Seleucia, and proceeded as far as Babylon. Subsequently he quelled a dangerous insurrection in Egypt, and was appointed Governor of all the Eastern Provinces. He organized a revolt and attempted to seize the imperial throne, but was assassinated by two officers of his own

army.

CASSIUS, DIO. See DIO CASSIUS.

CASSIUS, PURPLE OF. A dark purple, red, or reddish-brown pigment. It was discovered by Andreas Cassius in the Seventeenth Century, and may be obtained as a fine flocculent purple precipitate on adding a solution of stannous chloride containing stannic chloride to a solution of gold chloride. It may also be obtained by treating an alloy of gold (2 parts), tin (3.5 parts), and silver (15 parts) with nitric acid, which removes the silver and oxidizes the tin. The composition of purple of Cassius is variable, but it is believed that gold is present in it in the metallic state. Mixed with borax or some fusible glass, it is used by potters to produce a rich purple or rose tint in the finer qualities of pottery, and it has long been employed to give a ruby-red color to the better qualities of glass.

CASSIUS LONGI’NUS, GAIUS. One of Cæsar's assassins. At the breaking out of the Civil War, though a tribune of the plebs, he sided with Pompeius and the aristocratic faction against Cæsar. He was taken prisoner by the latter, who pardoned him, and even made him one of his legati. In B.C. 44, through the influence of Cæsar, he was made prætor peregrinus, and was promised the governorship of Syria in the following year. But his mean and jealous spirit could not endure the burden of gratitude imposed upon him by the generosity of the Dictator, and he resolved to be released by the murder of his benefactor. Having attached to himself the mutinous spirits among the subjugated aristocracy, and also won over M. Brutus, the pseudo-patriotic conspiracy was soon matured, and on March 15, B.C. 44, Cæsar fell by the daggers of assassins. The result of this bloody deed was not what Cassius Longinus had expected. The popular feelingas displayed by the riots that broke out at Cæsar's funeral was strongly against the murderers, and the military power fell into the hands of Marcus Antonius. Cassius Longinus therefore fled to the East, and made himself master of Syria. Afterwards he united his forces with those of Brutus. Having greedily plundered Asia Minor, they crossed the Hellespont in the beginning of B.C. 42, marched through Thrace, and took up a superior position near Philippi, in Macedonia. Here they were attacked by Antonius and Octavianus. The division commanded by Cassius Longinus was totally routed: on the other hand, Brutus succeeded in repulsing the troops of Octavianus. Cassius Longinus, supposing that all was lost, compelled his freedman, Pindarus, to put him to death. His wife, a half-sister of Brutus, survived him up ward of sixty years. She died in the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 22.

CASSIUS PARMEN'SIS, or GAIUS CASSIUS SEVERUS. One of the conspirators against the life of Julius Cæsar. He was an adherent of his namesake Cassius, and fought on his side until their defeat at Philippi. Afterwards he joined

Sextus Pompeius, and finally supported Antonius until the defeat at Actium. He went to Athens, but was arrested and executed, about B.C. 30, by order of Augustus. He made some pretensions to poetic ability, but he was not the Cassius alluded to by Horace as noted for the abundance and the poverty of his compositions.

CASSIUS VIS'CELLI'NUS, SPURIUS. A Roman of the Fifth Century B.C., distinguished as the author of what is called the first agrarian law of Rome. He was thrice consul in B.C. 502, 493, and 486. The law which he presented was, presumably, a restatement of the earlier law of Servius Tullius. Despite the strong opposition of the patricians, led by his fellowconsul, Virginius Tricostus, he succeeded in effecting the legal passage of the law, which was, however, never enforced. In 485 he was accused by his enemies of seeking royal power, and, with these enemies as judges, was put to death as a traitor. See AGRARIAN LAW.

CAS'SIVELLAUʼNUS (c.50 B.C.). A native chieftain chosen by the Britons to be their commander when Cæsar made his second invasion, in B.C. 54. Cassivellaunus was routed in the first engagement, but continued to harass the Romans and to cut off all foragers or stragglers. Moved by reverses, he finally gave hostages to Cæsar, who commanded him also to pay a tribute and not to make war on the tribes who had aided the Romans.

