was declared dissolved, but when it was proposed to banish the Queen, the British Government interfered. She received a pension of £5000, was allowed to retain the title of Queen, and spent her last years in a castle at Celle, Hanover. Consult Wraxall, Life and Times of Queen Caroline Matilda (London, 1864) and Wittich, Struensee (Leipzig, 1899). See STRUENSEE. CAR'OLIN'GIANS (Fr. Carlovingiens, Med. Lat. Carolingi, from OHG. Karling, descendant of Karl, particularly Charles Martel). The second dynasty of Frankish kings. The origin of the family is traced to Saint Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, who died in 641. His son, Ansegisel, married a daughter of Pepin (q.v.), of Landen, in Austrasia. Their son, Pepin of Heristal, the greatest territorial lord in Austrasia, was called to the office of Mayor of the Palace, in that kingdom. At the battle of Testry in 687, Pepin compelled the weak Merovingian King, Theuderich III., to invest him with the office of Mayor of the Palace in all the three Frankish States, Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy. Pepin allowed the Merovingian kings to remain upon the throne, but they were kings only in name. He died in 714, and left as his successor a grandson who was a mere child; but Charles Martel (q.v.), a natural son of Pepin, was made Mayor of the Palace by the Austrasians, and in this capacity brought the three States under his power. He died in 741. His two sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short, divided the kingdom, although for a time the nominal Merovingian dynasty still existed. Carloman abdicated after a few years and entered a monastery. Pepin at last formally assumed the royal power, and was crowned King of the Franks in 751. From this is dated the beginning of the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin was succeeded by his sons, Carloman and Charles the Great (q.v.) or Charlemagne, of whom the latter soon reigned alone, and prodigiously extended his dominions. In 800 Pope Leo. III. set upon his head the crown of the Western Roman Empire. He planned to divide his dominions among his sons, of whom, how ever, only one, Louis the Pious, survived him, who, in the list of the Kings of France, appears as Louis I., but who was properly Emperor and King of the Franks. With Charlemagne the high abilities of his family disappeared, and his successors were comparatively weak. Family feuds broke out during the life of Louis the Pious, who had divided his dominions among his sons, and he terminated his troubled reign in 840. By a treaty concluded at Verdun, in 843, Lothair I., the eldest son of Louis, obtained the imperial crown and the kingdom of Italy, with Lorraine, Franche Comté, Provence, and Lyonnais; Louis, his brother, called Louis the German, obtained the German part of his father's dominions; and Charles the Bald, the son of a second marriage, obtained Neustria, Aquitania, and the Spanish Mark. The Emperor Lothair I. died in 855, and his dominions were again divided-his eldest son, Louis II., becoming Emperor and King of Italy, and his two other sons kings of Lorraine and of Provence, the kingdoms of the two younger broth ers later reverting to the Emperor. Charles II., the Fat (q.v.), son of Louis the German, reigned over the reunited realm of Charles the Great from about 884 to 887, when he was deposed. Arnulf (q.v.), King of Germany, obtained the imperial dignity later, and Louis III., the Child (q.v.) ruled in Germany from 899 to 911, when the Carolingian dynasty there became extinct. The French dynasty, of which Charles the Bald may be deemed the founder, continued a succession of weak monarchs and pretenders to the throne for about a century, till it terminated with the reign of Louis V., on whose death Hugh Capet, the most powerful nobleman in France, seized the crown, in 987. The Carolingian kings had for some time possessed little real power. A subsequent marriage connected family with that of the their Capets, and enabled the kings of the Capetian dynasty (q.v.) to trace their descent from Charlemagne. See FRANKS; FRANCE; GERMANY; HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. CAROLUS DURAN, kåʼrô'lus' du'rän'. See DURAN, CHARLES AUGUSTE EMILE. CARON, kåʼrÔN', RENÉ EDOUARD (1800-76). A Canadian statesman and jurist. He was educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at the College of Saint Pierre, and was admitted to the bar in 1826. He was mayor of Quebec from 1827 to 1837 and Speaker of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada from 1843 to 1847, and again from 1848 to 1853. On being appointed judge of the Queen's Bench in the latter year, he abandoned politics. In 1857 he was commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada, and in 1873 was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec. CARORA, kå-rō'rå. A town in the State of Lara, Venezuela, about 40 miles east of Barquisimeto, and midway between that city and Lake Maracaibo. Stock-raising and tanneries are the chief industries, and there is a considerable trade in gums and rubber. The town was founded by Spaniards in 1572. Population, 8000. CAROTID ARTERY (Fr. carotide, Lat. carotis, Gk. Kapwrls, karōtis, carotid, from kápos, karos, deep sleep). The great artery which on each side distributes blood to the different parts of the head. Each carotid artery consists of the primitive or common carotid, which, at the upper margin of the larynx, separates into two great divisions of nearly equal size, the external and internal carotid. The external carotid supplies the larnyx, tongue, face, and scalp with blood, its principal branches being the superior thyroid, the lingual, the facial, the occipital, the posterior auricular, the internal maxillary, and the temporal. The internal carotid enters the cavity of the cranium through a somewhat tortuous canal in the temporal bone, and after perforating the dura mater, or fibrous membrane of the brain, separates into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which are the principal arteries of the brain; while in its course through the dura mater it gives off the ophthalmic artery, which subdivides into several small branches that supply the eye and surrounding parts. See CIRCULATION. Wounds of the carotid trunks are generally from stabs. Suicides have a vague desire to cut them, but rarely cut sufficiently deep by the side of the windpipe. Of course, should either vessel be wounded, death would result almost immediately. Punctured wounds, however, may not be immediately fatal; they may heal, or a false aneurism (q.v.) may result. These arteries are sometimes the seat of spontaneous or true aneurism. Sir Astley Cooper was the first to tie the common carotid for spontaneous aneu rism, in 1805, and since then the operation has been successfully performed many times. Owing to the numerous interchanges of branches between vessels of both sides of the head, cutting off the supply of blood through one carotid is seldom followed by impairment of brain structure or function. The common carotid in the horse is the termination of the right arteria in CAROTID FACIAL COMMON CAROTID CAROTID ARTERY. nominata. It is a large vessel about an inch long, which emerges from the chest below the windpipe, and divides into the right and left carotids. These bend upward, having the windpipe between them gradually inclining inward at the upper part, where each divides into external and internal carotids, and a large anastomosing branch arising from between these two. Consult Toldt, Anatomischer Atlas (Berlin and Vienna, 1900). group CAR'OTIN (Lat. carota, carrot). A name for the yellow pigments common in leaves. Carotin is probably identical with the so-called xanthophyll. The yellow pigments may be dissolved out from leaves by alcohol and partially separated from the green ones (chlorophyll) by shaking the solution with benzine. After standing a short time, most of the green, being more freely soluble in the benzine, floats on the alcohol, which contains most of the yellow. Crystals of carotin may also be formed in the leaf-cells by appropriate treatment. Similar slender orange crystals are found in the color-bodies (see CHROMOPLASTS) of the carrot, from which the pigment took its name, and in some fruits. According to Arnaud, carotin is a hydrocarbon having the composition CH. See ETIOLIN. CAROTO, ka-rō'to, GIAN FRANCESCO (14701546). An Italian painter, born in Verona. He studied under Mantegna, whom he surpassed in majesty and harmony. His later works, which are said to imitate the manner of Leonardo, are severe in outline, but warmly colored. Most of his works are found in Verona, where the best-known is his series of pictures on the "History of Tobias," in Sant' Eusemia. on the left bank of the Arve (Map: Switzerland, A 2). It is regularly built, is surrounded by villas, orchards, and meadows, and has a handsome church. There are manufactures of thread, clay pipes, leather, watches, and pottery, as well as of machinery and ironwork. A bridge across the Arve connects the town with Geneva. In 1780 the King of Sardinia, as ruler of Savoy, tried to make Carouge the industrial rival of Geneva, but failed. Population, in 1900, 7400. CARP (Ger. Karpfe, OHG. charpho, Icel. karfi, Welsh carp, Russ. karpu, probably bor. rowed from the Germanic). A fresh-water fish (Cyprinus carpio), typical of the family Cyprinidæ (q.v.), now acclimated in