consists of two houses, the Legislative Council and the House of Assembly, which meet at Cape Town, the capital. The former numbers 23 members elected for seven years, and is presided over ex officio by the Chief Justice. The House of Assembly consists of 95 members, elected for five years. The qualifications for voters are quite liberal, and no distinction is made on account of color or race. Parliament must meet at least once a year, and the records are kept in English, while in discussions and debates both English and Dutch are allowed. The law of the colony is the Roman-Dutch law modified in accordance with the local requirements and supplemented by special legislative acts. In cases where there is no provision in the RomanDutch code, the English law is followed. The highest local judicial authority is the Supreme Court at Cape Town, consisting of the Chief Justice and eight puisne judges. There is also a court of appeal and a vice-admiralty court, both situated at Cape Town. In the separate divisions and towns justice is administered by resident magistrates, while in the outlying villages the same function is performed by periodical courts and justices of the peace. The central government is represented in each division and district by a civil commissioner or magistrate, whose functions include the collection of revenues and administration of justice. There are also divisional councils elected by local rate-payers, and most of the municipalities have municipal councils. The colony has a military force of over 1000 officers and men, known as Cape Mounted Riflemen, besides nearly 7000 volunteers. According to the law passed in 1878, every able-bodied man between 18 and 50 is subject to military service in the colony as well as beyond its limits. There are a number of naval fortifications along the coasts, and a strong British fleet is main tained at Simon's Bay. The principal ports and towns are Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Graham's Town, Kimberley, Paarl, and Beaconsfield.

FINANCE. The revenue is obtained chiefly from customs duties, licenses, and public domains, and averages about $34,000,000 per annum. The expenditures had reached by the end of the Nineteenth Century the sum of nearly $40,000,000. The indebtedness of the colony is very great when compared with the population, amounting, in 1900, to nearly $153,000,000. The larger part of the debt, however, represents expenditures on public works, the railways alone having absorbed over $106,000,000.

EDUCATION in the colony is assisted by the Government, and is not compulsory. Even among the Europeans illiteracy prevails to a considerable extent. The Department of Public Instruction is under the direction of the superintendentgeneral, who has charge of the distribution of grants, while the inspection of the schools is conducted by deputy inspectors. In 1901 the enrollment in the schools assisted by the Government was over 146,000. At the head of the educational institutions is the University of the Cape of Good Hope, which is an examining university merely. There are a number of colleges.

POPULATION. The population of the colony, including that of Pondoland and the Crown colony of Bechuanaland, was, in 1891, about 1,600,000, or less than six inhabitants per square mile. The whites constitute less than 25 per cent. of

the total population, and the rest is made up of Malays, Hottentots, Kaffirs, Bechuanas, and mixed races. The European population is mostly of English extraction. The descendants of the Dutch settlers, in whose veins there is an infusion of Huguenot blood, are known as Afrikanders. About 750,000 people belong to different Protestant denominations, over 17,000 are Roman Catholics, over 15,000 Mohammedans, and 3000 Jews.

HISTORY. It was toward the end of the Fifteenth Century that Dias, a Portuguese navigator, doubled the Cape of Good Hope, prepar ing the way for Vasco da Gama, who opened the sea route to India in 1497-98. The thriving trade in that quarter attracted both English and Dutch merchants, but, although their ships found frequent shelter in the bays of the coast of Cape Colony, it was not till the middle of the Seventeenth Century that an attempt was made permanently to occupy the country. In 1652 the Dutch East India Company sent out an expedition which landed in Table Bay and took possession of the region, and set about converting it into a habitable land. Slowly the development went on, Dutch colonists and French Huguenots, fleeing from religious persecution, taking up their abodes there. During the Eighteenth Century the stream of immigration grew larger, the Dutch scattering over a considerable area, busying themselves now with subduing the wilderness, now the aborigines. At the end of the century there were at the Cape about 27,000 souls of European descent and a slightly larger number of slaves.