CASSOCK. See COSTUME, ECCLESIASTICAL. CASSOP'OLIS. A village and county-seat of Cass County, Mich., 90 miles west by south of Jackson, on the Michigan Central and the Chicago and Grand Trunk railroads. It is known as a summer resort, being in a picturesque lake region. The industrial establishments include. flour and saw mills, a grain-drill factory, bowlfactory, etc. Population, in 1890, 1369; in 1900, 1330.

CASSOWARY (Fr. casoar, Sp. casoario, casobar, Dutch casuaar, from Malay kassuwaris). A family (Casuariide) of ratite birds allied to the ostrich, but distinctively characterized by still greater shortness of wing, by a bony crest, by pendent wattles on the naked neck, and by three toes on each foot, the inner toe short and armed with a very long and sharp claw. There are also very important anatomical differences (see Huxley, Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1867), especially in its digestive organs, which are not adapted to the same coarse diet. Cassowaries are still more closely allied to the emus, and with them form a group (Megistanes) peculiar to the Australian region. About twelve species of cassowary are known, of which the most familiar is that from Ceram (Casuarius galeatus), known since 1597 and frequently seen in menageries. It is the largest known bird except the ostrich, and its height, when erect, is about 5 feet. The color is brownish-black. The feathers are loosely webbed and hang down, so that at a little distance the bird seems clothed with hair. Those of the rump are 14 inches long, hanging down in place of a tail. The head and upper part of the neck are naked, and of a bluish color, and there are two pendent wattles, partly red and partly blue, on the front of the neck. On the breast is a callous bare part, on which the bird rests its body

on the ground. The bony crest or helmet reaches from the base of the bill to the middle of the crown, and is about 3 inches high, exhibiting the most intense blue, purple, and scarlet, blended together. When attacked it defends itself by kicking obliquely backward with its stout, naked legs and feet, and by striking with its short wings, the rigid, barbless shafts of which, although useless even to aid in its running, are not without value as weapons. There are only about five of them in each wing, somewhat resembling the quills of a porcupine, and at the end of the last joint of the wing there is a spur.

The cassowary lays a few eggs, which are rough, greenish, and are incubated by the cock. Its flesh is black, tough, and juiceless. The cassowary is not infrequently to be seen in menageries in Europe, but is becoming more rare in its native regions, in which it is sometimes kept tame. Not much is known of the habits of any of these birds, which dwell in deep forests and are vegetable-eaters. They are frequently tamed by the natives and breed readily in confinement. Their skin and feathers are widely used in clothing and ornament; their bones point spears; and their flesh, though tough and dark, is eaten. The fullest account of the genus is that by Salvadori, in his great Italian work on the ornithology of the Papuan region. One species, having an excessively large helmet (Casuarius Australis), occurs in northern Australia. Another (Casuarius Bennetti), peculiar to New Britain, is known as 'moorup' (not 'mooruk,' as usually spelled). See Plate of CAS

SOWARIES, ETC.

CASSOWARY-TREE. See CASUARINA.
CAS'SUMU'NAR. See GINGER.

CAST (Icel., Swed. kasta, Dan. kaste, to throw). A work of art produced by a mold. A method of reproducing a work of sculptured art by means of molding. The work is first modeled by hand, then covered with plaster so applied that it may be removed in sections when dry, thus forming a kind of shell to the sculptured form beneath. These sections

are put together and form the mold, which is filled with liquid plaster, the interior of the shell being so lubricated as to prevent the plaster from adhering to the casing. When this interior plaster is hardened, the case is again removed, and the reproduction of the original appears. The first mold is made over the modeled clay figure or group of figures fresh from the sculptor's hand. As the clay is perishable, it is necessary to imitate the original, and from the plaster, which is more durable, a number of replicas may be made. Even though the mold should be broken, another can now be taken from one of the plaster figures. Many of the masterpieces of antiquity are thus repeated, and they supply museums and schools of art as models for study. When a figure or is cast in bronze, it is more properly group called founding (q.v.). Casting has been in use from early times, and was employed by the ancients for multiplying their statues.

