the occasion of the extreme heat and the diseases incidental to these days. It was by mere accident that the rising of the star coincided with the hottest season of the year, in the times and countries of the old astronomers. The time of its rising depends on the latitude of the place, and is later and later every year in all latitudes, owing to precession. In time, the star may rise in the dead of winter. The canicular year was that known among the Egyptians and Ethiopians. It was computed from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next, and consisted ordinarily of 365 days, and every fourth year of 366. year is sometimes called the heliacal year. The reason for computing the year from the rising of Sirius seems to have been that, at the time, the heliacal rising coincided with the greatest swelling of the Nile.

This

CAN'IDE (Neo-Lat., from Lat. canis, dog). A family of carnivores, the dog tribe, now usually classified between the hyenas and the bears. Their whole organization fits them to be less exclusively carnivorous than the feline tribe. They have generally three incisors or cutting teeth, with one large canine tooth, and four premolars on each side of the jaw, two true molars on each side in the upper jaw, and three in the lower. The true molars are adapted for crushing either bones or vegetable food. The last premolars in the upper jaw are remarkably large, and particularly adapted for cutting flesh. The legs are comparatively long, the claws are non-retractile, and with one exception (Lycaon), the toes are five in front and four behind. The thumb is small and considerably above the other digits. The muzzle is long, the ears generally erect and pointed, and the tail more or less bushy. A peculiarity of the dogs is their habit of association in packs and of pursuing their prey mainly by scent. In this sense they are extremely keen, they have good eyesight and hearing, and most of them are diurnal. They frequent open uplands, by preference, some climbing trees, and, though mostly good swimmers, they avoid aquatic pursuits. Most of them occupy dens or burrows, often dug by themselves, and sometimes placed in groups. See DOG; FENNEC; FOX; Fox-DOG; JACKAL; HUNTING DOG; WOLF, etc.

CANID'IA. The name under which Horace reproaches a former mistress, Gratidia, who proved unfaithful to him. He immortalized her in an ode beginning "Oh, stay, Canidia, spare thy rites of sorcery," in which she is described as a magic-making hag.

CANID'IUS. A lieutenant-general of Antony's army, in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. He surrenders his legions and his services to Cæsar on hearing of the result of the sea-fight at Actium, since "six kings (had) already shown him the way of yielding."

CANINA, kȧ-nē’nå, LUIGI (1795-1856). An Italian architect and archæologist, born in Casale. He was professor of architecture in Turin and superintended the excavation of the Tusculum in 1839, and of the Appian Way in 1848. He wrote many works on ancient architecture and on Etruscan and Roman archæology, among which

are L'architettura antica descritta e dimostrata con monumenti (1839-46); Antica Etruria marittima (1846-51); and Storia e topografia de Roma antica (1839-48), and published a number of plans and maps of his discoveries.

CANINES, kāʼninz, or CANINE TEETH. See TEETH.

CANINI, kå-ně’nê, MARCO ANTONIO (1822-91). An Italian publicist and poet, born in Venice. He was for a time employed in the printing-office of the Gondoliere, upon the Biblioteca Classica, edited by Carrer. Resuming his legal studies in Padua, he became involved in political troubles and fled to Tuscany in 1847, and his subsequent share in the disturbances of 1849 in Venice and Rome forced him to seek safety in Greece and the East. Mente, fantasia e cuore, a volume of poems, appeared in Athens in 1852. For a while he wrote articles for the Rumanian papers, till an attack upon Napoleon III. caused his expul sion from Bucharest. Returning to Italy, he was appointed by Rattazzi secret political agent in the East, and at the same time entered into an understanding with Kossuth to form a league of the countries in the Danubian region. In 1866 he joined the army of Garibaldi and afterwards went to France, but in 1873 returned to Italy. In 1876 he agitated in behalf of the Servians, and accompanied the Russian Army in the RussoTurkish War of 1877-78 as a newspaper correspondent. His works embrace a wide variety of topics, including a novel in verse entitled Giorgio il monaco e Leila (1872); Sonetti (1873); Ödi Saffiche (1879); La questione dell' Epiro (1879); La verità sulla questione degli Israeliti in Rumania (1879); Amore e dolore (1880); and Il libro dell' amore (1886-87), a collection of love poems translated from all the principal languages of Europe. The most interesting portion of his adventurous life is told in an autobiographic volume, Vingt ans d'exil.