In January, 1806, for the second time during the wars against Napoleon, an English force captured Cape Colony, stipulating that the "burghers and inhabitants should preserve all the rights and privileges hitherto enjoyed by them." Since that date the Cape has been a colony of Great Britain, though not formally recognized as such until the peace of 1815. During the ensuing sixty years the history of Cape Colony was made up of chapters of war with the Kaffirs and other tribes, and of conflict with the Dutch inhabitants, who, from well-founded causes, felt the rule of England to be oppressive. There occurred during these years the famous 'treks' of the Dutch burghers into the wilderness. The fortitude and heroism they displayed in their wanderings bear high testimony to what men will dare in order to realize in a more or less perfect way their religious, social, and political ideals. The story of the Nineteenth Century in Cape Colony was epitomized in the unequal war be tween Boer and Briton, which ended in 1902. See SOUTH AFRICAN WAR; TRANSVAAL COLONY; and ORANGE RIVER COLONY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Wilmot, Geography of the Cape Colony (London, 1882); Greswell, Our South African Empire (ib., 1885); Mitchell, Diamonds and Gold for South Africa (ib., 1888); Silver, Handbook to South Africa (ib., 1891); Greswell, Geography of Africa South of the Zambesi (ib., 1892); Churchill, Men, Mines, and Animals in South Africa (ib., 1892); Wallace, Farming Industries of Cape Colony (ib., 1896); Aubertin, Six Months in Cape Colony and Natal (ib., 1896); Macnal, On Veldt and Farm (ib., 1897); Illustrated Official Handbook of Cape Colony and South Africa (ib., 1896); Theal, History of South Africa (ib., 1889-93); Bryce, Im

pressions of South Africa (ib., 1897). Also consult articles on "Cape Colony" in International Year Book (New York, 1899-1902).

CAPE COM'ORIN. The southernmost extremity of the peninsula of India. It is in Travancore, latitude 8° 5' N., and longitude 77° 37' E. (Map: India, C 7).

CAPE DE GATA, då gä'tà, or CABO DE GATA, käʼBô dâ gi'tà. A promontory on the southern coast of Spain marking the east side of the mouth of Almeria Bay, in about longitude 2° 15′ W., and about latitude 36° 40′ N. (Map: Spain, D 4). The most notable of its rocks is the ancient Promontorium Charidemi, the Moorish Kheyran, formed chiefly of agates, spars, and crystals. The cape was once a resort for Moorish pirates.

CAPE DIAMOND. The high bluff, situated at the confluence of the Saint Charles with the Saint Lawrence River, on which stands the citadel of Quebec (Map: Quebec, in Quebec City, E 4). Its precipitous sides rise over 300 feet from the river-level. It is just east of the Plains

of Abraham.

CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT. The southwest point of the State of Washington, on the north side of the mouth of the Columbia River, in latitude 46° 16' N., longitude 124° 3′ W. It has a lighthouse with a light flashing alternately red and white (interval between flashes 15 seconds), at a height of 233 feet above sea-level (Map: Washington, A 3).

CAPE DUKATO, doo-kä'tô (probably a corruption of Gk. Aevкáτηs, Leukates, by an interchange of land d) (anciently Lucates). A headland at the southern extremity of Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands, in latitude 38° 34′ N. and longitude 20° 32′ E. (Map: Greece, B 3). The strong currents around the cape and frequent fierce gales make it very dangerous for navigation, and the place has long been dreaded by mariners. A cliff about 2000 feet high, on the western side of this Leucadian Promontory, is called Sappho's or Lover's Leap, as it was supposed that here the poetess precipitated herself into the sea. It was an ancient custom to cast a victim annually from this cliff into the sea below.

CAPE ELIZABETH. A headland in Cumberland County, Maine, 6 miles southeast of Portland, and in latitude 43° 33' N., longitude 70° 12′ W. (Map: Maine, C 8). The United States Government has established two lights on this cape.

CAPE FAREWELL. The southernmost extremity of Greenland, and southern promontory of Egger Island, situated in latitude 59° 49′ N. and longitude 43° 56′ W. (Map: North America, under AMERICA, O 4). It is seldom visited, on account of the ice and dangerous currents, it being here that the East Greenland current rounds Greenland to enter Davis Strait.

CAPE FEAR. A promontory extending into the Atlantic from Smith Island, N. C., near the mouth of Cape Fear River, in latitude 33° 35′ N. and longitude 77° 57′ W. (Map: North Carolina, E 4). Navigation off this cape has long been dreaded by sailors, on account of the treacherous character of the surrounding waters.

