmakers, and in all manner of drudgery. At the present time there are upwards of thirty-five thousand of these people in Cuba, and a recent decree of the captain-general of the island compels all not bound, within a given period, to select masters at four dollars each per month;

in failure of which they will be arrested and under the government placed at labor for life, or until they select masters under prescribed rules of the captain-general and a board of directors.

Numbers of French and Spanish vessels are engaged in carrying coolies from Macao and other Chinese ports to the port of Mariel, a few miles west of Havana, and after quarantine they are sent to their masters and landed at the city of Havana, their destination. All not contracted for are sent to a guard-house until disposed of, and those held under indenture are taken charge of or sold, their term of servitude being eight years, and transferred to the new master by a Spanish official. All those arriving in ill health or disabled are auctioned off to the highest bidders, who place them in hospital until restored to health, when they are set at work or sold again at great profit to the first buyer.

In their new homes the poor Chinese slaves soon find their circumstances most wretched: they learn a little Spanish, but only to know their degradationslaves to the whites, and hated by the blacks. Thrilling scenes of revenge by the coolies, by fire, poison, or otherwise, often follow acts of cruelty by the whites.

It is fair to conclude that nothing short of the interposition of the United States government and the substitution of republican freedom over the land will ameliorate the condition of the wretched cooly in Spanish America and the West Indies.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Counties-Coast counties-Area-Productions-Population--San Diego-Los Angeles-Santa Barbara-San Luis Obispo-Monterey-Santa Cruz-San Mateo-San Francisco: composition of the city, its population, education, buildings, trades, professions, newspapers, nationalities, society-Marin-Sonoma-Mendocino -Humboldt-Klamath-Del Norte.

In the general description of California in preceding chapters, the principal features of each section of the State-climate, seasons, mountains, rivers, lakes, bays, harbors, forests, mines, and agricultural productionsare given. To more fully convey to the reader the great development, resources, climate, and condition of the different sections of the State, each county in California, with its climate, seasons, natural productions, and material prosperity, with the area, population, and principal cities of each, are here set forth. The productions and material wealth of each are given as they were in 1870, this being the period of the enumeration of population.

In order that the various sections of the State may be followed in their physical connections, the counties are divided into three classes: the coast counties, facing upon the Pacific ocean, the valley and interior counties, embracing the chief agricultural portions of the State, and the mountain counties in and about the Sierra Nevada range, representing the great mineral wealth of California.

The most southern county, adjoining the Mexican Territory of Lower California, is San Diego, which forms the first county (beginning south) of the

COAST COUNTIES.

SAN DIEGO.-The first settlement made in California. was made in this county in 1769. Here is situated the beautiful harbor of San Diego, the early haunt of the Jesuit fathers. The county is among the largest in the State; its area is 15,156 square miles, making it almost as large as the republic of Switzerland, with its 15,261 square miles of territory. Several of the New England States might be contained in this county. The combined area of Delaware, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts is but 16,030 square miles.

The county of San Diego is bounded on the west by the Pacific ocean, north by Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties, east by the Colorado river, which separates it from the Territory of Arizona, and south by the Mexican Territory of Lower California. The climate of this county is mild, and very equal, not being surpassed in any part of the world. Frost and snow are never seen, and the years succeed each other through successive periods of bright, balmy, dry, sunny summers, and gentle rainy seasons of brief duration, in which hill and valley are clad in verdure and fragrant flowers. In this county the rainfall is only one-quarter as much as it is at San Francisco. All the tropical fruits grow in San Diego-the orange, lime, lemon, and fig-and experiments recently made with the pine-apple and banana show that the climate and soil are well suited to them.

The population of San Diego county is 4,951; of whom 3,743 are native born and 1,208 are foreigners. There are 2,300 residing in the city of San Diego, the county-seat. The county is eminently an agricultural

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