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region, so easy of access to the commerce and enterprise of the Pacific coast, but so remote from the seat of power of the Czar at St. Petersburg, has long been a favorite prison for political offenders; consequently the present population is made up in great part of men of education, skill, and ambition, and in their new homes have lost none of their hatred of monarchy, and catch with eager hope every ray of liberty cast upon their remote shores by the flag that gives freedom to all in America.

The development of Alaska will not begin until the Northern Pacific railroad connects Puget sound with the East, and a thrifty and numerous population find their homes in the great cities yet to be built on the shores of the magnificent inland sea of Washington Territory. Then the whaling fleets of the North Pacific and the Arctic will winter in Puget sound, and vast fleets of American vessels will draw from the shores of Alaska the hidden treasures of the deep-whale, walrus, seal, cod, halibut, and salmon. Mines of gold and silver, once exhausted, never recuperate: the treasures of the seas are never diminished, but annually multiplied as the leaves of the forests.

In the rich treasure-vaults of the deep, where, on the now lonely shores of Alaska, the illusive mirage paints its wondrous panorama, and the aurora borealis lights northern skies, will the future populous cities of the Pacific draw untold wealth, and fleets of American ships find employment; and on the placid waters of the Northern Pacific will the American seaman find a welcome refuge from the gales and winter frosts of the Atlantic seaboard,

CHAPTER XL.

APPENDIX.

Population of the United States: native, foreign, colored, and Chinese-Popula tion of the Pacific coast: native, foreign, and Chinese-Population by counties of California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Idaho, Washington Territory: also, aggregate of Alaska and British Columbia-Chinese in the United States and on the Pacific coast-Distances from San Francisco to various points inland and to various ports and countries and cities of the United States.

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES-1870,

Including all the States and Territories. Aggregate, 38,555,983. Native, 32,989,434; foreign, 5,566,546; colored, 4,880,009; Chinese, 63,149; Japanese, 55.

POPULATION OF THE PACIFIC COAST,

Embracing California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Idaho, Washington Territory, British Columbia, and Alaska. Aggregate, 841,059. Native, exclusive of British Columbia and Alaska, 539,467; foreign, exclusive of British Columbia and Alaska, 289,652; Chinese on the Pacific coast, exclusive of British Columbia and Alaska, and embracing Montana, 60,765; in the remainder of the whole Union, 2,389.

POPULATION OF CALIFORNIA-1870.

Total, 560,247 Native, 350, 416; foreign, 209,831.
Representing the States and countries as follows:

Native-Alabama, 1,257; Arkansas, 2,396; California, 163,653; Connecticut, 2,977; Delaware, 408; Florida, 134; Georgia, 1,024; Illinois, 10,689; Indiana, 5,190; Iowa, 5,367; Kansas, 279; Kentucky, 6,605; Louisiana, 1,979; Maine, 11,261; Maryland, 2,596; Massachusetts, 15,334; Michigan, 3,032; Minnesota, 461; Mississippi, 994; Missouri, 16,050; Nebraska, 237; Nevada, 1,089; New Hampshire, 2,720; New Jersey, 2,598; New York, 33,766; North Carolina, 1,640; Ohio, 12,735; Oregon, 2,471; Pennsylvania, 11,208; Rhode Island, 1,419; South Carolina, 851; Tennessee, 4,686; Texas, 1,886; Vermont, 3,500; Virginia and West Virginia, 5,293; Wisconsin, 3,088; Alaska, 28; Arizona, 93; Colorado, 60; Dakota, 7; District of Columbia, 458; Idaho, 84; Indian Territory, 19; Montana, 65; New Mexico, 175; Utah, 850; Washington, 206; Wyoming, 21. Colored, 4,272

The foreign population represents the nations of the earth as follows: Africa, 48; Asia, 56; Atlantic islands, 943; Australia, 1,593; Austria, 1,078; Belgium, 291; Bohemia, 90; Canada, 6,977; China, 48,823; New Brunswick, 1,170; Newfoundland, 72; Nova Scotia, 1,438; Prince Edward island, 54; British America, (not specified,) 949; Central America, 124; Cuba, 45; Denmark, 1,837; France, 8,068; Germany, 28, 700-as follows: Baden, 2,143; Bavaria, 2,547; Brunswick, 61; Hamburg, 934; Hanover, 2,555; Hessen, 1,500; Lubec, 12; Mecklenburg, 95; Nassau, 49; Oldenburg, 110; Prussia, (not specified,) 14,782; Saxony, 622; Weimer, 9; Wurtemburg, 1,461; Germany, (not specified,) 2,820; England, 17,699; Ireland, 54,421; Scotland, 4,949; Wales, 1,517; Greece, 97: Greenland, 1; Holland, 452; Hungary, 102; India, 63; Italy, 4,660; Japan, 33; Luxemburg, 11; Malta, 5; Mexico, 9,309; Norway, 1,000; Pacific islands, 93; Poland, 804; Portugal, 2,507; Russia, 540; Sandwich islands, 279; South America, 1,940; Spain, 405; Sweden, 1,944; Switzerland, 2,927; Turkey, 17; West Indies, 340.

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