CAPE FEAR RIVER. A river in North Carolina, rising in the central northern part of

the State, flowing southeast, and emptying into the Atlantic (Map: North Carolina, D 3). The largest tributaries are: from the west, Deep River; from the east, South River, and from the northeast, Northeast Cape Fear River. It is over 300 miles in length, and is the longest river wholly within the State. It is navigable to WilFayetteville, 150 miles from its mouth. mington, the most important port of entry in the State, is situated on its bank, 30 miles above the sea. Much has been done to improve navigation up to that city. Along the lower region of the river rice-growing is an important industry.

CAPEFIGUE, kåp'fég', BAPTISTE HONORÉ RAYMOND (1801-72). A French historical writer. He was born in Marseilles, and studied law in Paris. He then became a journalist, and contributed to a large number of publications, signing himself 'Un homme d'état.' He held a post in the Foreign Office until 1848, and in this way was enabled to use many documents access to Besides his jour which was closed to others. nalistic work, he produced no less than a hundred volumes of history, for the most part hastily written and uncritical, and written from an ultramontane point of view. The best of his works is the Histoire de Philippe-Auguste (10 vols., 1831-33).

CAPE FINISTERRE, fê'nê'star' (Fr., from Lat. finis, end + terra, earth), or LAND'S END (ancient Promontorium Nerium). A high promontory at the northwestern extremity of Spain, in latitude 42° 53′ N. and longitude about 9° 16′ W. (Map: Spain, A 1). It is noted as the scene of two naval victories of the English over the French, on May 3, 1747, and July 22, 1805.

CAPE FLATTERY. The extreme western point of the United States (not including Alaska), in the State of Washington, at the southern side of the entrance to the Strait of Juan de

Fuca (Map: Washington, A 1). On Tateosh Island, in latitude 48° 23' N. and longitude 124° 44′ W., and one-half mile northwest of Cape Flattery, there is, at a height of 155 feet above sea-level, a fixed white light, with a fixed red sector between southeast one-half south and south-southeast seven-eighths east.

CAPE FLORIDA. The southernmost extremity of Key Biscayne, in Dade County, Fla., about 10 miles southeast of Miami, in latitude 25° 38' N., longitude 80° 8' W. (Map: Florida, D 4). There is a fixed red beacon light, 31 feet above the sea-level, on Cape Florida Shoal.

CAPE FOULWEATHER. A cape on the west coast of Lincoln County, Ore., in about latitude 44° 50′ N. and about longitude 124° 5' W. (Map: Oregon, A 5).

CAPE GIRARDEAU, jē'rär-do'. A city in the county of the same name, Missouri, 50 miles above Cairo, Ill., on the Mississippi River, and on the Saint Louis, Memphis and Southeastern, the Saint Louis and Gulf, and other railroads (Map: Missouri, G 4). It is in a well-cultivated section, and has a large commerce, by river and railroad, in lumber, flour, lime, limestone, and mineral paints. The notable institutions include Saint Vincent's College (Roman Catholic), the Southeast Missouri State Normal School, Saint Francis's Hospital, and the Convent of the Sisters of Loretto. The county court-house and city hall are pretentious build

ings. The government is administered by a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 4297; in 1900, 4815. CAPE GREGORY. See CAPE ARAGO.

CAPE HAITIEN, å'ê'tyǎN'. The second city of Haiti in importance and size (Map: West Indies, L 5). It is situated on the northern coast, overlooking a spacious harbor and surrounded by picturesque mountains. The town is well laid out, and has the appearance of the older European towns. In 1842 it was nearly destroyed by a disastrous earthquake, in which several thousand people perished, and from which the town has not recovered since. During the French occupation, Cape Haitien was the capital of the island. The commerce is very important, and the chief exports are coffee and logwood. The population is estimated at 29,000. A United States consul resides here.

CAPE HATTERAS. A cape in latitude 35° 15' N. and longitude 75° 31' W., projecting into the Atlantic from Hatteras Island, a long, narrow, sandy island bordering Pamlico Sound (Map: North Carolina, G 2). It is a dangerous part of the American coast for navigators, on account of shoals and frequent gales and storms. Coasting vessels are apt to pass in toward this cape, on account of the Gulf Stream, which is only about 20 miles east. The cape has a light, flashing every ten seconds, 191 feet above mean high water; also, about three-quarters of a mile south, a fixed white beacon light, 35 feet above

the sea.