CANISIUS, kȧ-nish'i-us, PETRUS (a Latin translation of his Dutch name, De Hond) (152197). A Jesuit theologian who took a prominent part in the Council of Trent. He was born in Nimeguen, May 8, 1521, and was educated in Cologne and Louvain. He was the first German to join the Jesuit Order (1543); became professor of theology in Ingolstadt, 1549; was preacher to Ferdinand I. in Vienna, and became the first provincial of the Jesuits in Germany (1556). He established colleges of the order in Prague, Freiburg (Switzerland), Augsburg, and Dillingen, and powerfully contributed to the check of the spread of Protestantism which the CounterReformation effected. To this end he drew up, in 1554, in Latin, a catechism which should take the same place as Luther's; it has been very widely used, has passed through more than 400 editions, and has been translated into French, German, and English. He died in Freiburg, Switzerland, December 21, 1597, and was beatified in 1864. For his life, consult: Reiss (Freiburg, 1865); P. Drews (Halle, 1892); J. B. Mehler (Berlin, 1897); L. Michel (Lille, 1898); and A. Kross, Canisius in Oesterreich (Vienna, 1898): also, his Epistulæ et Acta, ed. O. Braunsberger (8 vols., Freiburg, 1896, et seq.).

CA'NIS MA'JOR (Lat., the Greater Dog). A constellation of the Southern Hemisphere, below the feet of Orion. It contains Sirius, the

brightest of all the stars, and its place may be found by means of this star, which is on the continuation of the line through the belt of Orion.

CA'NIS MINOR (Lat., the Lesser Dog). A constellation of the Southern Hemisphere. It

is near Canis Major and just below Gemini. Procyon, of the first magnitude, is its principal star, and lies in a direct line between Sirius and Pollux, so that the position of the constellation may be found by means of this star.

CANISTER (Lat. canistrum, reed basket, Gk. Kávior pov, kanistron, wicker basket, from Kávva, kannu, reed). A form of projectile. For smoothbore guns and for the earlier rifles, canister consisted of a cylindrical tin or sheet-iron case filled with small cast-iron balls half an inch to one inch in diameter. The ends were usually wooden disks over which the tin or iron was crimped and tacked down; the interstices between the balls were either filled with sawdust or like material, or the balls were sunk in holes in soft wooden disks, which were piled one upon the other. Canister is little used in modern

high-power guns, but there is now a tendency toward supplying it for the close-range operations of gunboats in rivers and contracted waters, as well as for field pieces. See ARTILLERY; FIELD ARTILLERY; GUNS, NAVAL; PROJECTILES; SHRAPNEL; ORDNANCE, etc.

CANITZ, käʼnits, FRIEDRICH RUDOLF LUDWIG, Baron von (1654-99). A Prussian poet and statesman. He was born in Berlin, and belonged to an ancient Brandenburg family. In 1697 he was made councilor of State; in 1698, a baron; and, after serving in various diplomatic missions, was Minister Plenipotentiary to The Hague during the formation of the Grand

Alliance

(q.v., and see SUCCESSION WARS). His poems, consisting of odes, satires, and elegies, in imitation of Boileau, were published after his death by J. Lange, under the title of Nebenstunden unterschiedener Gedichte (1700, without the author's name; with Canitz's name, 1719). Although cold and without originality, his verses had the merit of being simple and natural, and thus assisted in the reaction against the bombast prevalent among his contemporaries. His most popular poem is his elegy written on the death of his wife, Dorothea or Doris von Arnim, who died in 1695. Consult: König, Des Freiherrn von Canitz Gedichte, with a biographical sketch (Leipzig, 1727); selections from his works in the Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des 17. Jahrhunderts, Vol. XIV. (Leipzig, 1838); Varnhagen von Ense, Biographische Denkmale, Vol. IV. (Berlin, 1824-45); and Lutz, Canitz und sein Verhältnis zu dem französischen Klassicismus (Munich, 1887).

CANKER (Lat. cancer, cancer). A disease

affecting the hoof of a horse. An obstinate inflammation of the frog and sole of the foot of the horse may follow an attack of thrush. This malady occurs in two different forms. in the acute stage, when the malady is chiefly local; and in the chronic stage, when the constitution suffers, and all local remedies fail to restore a healthy function of the structures of the foot.

