United States Steel Corporation. In this year he retired from business. Mr. Carnegie's benefactions have exceeded in amount those of any other American. In 1901 it was estimated that he had given away $40,000,000. Among his donations may be mentioned: to the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburg, $10,000,000; to New York City, for the establishment of branch libraries in the development of the public-library system, $5,200,000; to the Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C., $10,000,000; to universities of Scotland, $10,000,000; to the fund for the benefit of the employés of the Carnegie Steel Company, $5,000,000; to the public library of Saint Louis, Mo., $1,000,000. A large number of libraries in the United States, Canada, and England owe their existence or their improvement to him. His publications include An American Four-in-Hand in Britain (1883); Round the World (1884); Triumphant Democracy (1886); The Gospel of Wealth (1900); and Empire of Business (1902). CARNEGIE INSTITUTION. An institution for research founded by Andrew Carnegie. It was incorporated on January 4, 1902, for the promotion of study and research, with power (a) to acquire, hold, and convey real estate and other property necessary for its purposes and to establish general and special funds; (b) to conduct, endow, and assist investigation in any department of science, literature, or art, and to this end to cooperate with governments, universities, colleges, technical schools, learned societies, and individuals; (c) to appoint committees of experts to direct special lines of research; (d) to publish and distribute documents; (e) to conduct lectures; (f) to hold meetings; (g) to acquire and maintain a library; (h) and in general to do and perform all things necessary to promote the objects of the institution. The sum of $10,000,000 was transferred by Andrew Carnegie to a board of twenty-seven trustees chosen by himself. The trustees originally named were John S. Billings, New York; Grover Cleveland, New Jersey; William N. Frew, Pennsylvania; Lyman J. Gage, Illinois; Daniel C. Gilman, Maryland; John Hay, District of Columbia; Abram S. Hewitt, New York; Henry L. Higginson, Massachusetts; Henry Hitchcock, Missouri; Charles L. Hutchinson, Illinois; William Lindsay, Kentucky; Seth Low, New York; Wayne MacVeagh, Pennsylvania; D. O. Mills, New York; S. Weir Mitchell, Pennsylvania; William W. Morrow, California; Elihu Root, New York; John C. Spooner, Wisconsin; Andrew D. White, New York; Edward D. White, Louisiana; Charles D. Walcott, District of Columbia; Carroll D. Wright, District of Columbia; and the following ex-officio members: The President of the United States, the president of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and the president of the National Academy of Sciences. The purposes of the trust are to establish in Washington an institution which shall, with the cooperation of institutions now or hereafter established, there or elsewhere, in the broadest and most liberal manner encourage investigation, research, and discovery, show the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind, provide such buildings, laboratories, books, and apparatus as may be needed, and afford instruction of an advanced character to students properly qualified to profit thereby. Among its aims are these: (1) To promote original research, paying great attention thereto as one of the most important of all departments; (2) to discover the exceptional man in every department of study, whenever and wherever found, inside or outside of schools, and enable him to make the work for which he seems specially designed his life work; (3) to increase facilities for higher education; (4) to increase the efficiency of the universities and other institutions of learning throughout the country by utilizing and adding to their existing facilities and aiding teachers in the various institutions for experimental and other work in these institutions as far as advisable; (5) to enable such students as may find Washington the best point for their special studies to enjoy the advantages of the museums, libraries, laboratories, observatory, meteorological, piscicultural, and forestry schools, and kindred institutions of the several departments of the Government; (6) to insure the prompt publication and distribution of the results of scientific investigation, a field considered highly important. The institution was duly organized on January 29, 1902, when the following officers were chosen: President, Daniel C. Gilman; chairman of the board of trustees, Abram S. Hewitt; vice-chairman, John S. Billings; secretary, Charles D. Walcott, and an executive committee, consisting of John S. Billings, Daniel C. Gilman, Abram S. Hewitt, S. Weir Mitchell, Elihu Root, Charles D. Walcott, and Carroll D. Wright. The headquarters of the institution is in Washington, D. C. CARNE'IA. See GREEK FESTIVALS. CARNEIRO DE CAMPOS, kär-nā'rð dă käm'pôsh, JosÉ JOAQUIM (1768-1836). A Brazilian politician, born at Bahia. He graduated at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, became a member of the Brazilian Constituent Assembly in 1823, and in the same year was appointed Minister of the Interior by the Emperor, Dom Pedro I. In 1826 he became Senator from the Province of Bahia, and attained distinction as a debater on the important constitutional questions then un der discussion. After the abdication of Dom Pedro I., he was appointed one of the three members of the provisional regency. CARNEIRO LEÃO, kär-nā'ro lâ-ouN', HoNORIO HERMETO (1801-56). A Brazilian politician, born at Jacahy. He studied law, attained distinction in his profession, was elected deputy in 1830, and in 1832-33 was Minister of Justice. From January 20, 1843, to February, 1844, he was Prime Minister, and again held the same office from 1854 until his death. He became President of Rio de Janeiro in 1841 and of Pernambuco in 1849. For the