CAPE HENLO'PEN. A point of land on the east coast of Delaware, in latitude 38° 47′ N. and longitude 75° 5′ W., at the south side of the entrance to Delaware Bay (Map: Delaware, Q5). It is about 13 miles a little west of south of Cape May, on the opposite New Jersey shore. The Cape Henlopen light, 126 feet above sealevel, is a fixed white light, with a fixed red sector between southeast one-eighth east and south one-eighth east.

CAPE HENRY. A point of land on the coast of Virginia, in latitude 36° 56' N. and longitude 76° 1′ W., at the south entrance to Chesapeake Bay, opposite Cape Charles (Map: Virginia, J 5). Cape Henry has a life-saving station and a lighthouse. The light is 157 feet above sea-level, shows fixed white, with a fixed red sector between south-southeast and southwest by west.

CAPE HORN (from Hoorn, a city of Holland), or HOORN. The most southerly point of America, terminating an island of its own name, in the Archipelago of Tierra del Fuego (Map: Chile, D 15). It is situated in latitude 55° 59' S. and longitude 67° 16′ W. It has a perennially Antarctic climate, and is merely a detached link, bare and rugged, of the chain of the Andes. It was discovered by Schouten, a native of Hoorn, in Holland, in 1616, about 90 years later than the Strait of Magellan, and since then the course of navigation of sailing vessels has been round the cape, instead of through the strait.

CAPE HUNTING-DOG. See HUNTING-DOG. CAPEL, ARTHUR, Lord (c.1610-49). An English Royalist leader during the Revolution. He represented Hertford in both the Short Par

liament and the Long Parliament, and was inclined to side with the popular party under the leadership of Pym, in so far as that party demanded merely a redress of grievances; but, strongly opposing a democratic revolution, he joined the Court party, and in August, 1641, was made Lord Capel of Hadham. He became an officer in the Royalist Army, and in 1643 served as lieutenant-general of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales. He then acted for a time as a member of the advisory council of the Prince of Wales, and on the success of the popu lar party retired to his estate at Hadham; but in 1648 he strongly advocated the renewal of civil war, and, with Goring and Lucas, attempted in vain to hold Colchester against the forces of Lord Fairfax. Soon afterwards he was tried and convicted of treason, and on March 9, 1649, was beheaded.

Re

CAPEL, THOMAS JOHN (1836-). An English Roman Catholic priest, born October 28, 1836. When but seventeen years old he, with others, founded a normal training college for the education of school-teachers, of which, in 1856, he was made vice-principal. Being compelled to seek southern Europe on account of ill health, he founded at Pau a mission for English-speaking Roman Catholics, in consequence of which the Pope advanced him to 'monsignore.' turning to England, in 1873 he established the Roman Catholic Public School at Kensington, and devoted much of his time to preaching, becoming widely noted for his eloquence, and was particularly successful in making converts to Romanism among the gentry of the Church of England; but since 1884 he has not been heard from. He is said to be the original of Catesby in Disraeli's Lothair. In 1874 he published a Reply to Gladstone's Political Expostulation, and in 1884 "Catholic," an Essential and Exclusive Attribute of the True Church. He lived in California many years.

CAP'ELL, EDWARD (1713-81). A critical editor of Shakespeare, born at Throston, near Bury Saint Edmunds. He was educated at Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, appointed deputy inspector of plays in 1737, and devoted his life to the study of Shakespeare, whose plays he transcribed ten times. In 1760 he published Prolusions, or Select Pieces of Ancient Poetry, including a reprint of Edward III., as possibly Shakespeare's. His edition of Shakespeare (10 vols., 1768) was followed by commentaries in three volumes, which were not all published till 1783, two years after Capell's death. They bore the title, Notes and Various Readings of Shakespeare. Capell collated the quartos and the first two folios more carefully than any previous editor.

CAPEL'LA (Lat., kid). A bright star of the first magnitude, on the left shoulder of Auriga. Capella is also called Capra, or the SheGoat, a name also sometimes given to Capricorn. The poets fable Capella to be Amalthea's goat, which suckled Jupiter in his infancy.