CASTAGNO, kás-tä'nyo, ANDREA DEL (c.13961457). A Florentine painter of the Renaissance. He was born at Castagno, a village in the Mugello district, near Florence, the son of a laborer

and small landed proprietor. Although the name of his teacher is not recorded, he was at least influenced by Paolo Vecello, and perhaps, like the rest of the Realist school to which he belonged, by Donatello. His drawing is bold and firm, his color bright and crude, and the impression gained from his works is one of strength and power. His principal surviving works are a fine series of four frescoes from the life of Christ and nine figures in Sant' Apollonia, Florence, the equestrian portrait of Niccolo da Tolentino (1456) in the Cathedral, and a "Crucifixion" in Santa Maria Novella. The story, due to Vasari, that he murdered Domenico Veneziano to steal his secret of oil painting has long been proved a myth by the fact that his associate survived him several years. Castagno died in Florence August 19, 1457.

CASTAIGNE, kå'stân', ANDRÉ (1861-). A French artist, best known as an illustrator. He was born at Angoulême, and studied in Paris at the Suisse Academy (1878-80), and later at the Beaux-Arts as a pupil of Gérôme and Cabanel. Among his notable pictures at the Salon, where he first exhibited in 1884, were a "Portrait of the Vicomte de Dampierre" (1888), and "After the Combat" (1899; Peabody Gallery, Baltimore). In 1890 he went to Baltimore as director and instructor of the Charcoal Club, an art school of that city. His first illustrations were Western scenes executed for the Century Magazine in 1891. He returned to France in 1894, and became an instructor in the Colorossi Academy, Paris. He works with almost equal facility in oils, water-color, charcoal, and pen and ink. His full-light effects were unique in American illustrations, and his peculiar fineness of touch defied the skilled engraver. His illustrative work has dealt much with American subjects, such as Texas cowboy life and the Columbian Exposition. His series of pictures for B. I. Wheeler's Life of Alexander the Great (New York, 1900) is also to be mentioned.

CASTA'LIA (Lat., Gk. Kaoraλla, Kastalia, probably connected with Lat. castus, Gk. κaðapós katharos, Skt. suddha, pure). A fountain sacred to Apollo and the Muses, situated on the slope of Parnassus, in the cleft between the great cliffs of the Phædriada, near Delphi, in Phocis. It was the 'holy water' of the Delphian temple, and all who came to consult the oracle were required to bathe, or at least to wash the hair, in its water. The Roman poets feigned that its waters filled the mind of those who drank of it with poetic inspiration. The fountain, whose waters are still pure and delightful, now bears the name of Saint-John.

CASTALIDES, kas-tǎl'i-dez. A name of the Muses, from the Castalian spring on Mount Parnassus, which was sacred to them.

CASTALIO, kås-tä'lyo, CASTELLIO, kås

tel'yo, or CASTELLION, SEBASTIAN (1515-63). A French Protestant theologian, born at Saint He received a thorough humanistic training, and Martin du Fresne, a Savoy village, near Geneva. about 1540 went to Strassburg, where he was befriended by Calvin, who, on his return to Geneva in 1541, appointed him rector of the high school and preacher. But, differing from Calvin on what were considered important points, he was compelled to resign in 1544, and went to Basel, where he lived in great poverty, as he had

a large family to support, until in 1553 he was appointed professor of Greek literature. Among his writings may be mentioned De Hæreticis, a treatise which argues against the right of the magistrate to punish heretical opinions, and which produced a reply from Beza; a Latin version of the Bible, published in 1551, and dedicated to Edward VI. of England; and a French translation of the Bible, dedicated to Henry II. of France. Consult his Life, by Buisson (Paris, 1892).

CASTA'NEA. See CHESTNUT.