greater part of his political career he was known as a leader of the so-called "New Conservative” Party, The CARNELIAN, or CORNELIAN (Fr. cornaline, from Lat. cornu, horn. Carnelian is a form influenced by popular etymology with Lat. caro, flesh). A semi-transparent variety of chalcedony, varying in color from a pale to deep red. Inferior varieties are yellow and brown. finest specimens are red, and come mostly from Cambay and Surat, in India. Red and yellow specimens of excellent quality have also been found at Tampa Bay, Fla., and near Cape Split, Nova Scotia. The carnelian from India is found in nodules of a blackish olive color, which turn red only after exposure to the heat of the sun for two years, the color gradually becoming brighter and deeper. Artificial heat is sometimes substituted for that of the sun's rays, but with less satisfactory results, as the stones frequently crack and seldom acquire a brilliant lustre. The blood-red varieties were greatly valued by the ancients, who executed beautiful engravings in carnelian. Among the extant specimens of this kind may be mentioned the portrait of Sextus Pompeius in the Berlin collection, that of Helen in Vienna, and several in the British Museum. The carnelian is still used by lapidaries for seal rings. CARNERI, kär-nā'rê, BARTHOLOMÄUS VON (1821-). An Austrian politician and writer, born at Trent. In 1870 he was elected to the Austrian Chamber of Deputies, where, as a prominent Liberal, he retained a seat until 1890. His publications include, besides some political monographs, Gefühl, Bewusstsein, Wille (1876); Grundle gung der Ethik (1881); Der moderne Mensch (1890; 5th ed., 1901); and a volume of Gedichte (2d ed., 1850). CARNICER, kär'nê-thar', DON RAMON (17891855). A Spanish composer, born near Tarrega, in Catalonia. He studied in Barcelona under Francesco Queralt and Carlos Bagnor, organist in the cathedral there. Because of the disorganized condition of Spain, due to the invasion of Napoleon, he left his native country and did not return to it permanently until 1828, when he was made director of the Royal Theatre in Madrid. From 1830 to 1854 he was professor of composition at the Royal Conservatory in Madrid. Among the works of Carnicer are Adela de Lusignano; Elena y Constantino; El Colon, Elena y Malvina (1829); and Colombo (1831). Besides these, he composed a good deal of church music, and many songs and melodies of distinctly national character. CAR/NIFEX FERRY. A ferry across the Gauley River, near the mouth of Meadow River, in Nicholas County, W. Va. Near here, on September 10, 1861, during the Civil War, an engagement occurred between a Federal force under General Rosecrans and a Confederate force of 5000 under General Floyd. The former lost 17 killed and 141 wounded, while Floyd reported his casualties at only 20. During the night, however, Floyd retreated across the Gauley. Consult Johnson and Buel (editors), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. I. (New York, 1887). CAR'NIN (Lat. caro, flesh), C,H,N,O,. An organic substance allied to xanthin and found in meat extract, from which it may be obtained in the form of small, irregular crystals, sparingly soluble in cold, but readily in hot water. To prepare carnin from meat extract, the latter is dissolved and the solution is precipitated with a moderate quantity of baryta water, filtered, and basic acetate of lead is added to the filtrate; the lead precipitate is carefully extracted with hot water, and the solution thus obtained is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen to precipitate the lead; on filtering and concentrating the solution, earnin crystallizes out after some time. By the action of chlorine or of nitric acid, carnin may be readily converted into apoxanthin. CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain). An Austrian crownland, bounded by Carinthia and Styria on the north, Croatia on the east, Croatia and Küs- Carniola had a population of 508,348 in 1900, against 498,958 in 1890, showing an increase of 1.9 per cent. for the decade. Nearly 94 per cent. of the people are Slovenes, and the remainder consists of Germans, Serbo-Croatians, and Italians. Almost the entire population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. The capital, Laibach, has a population of over 36,000. Carniola received its present name from the Slavonic Wends, who occupied the region after the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne conquered it and gave it to the Dukes of Friuli. From 972 it had margraves of its own, sometimes called dukes, who possessed, however, only a part of the country. On the extinction of the male line of the margraves, part of the territory passed to the Dukes of Austria in the Thirteenth Century, and the remainder was acquired by them in the Fourteenth. From 1809 to 1813 it formed part of the French province of Illyria, and in 1849 it became a crownland. CARNIVAL (It. carnevale, or carnovale; probably from Med. Lat. carnelevamen, a release from the flesh, but commonly derived by popular etymology from Lat. carni vale, farewell to flesh, or It. carne vale, farewell, flesh). The days of revelry immediately before the beginning of Lent. The origin of this celebration is almost as obscure as the derivation of the name, for which several theories have been suggested, none of them entirely satisfactory. There is very little doubt that the custom is in a sense a survival of the old Roman festival of the Lupercalia (q.v.), which was held at the same season of the year, and that the Church, as in so many other instances (see BONFIRE), attempted to regulate and sanctify what it could not entirely suppress. The same spirit of compromise marked the attitude of the popes toward it throughout the Middle Ages. As secular rulers they were disinclined altogether to suppress an observance which promoted the material prosperity of the city; yet as pastors of souls they could not look