all parts of the world. The body is robust, compressed, and covered with large scales; head naked; mouth rather small, toothless, with fleshy lips and four welldeveloped barbels. The dorsal fin is quite long, the anal much shorter. The color is a uniform dark brown above, growing quite light on the ventral side. The carp may attain a weight of 40 to 50 pounds, but the usual weight is much less than this. It thrives best in lakes and ponds, and in streams seeks the quiet, sluggish waters, where it feeds largely on vegetable matter, but will also eat insect-larvæ, worms, etc. The carp may reach an age of 200 years. spawns about June; the eggs, which are small, transparent, and number several hundred thousand, are fastened to aquatic weeds, where they will endure great vicissitudes of weather and temperature. During the winter months it hibernates and does not take food. So exceedingly hardy is it, that it may be kept alive even for days in moist moss if properly fed, and consequently may be transported great distances with facility. The original home of the carp was southeastern Asia, where it has been tamed and cultivated since the earliest times by the Chinese, and where it is still found wild. It was introduced into northern Europe several centuries ago, and transplanted about the Fourteenth Century to Great Britain, under the name of German carp. From Europe it has been brought casually to North made to plant it extensively in the still waters America, and about 1870 a strong effort was the extreme prolificacy of the fish, quickly overof the United States; this succeeded widely, but crowding small ponds, and the comparative coarseness of its flesh, which is readily tainted by foul waters, have prevented it finding as great favor with the American public as in German Europe. There are three varieties of carp: (1) the scale-carp, which, excepting the head, is entirely covered with scales; (2) the mirrorcarp (Spiegelkarpfe of the Germans), which has three to four rows of very large scales along the sides, the rest of the body remaining bare; (3) the leather-carp (Lederkarpfe), in which the scales are entirely wanting. All these are equally good as food, although a preference is often shown for the scaled variety. To the angler, the carp is not a very valuable fish, as ho is by no means a free biter. Several other fishes are called carps, notably the European congener called Crucian (q.v.), and the closely allied goldfish; also some entirely different ones, as the seabream and the American carp-suckers. See Plate of CARPS AND EUROPEAN ALLIES. CAROUGE, ká'roozh'. A town of Switzer- CARP, PETRACHE (1837-). A Rumanian land, situated about one mile south of Geneva, statesman. He was born at Jassy, studied at It Bonn, took part in the overthrow of Cuza, and, after Prince Charles had ascended the throne, entered the diplomatic service. With Blarenberg he founded an anti-liberal journal. In 1870 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in 1892 of Commerce, Agriculture, and Domains. He was known for political discourses, and for his renderings of Shakespeare. CARPACCIO, kär-pä'cho, VITTORE, called Scarpaccia by Vasari (c.1450-c.1522). An Italian painter, important as marking the transition in the Venetian school from the fifteenth century to the heights which it attained in the sixteenth. He was born probably at Capo d'Istria, but spent most of his life in Venice, where he may have been a pupil and was for a time the assistant of Gentile Bellini, like whom he took up the new method of painting in oil. In 1490 he painted the great series of nine pictures on the life of Saint Ursula (Academy, Venice), which are remarkable for their mastery of the conditions of historical painting, for beauty of imagination and of detail. Next in importance is the series painted between 1502 and 1508 for the Dalmatian hospice of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni, Venice-nine pictures on the lives of Saints George, Jerome, and Tryphonius. In 1510 he produced what may be called his masterpiece, the "Presentation in the Temple" (Academy, Venice). A third great series, on the life of Saint Stephen (1511-15), has been scattered in the Louvre, Berlin, Milan, and Stuttgart. Like Gentile Bellini, Carpaccio has a wonderful talent of narrative, enlivening the solemnity of his subjects with a certain light ness of treatment which never fails to make them interesting; and while his drawing is often faulty, and the faces of his figures are unpleasant, his work is attractive by reason of his color, which, with all its golden brightness, is clear and harmonious. Consult Molmenti, Carpaccio, son temps et son œuvre (Venice, 1893). CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS. A