now much

CASTANETS (Fr. castagnette, from Lat. castanea, chestnut, so called from the shape). A musical instrument of percussion, usually in the form of two hollow nutshells, which are tied together by a band fastened on the thumb, and struck by the fingers to produce a rattling sound in keeping with the rhythm of the music. The castanets were introduced into Spain by the Moors, where they retain the name of castañuelas, from their resemblance to the form of the chestnut. The castanets are used in the ballet and in the opera. CASTAÑOS, kå-stä'nyos, DON FRANCISCO XAVIER DE, Duke of Baylen (c.1756-1852). A celebrated Spanish general. He was born in Madrid, and after receiving a military training in Germany entered the Spanish Army and served with distinction in the campaign of 1794 against the French. When the French invaded Spain, Castaños received the command of a division of the Spanish army, and on July 22, 1808, compelled 20,000 French under General Dupont to surrender at Baylen. It is asserted, however, by that the merit of this success belongs more to Aloys Reding, a Swiss by birth, and the second in command. In November of the same year Castaños was in turn defeated by the French at Tudela. Upon the arrival of Wellington he was again placed at the head of the Spanish army, which he led, under Wellington, in the important battles of Albuera, Salamanca, and Vitoria, in the last of which particularly he distinguished himself. In 1815 he was placed at the head of 80,000 troops destined to invade France, some of which had already crossed the frontier when the news came of the battle of Waterloo. Although he was not a favorite with the Court politicians, his talents could not be overlooked. In 1825 he was called to the State Council, where he be came a decided opponent of the Carlist party. Castaños was made Duke of Baylen in 1833, and in 1843 became the guardian of Queen Isabella. He subsequently returned to his estates, and died at the age of 96.

some,

CASTA'RA. A collection of love verses, written by William Habington to his wife, Lucy, daughter of William Herbert, first Baron Powis. They were published anonymously, in two parts, quarto, in 1634. A second edition, with additions, appeared in 1635, duodecimo; and a third, with still further additions, including the character of The Holy Man, was published in 1640, duodecimo. Modern editions are by Elton (Bristol, 1816) and Arber, in English Reprints (London, 1870). The poems themselves are avowedly formal and dispassionate, and are addressed variously to the chaste Castara' and to the author's personal friends and patrons.

CASTE, kåst. In a general sense, an hereditary division or arrangement of society on the

basis of occupation or other arbitrary condition; specifically, a class or grade so established, particularly among the Hindus. The word is not native to India, where the distinctions are best developed, and where the term was first applied specifically as well as in its more general sense, but is probably Portuguese (the earliest Occidental colonists in the Deccan and some other portions of India were from Portugal), in which language it denotes family, strain, breed, or race, the Portuguese (and Spanish) form being casta, the feminine of casto (Latin, castus, pure).

Among earlier English writers the form was cast, used in the sense of aspect or mode (as in 'cast of countenance'), or perhaps in the archaic sense of breed, derived from a stock-breeder's term still colloquial in England; indeed, there is not prior to the Portuguese. some question whether the English term is The Sanskrit term is verna, signifying 'color,' and denoted originally, no doubt, the distinction between the lighter-complexioned Aryan invaders who entered India from the northwest, and the darkskinned or colored aborigines whom they subthrows considerable light on the origin of the jugated or drove onward before them. This fact social distinctions so highly developed in India and certain other countries. Occidental term is synonymous with 'chaste' In any case the (early French and modern English), and hence connotes purity, continence, freedom from taint, exclusiveness, and in general the attributes of race sense or ethnocentric sentiment.

The four great castes of India-the Brahmans, the Serfs, are as old in fact, if not in name, as or Priests, the Warriors, the Husbandmen, and the ancient sacred collection of hymns known as the Rig-Veda (cf. R.-V. 10, 90, 12; 8, 35, 16-18). sharply defined until the so-called period of The system, however, in its developed form is not Brahmanism. (See INDIA, section Religion.) The division of an early community into priests, warriors, and agriculturists or third estate, is a natural one, and is found likewise in ancient Persia. The fourth caste in India came into

being when the invading Aryans subjugated the natives and made them captives or slaves. They allowed them to become a part of the body politic, but they denied them all religious rights and privileges which the three Aryan castes enjoyed. Disregarding minor subdivisions, the four Hindu castes, commonly recognized, are as follows:

(1) THE BRAHMAN OR SACERDOTAL CLASS. At the head of the elaborated Hindu caste system stands the Brahman, or Brahmin, the priest, in Sanskrit Brāhmaṇa, a term synonymous with sanctity and exaltation. The legendary account of Manu (q.v.) says that this class issued from the mouth of the god Brahma, at the moment of creation. The business of the Brahmans, through their knowledge of the sacred Vedas, is to perform sacrifices for themselves and others and to give spiritual guidance to the rest of mankind, which has to rely on them for the favor of the gods. The Brahmans are the chief of all created beings, and other mortals enjoy life through them. They are to be treated with the most profound respect, even by kings. The person of a Brahman is sacred; and it is his privilege to enjoy almost all immunities and exemptions. Special rules, on the other hand, are laid down