with complacency upon the frequently unrestrained license attending its celebration. Several of the more spiritually minded popes made a practice of spending the season in strict retirement, to avoid witnessing the disorders which they could not altogether prevent: the time, which originally extended from the feast of the Epiphany (January 6) to Ash Wednesday, was restricted to eight and finally to three days; and a number of minute regulations have always reminded the populace of the existence of a superior authority. The celebration was usually suspended in the years of jubilee (q.v.), and the funds generally expended on the carnival diverted to the entertainment of needy pilgrims, the Jews being compelled to contribute to that purpose the tax laid upon them for the purposes of the carnival. In modern times Rome has continued the principal seat of these observances, although other Italian cities, notably Venice, have displayed great splendor, and the Parisians, never averse to an occasion for merrymaking, indulge in elaborate revels. A long-established custom in Paris has been to lead in the procession a fat ox (bœuf gras, whence Mardi Gras) followed in a triumphal car by a child called 'the king of the butchers.' Otherwise few of the traditional festivities are kept alive, except the throwing of confetti or sweetmeats and flowers, the blowing of horns, the masked balls (see MASQUERADE), and the parades of allegorical chariots. In Italy after the gayeties of the last day, Mardi Gras, the death. of the carnival is symbolized by the burning of a huge effigy; and the crowds in the streets carry lighted tapers (moccoletti), each endeavoring to extinguish those of his neighbors and keep his own alight. In the United States the principal observance of Mardi Gras is that which has been carried out in New Orleans with great pomp and splendor since 1857. On this day the whole city is turned over to the rule of 'King Rex, who passes through the streets escorted by his body-guard, the mystic krewe of Comus,' and various military and visiting organizations. In the evening occurs the great street pageant, in which are displayed elaborate tableaux, placed on moving forms and brilliantly illuminated. These represent noted scenes of history, poetry, or fiction, and are constructed at great expense and with artistic elegance. All the arrangements are under the control of societies composed of the best-known professional and business men of the city. Consult: Rosières, Histoire de la société française au moyen âge (Paris, 1880); Story, Roba di Roma (London, 1862). Byron's Beppo, and the second part of Goethe's Italienische Reisen, also contain vivid descriptions of the Italian carnival of a century ago. See BLUE MONDAY; COLLOP MONDAY; SHROVETIDE. CARNIV'ORA (Lat. neut. pl., from caro, flesh + vorare, to devour). An order of mammals, more or less efficiently adapted for predaceous life, and including most of the forms popularly known as beasts of prey. Not all animals carnivorous in diet are carnivora in structure, for the dasyure or Tasmanian devil is a marsupial, and the blood-sucking Desmodus is a bat. Nor are all the members of the order Carnivora in diet purely carnivorous, for the polar bears eat grass greedily, the ratels are very partial to honey, and many forms eat fruits, berries, insects, mollusks, or crustaceans in a highly omnivorous manner. The carnivora dwell in all parts of the world except New Zealand and Australia, where their work is done by flesh-eating marsupials. They vary in size from the ermine which one may hide in his pocket to bears that may weigh 2000 pounds; and are fitted for the chase of almost every variety of living creature, not even the oceanic birds (in their breeding-places) being exempt from their ravages. They thus serve as a check upon the otherwise too rapid multiplication of herbivores, rodents, etc., which relieved from them would soon swarm excessively. Their relations with mankind are mainly those of enmity. He pursues some for sport, others for their fur, and others in order to get rid of neighbors dangerous to him or his domestic animals. The carnivora therefore disappear to a great extent in areas of civilization, the effect of which is felt in the increase of such pests as mice and gophers; but in some parts of the world wild beasts carry on even warfare, tigers and leopards alone killing many thousands of human beings and cattle annually. From this class, however, mankind, has derived two of his most valued domestic pets-the dog and cat. GENERAL CHARACTERS. The dentition of most carnivora is very characteristic. There are in each jaw six pointed cutting teeth, two strong, sharp, recurved canines, and molar teeth often adapted for cutting. The skull is short and dense. The lower jaw moves up and down in a deep, transverse, semi-cylindrical groove, and there are deep hollows on the sides and prominent crests on the roof of the skull for the attachment of the powerful muscles which work the jaw. As one would expect in animals with vigorous habits of life, the convolutions of the brain and olfactory lobes are well developed. The toes are clawed, with more or less pointed nails. In contrast to herbivorous animals, the stomach is simple, and the cæcum is either absent or small. Vagrant, predatory habits, a flesh diet, fierce disposition, and high intelligence are crdinal characteristics. While most of the families are more abundant in the tropics than elsewhere, some are more generally inhabitants of temperate regions, and a few are especially common in the Far North. CLASSIFICATION. Two suborders are distinguished-Fissipedia, the typical terrestrial carnivora, and Pinnipedia, the aberrant, aquatic forms. The second suborder, with its numerous adaptive characters, has doubtless been derived from the first, and is divided into three families, with about fifty species: (1) Otariidæ, or eared seals, nearest to the typical carnivora, and char |