mountain system of Central Europe, extending in the form of a broad are along nearly the entire boundary of Hungary east of the Danube (Map: Hungary, H 2). The arc, opening to the southwest, embraces the plain of Hungary and the elevated basin of Transylvania (Siebenbürgen), separating the former from the Austrian provinces of Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and Bukowina on the northwest, north, and northeast, and the latter from Rumania on the east and south. Both wings of the arc rest upon the Danube, the one terminating near Pressburg, where it is in juxtaposition to the Leitha range of the Austrian Alps, the other ending at Orsova, where it confronts the northern extension of the Balkans. The length of the system, following the curve, is about 800 miles. The Carpathian system is composed of numerous mountain groups which exhibit a variety of orographic and geological features. On the northwest the main elevations are included in the Kleine Karpaten (Little Carpathians), the Weisses Gebirge (White Range), and the Neutra and Tátra ranges. These ranges, with the bordering ranges of the West Beskiden and the Hungarian Erzgebirge, converge in northern Hungary to form a mountain knot, near the centre of which are the Hohe Tátra Mountains, the loftiest in the entire system. Eastward and southward the Carpathians are continued in a broad curve by the Ost Beskiden and by the Waldgebirge into Transyivania, where the ranges widen out so as to surround on the east and west the basin of Transylvania, whose southern limit is the Transylvanian Alps. sea. feet. In The Carpathians include no summits that are comparable in elevation to the culminations of the Alps, but the mountains are frequently massive and imposing in appearance. The highest point of the system is the Gerlsdorferspitze of the Hohe Tátra Range, which is 8,737 feet. the same range are the Lomnitzerspitze, 8642 feet; the Eisthalerspitze, 8630 feet; and the Schlagendorferspitze, and other peaks extending 8000 feet. In the eastern Carpathians there are many peaks from 5000 to over 7000 feet above the The Transylvanian Alps, whose trend in the main is east and west, present an almost unbroken mountain barrier crowned by jagged summits that reach an extreme height of over 8000 feet, the loftiest peak, Negoi, being 8318 In general, the higher elevations of the Carpathians are composed of granite and crystalline rocks, while the outlying lower ranges are formed by upturned and folded sedimentary strata. Mesozoic sandstone is the prevailing formation in the Beskiden, and granite, gneiss, and schist in the Transylvanian Alps. Eruptive igneous rocks are found along the whole system, but are most prominent in the Hungarian Erzge birge and in the ranges of Transylvania. These regions are noted for their deposits of gold, silver, lead, copper, and other metallic ores, which have been worked for many centuries. The Carpathian system forms the water-parting between the drainage basins of the Oder, Vistula, and Dniester, and of the middle Danube. Small lakes frequently occur in the interior of the mountains, particularly in the Hohe Tátra, where more than 100 have been found. Some of them are at great elevations, and many are very deep. These lakes are called by the Hungarians 'Eyes of the Sea.' There are no glaciers nor perennial snow-fields. Numerous passes cross the system, facilitating communication between Hungary and the bordering countries. The Carpathians are clothed with extensive forests of oak, beech, chestnut, and fir, which harbor bears, wolves, and lynxes. HUNGARY, and TRANSYLVANIA. See CAR PATHOS. See SCARPANTO. CARPEAUX, kär'pô', JEAN BAPTISTE (182775). A French sculptor, the pupil of Duret and Rude. His best-known works are: "The Fisher Boy," "Ugolino and His Children," "Neapolitan Fisherman," "France Enlightening the World and Protecting Agriculture and Science," the noted group, "La Danse" (1869), on the façade of the Paris Opera House, and "The Four Quarters of the World Sustaining the Sphere." Among his portrait busts are those of Gérôme and of Alexander Dumas, fils. Although the faults of the Naturalistic School are accentuated in his work, his robust imagination and technical skill give him a high place among latter-day sculptors. CARPEL (Fr. carpelle, Neo-Lat. carpellum, from Gk. κаprós, karpos, fruit). One of the ovule-bearing elements of the pistil in flowering plants (angiosperms). The carpel is usually considered to be a modified single spore-bearing leaf (sporophyll). Several carpels are often organized together to form a single ovule-containing organ, which organ, whether consisting of one or many carpels, is called a pistil. See FLOWER. |