Symptoms. It usually commences by discharge from the heels or the cleft of the frog of the horse's foot. The horn becomes soft and disintegrated, the vascular structures beneath become inflamed, and the pain which the animal endures is severe, making it very lame. Though there is no constitutional fever, the horse becomes emaciated and unfit for work. During wet weather, and on damp soil, the symptoms

VOL. IV.-10.

Treatment.-Pare away detached portions of horn, and, in mild cases, sprinkle powdered acetate of copper over the sore; apply over this pledgets of tow, fixed over the foot by strips of iron or wood passed between shoe and foot. In severe cases, tar and nitric acid, creosote and turpentine, chloride of zinc paste, and other active caustics have to be used for a time, with the regular employment of pressure on the diseased surface. The animal requires to be treated constitutionally by periodical purgatives and alteratives. Good food, fresh air, and exercise often aid much in the treatment of the disease.

CANKER. A disease of plants, especially fatal to fruit-trees, as well as a number of forest trees, as the larch. It is caused by the fungus Nectria ditissima, and usually begins in the young shoots and branches, and, gradually proceeding toward the trunk, kills the tree in the course of a few years. The attack of the fungus begins most readily in shoots that have been imperfectly ripened and injured by frost, or which varieties of fruit-trees which, have been long have received some accidental wound. Those propagated by grafting and budding are most liable to it. It is sometimes cured by heading down the tree, and causing it to throw out new branches. See Apple Diseases, under APPLE.

CANKER-SORE. A small, yellow, round or linear sore, very tender, and forming a depression on the under side of the tongue or on the inner surface of the lips or cheeks. It is temporary and only local, and may be removed by the application of solid or dissolved silver nitrate, or of pure carbolic acid. It is developed chiefly among children, and is generally caused by digestive derangements.

CANKERWORM.

of either of two moths of the geometrid family A gregarious caterpillar Monocteniidæ. One is on the wing in the autumn and the other in the spring. The moths of the spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata) come forth from the chrysalis in the spring, but a few of them appear in the fall or on warm days of winter. The moths of the autumn cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) emerge during October. Some few may delay coming out until warm days in winter. The moths of both sexes of the autumn cankerworm differ from those of the spring form in the absence of abdominal spines. The autumn form pupates in the ground in well-spun cocoons, while the cells of the spring forms are lined with only a few threads of silk. The body of the caterpillar of the autumn form is marked by six light longitudinal bands, and those of the spring form by eight. The eggs of the autumn form are laid in regular rows or masses, and are truncated in form, while those of the spring brood are ovoid and are laid in irregular bunches. Both forms agree in that the caterpillars feed on the leaves of fruit and shade trees, and descend to the ground to pupate. The female moths of both forms are wingless. The caterpillars are so voracious that

they may denude whole orchards or groves of trees in a few days as though a flame had swept through, whence has arisen the local name, 'fireworm. This is the worm that strips currantbushes of leaves in the spring, and it was to combat this caterpillar that the English house-sparrow was introduced into the United States; but it checked the cankerworms but little. (See HOUSESPARROW.) The wingless females may be caught as they creep up the trunk of a tree by bands of tarred paper or other sticky substance wrapped about the trunk of the tree. Shade-trees may be sprayed with Paris green in water; but this poison must be used with caution on fruit-trees. CANLASSI, kån-läs'sê, GUIDO (1601-81). An Italian painter, born near Rimini. He is more often called 'Il Cagnacci.' A pupil of Guido Reni, whom he imitated, he is his superior as a colorist. Most of his paintings were executed in Vienna, where he was patronized by the Emperor Leopold I. There are pictures by Cagnacci in Rome and Florence, but his best works are in Germany and Austria.

CANʼNA (Lat., Gk. kávva, kanna, reed). A genus of succulent herbs of the order Scitaminace, natives of warm countries in both hemispheres, and extensively cultivated as foliage plants for heavy or mass effects. Stem 3 to 14 feet high, unbranched, leaves large, flowers mostly red or yellow, and borne irregularly in a terminal raceme or panicle. Many varieties are in cultivation. The dwarf (seldom exceeding 4 feet), large-flowered, French and Italian varieties are most in favor, and are much used as centrepieces in formal beds and in small clumps in borders. Cannas are propagated either from seed (new varieties) or by dividing the rootstock and planting in pots. They are of easy culture. A rich, warm soil with plenty of moisture is desirable. When wanted for mass effects, they are set about 6 inches apart each way, after danger of frost is past. The flowers should be picked as soon as they wilt, to prevent the formation of seed, and thus prolong the flowering season. After the stalks are cut in the fall, the roots are stored and handled like potatoes until wanted for planting. The roots of some species of canna contain considerable amounts of starch. Canna coccinea is sometimes used to supply starch.

CANNABICH, känʼnå-bĭK, JOHANN GÜNTHER FRIEDRICH (1777-1859). A German geographer, born in Sondershausen. He studied at the University of Jena, was in 1807 appointed rector of the town school in Greussen, in 1819 became pastor in Niederbösa, and in 1835 in Bendeleben. His Lehrbuch der Geographie (1816; 18th ed., 2 vols., 1870-75) has been widely circulated in Germany. His other works include: Neuestes Gemälde von Frankreich (2 vols., 1831-32), and Hilfsbuch beim Unterricht in der Geographie (3 vols., 1833-38).

CAN'NABIS. See HEMP.

CANNE (Lat., Gk, kávvai, kannai, reeds). An ancient town of South Italy, on the right bank of the Aufidus (Ofanto), the site of which is 9 miles west of Barletta. Here on August 2, P.C. 216, Hannibal, with 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, inflicted a terrible defeat on a Roman army consisting of 80,000 foot and 6000 horse, under the consuls Lucius Æmilius Paulus and Gaius Terentius Varro. The Carthaginian, who

was encamped on the left bank of the Aufidus, led his army across the river, and offered battle on ground unfavorable for the Romans, who declined to accept the challenge. The next day he followed the Romans back to the left bank, and the contest began with the right Roman and the left Carthaginian wing resting on the river. Hannibal arrayed his forces in the form of a crescent, so that when the Romans repulsed the Iberians and Gauls and pressed forward in thick column, the Libyans attacked them on both flanks. The Carthaginian cavalry soon overwhelmed the Roman horse, and then fell upon the Roman foot from the rear. Varro, with seventy knights, escaped to Venusia, and a few thousand Romans assembled at Canusium from the rout; but at least 10,000 were captured and an immense number killed, among them Emilius Paulus. Consult: Reusch, Die Schlacht bei Canno (Altkirch, 1888); Solbesky, Die Schlacht bei Canna (Weimar, 1888); and Wilms, Die Schlacht bei Canna (Hamburg, 1893).

CANNEBIÈRE, kä'ne-byâr' (Fr., from Gk. Kávvaßıç, kannabis, hemp), LA. The chief boulevard of Marseilles, so called because of a former rope-walk there. The Marseillais are often called 'Children of the Cannebière.'

CANNEL COAL (said to have turned in the drawling pronunciation of the miners from candle-coal, as it burns with a bright, candlelike flame). A dull, fine-grained variety of bituminous coal, which has a conchoidal fracture. Owing to its very high percentage of volatile hydrocarbons, it is specially valuable for gasmaking. It is considered by some to be derived from the accumulation of animal as well as plant remains. In the United States, the Breckenridge cannel coal of eastern Kentucky is the most noted occurrence, though it is also found in Ohio and Indiana. Some is also found in Scotland, and is there known as parrot coal. See COAL.

CAN'NELTON. A city and the county-seat of Perry County, Ind., 140 miles south by west of Indianapolis, on the Ohio River and on the Southern Railroad (Map: Indiana, C 5). It has fine county buildings. The city is an important industrial centre, and has extensive cotton-mills, lumber and flour mills, foundries and machineshops, and manufactures of chairs, hubs, sewerpipe, pottery, bricks, etc. There are coal-mines and sandstone-quarries in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 1991; in 1900, 2188.

CANNES, kån. A seaport in the Department of Alpes-Maritimes, France, pleasantly situated on the Mediterranean, about 22 miles southwest of Nice (Map: France, N 8). The district in which it lies is exceedingly picturesque and very fertile. Oranges, lemons, olives, almonds, figs, peaches, and grapes are extensively cultivated. Placed on an elevation that slopes toward the sea, it is sheltered from the northern winds by a range of hills. It is famed for its salubrity, is a favorite winter residence, and one of the most fashionable resorts in France. Its architectural features include the Abbey Donjon, built about 1070 on the site of the Roman Castrum Marcellinum, the town hall, library, and museum of antiquities (1876). There is considerable trade in fruit, olive-oil, soap. perfumery, and salt fish. Population, in 1901, 30,420.