March 4 (inauguration day) can fall on a Sunday. As before, for March 4 we find the sign +. Opposite Sunday we find that sign in the first column of years, beginning with 1798, 1804, etc. In all the years in this column, therefore, March 4 will fall on a Sunday. But Presidential inaugurations usually occur only in years following leap years, which latter are indicated by italics in the perpetual calendar. Consequently, Sunday inaugurations occurred in 1821, 1849, 1877, and will occur in 1917, 1945.

PRIMITIVE CALENDAR. Among Amerind tribes, inchoate writing in the form of a rude inscription, sometimes called 'winter count,' recording notable events in the life of an individual or the history of a tribe. The woodland tribes made the inscriptions on trees or on birch bark; dressed skins were used by the tribes of the prairies; some of the tribes of the arid regions (e.g. the Prina) incised rude mnemonic symbols on canes or wands; while in Mexico and Yucatan calendric inscriptions of related character, although record ed in more or less arbitrary glyphs, rather than rude ideographs or ikonographs, were preserved in scrolls or books of maguey paper. See ARCHÆOLOGY, AMERICAN; and MAN, SCIENCE OF.

CALENDAR. In general, an orderly list of things, especially with reference to dates, or of events. Specifically:

CALENDAR OF COURT, the official list of causes pending in the court for trial or argument. It generally contains the names of the parties and of their attorneys, as well as the date and nature of the issue, i.e. whether of fact or of law. Ordinarily, the causes are entered in the order of their date of issue (q.v.), the first one being that in which issue has been joined the longest; but the statutes and court rules give precedence to some cases over others. Certain actions brought by the United States or by a State may be advanced and tried out of their chronological order. Criminal cases are entitled to a preference over civil suits, and among criminal cases those for capital offenses have precedence over others. CALENDAR OF PRISONERS. In England, a sheriff's certified list of all prisoners in his custody awaiting trial for felony, prepared for a court sitting under a commission of jail delivery (q.v.). In the United States similar lists are often required, either of the sheriff or of the keeper of a prison.

CALENDERING (Fr. calandre, roller, from Lat. cylindrus, Gk. kúλivôpos, kylindros, cylinder, roller). The term applied to the finishing process by which a glazed or polished surface is given to paper and various textile fabrics, such as linen and cotton. It is usually done by passing the fabric between cylinders or rolls under pressure, hence the origin of the term, which is a corruption of cylindering. The familiar domestic process of starching and ironing illustrates in a simple form the object and result of calendering, and the common domestic mangle is a near approach in a simple form of the large calendering machines used in paper and textile manufacture. These machines consist of a series of from three to twelve rolls or bowls' set one above the other in a strong iron frame and so arranged that heavy pressures can be brought to bear on the rolls, and, therefore, on the fabric which is passed between them. The rolls were formerly made of wood, but this material proved

unsatisfactory because it warped. At present, when metal rolls are not used, the rolls are made of paper or cotton rendered solid by hydraulic pressure. Metal rolls are made of steel, chilled cast iron, or brass, and are often made hollow, to allow them to be heated internally where hot calendering is required. The process of calendering consists in passing the fabric between the rolls a number of times, depending upon the material and the finish required. Often cloths are starched before being calendered. To impart a glaze or polish one of the pair of rolls is made to revolve faster than the other, which causes it to slide on the fabric, with exactly the same effect as results from the sliding back and forth of the flatiron in 'ironing' or polishing the domestic linen. Sometimes the surfaces of the rolls have slightly raised patterns which produce the effect known as watering. In making the rolls for calendering the utmost accuracy of workmanship is exercised to secure a truly cylindrical surface; metal rolls are turned on a lathe, then ground and finally polished. Great care has also to be taken in setting the rolls in the frame and in adjusting them to each other. The method of applying the pressure is by using weights or by hydraulic presses, or by means of screws, the former being preferable where heavy pressures are required. See BEETLING.

CALENDERS, THE THREE. Three one-eyed dervishes in The Arabian Nights. They are disguised as beggars, but turn out to be princes.

CAL ENDS. See KALENDS.

CALENTURA, kä'lên-too'rå (Sp., from Lat. calere, to glow, to be hot). A medical term formerly applied to a tropical fever with acute delirium, never fully described, but supposed to attack sailors in hot climates. The word was revived during the Spanish-American War, as applied to a prevalent fever in Cuba and the Philippine Islands; also called Cuban fever. It it said to begin without prodromal symptoms, a chill and a temperature of 103° F. ushering in the disease. The temperature is likely to rise higher; muscular pains supervene, with headache, loss of appetite, nausea, and marked weakMany cases recover spontaneously in a week. Calomel, followed by a saline cathartic, is given with success. Quinine is said to possess no efficacy.

ness.

CALEPINE, kǎl'e-pēn, SIR. A knight in Spenser's Faerie Queene. The most notable of his feats is the slaying of a bear with his hands alone.

CALEPINO, kä'lâ-pĕ'nô, AMBROGIO (14351511). An Italian lexicographer. He was an Augustine monk, and devoted his entire life to the making of a polyglot dictionary. The first edition appeared in 1502; the Aldi published eighteen editions of it in a half-century (154292). That of 1590 comprises eleven languages, some of them added by Passerat and others. The word Calepinus came to mean 'a dictionary.'

CALGARY. A city in the Province of Alberta, Canada, and the centre of a large stockraising region, on the Canadian Pacific Railroad, 2264 miles west of Montreal, and 838 miles west of Winnipeg (Map: Northwest Territories, G 4). It was incorporated in 1885, having been a Hudson Bay post prior to the construction of the railroad. It lies on a beautiful plateau nearly

surrounded by Bow and Elbow rivers, and backed on three sides by lofty hills above which are seen the Rocky Mountains. It is an important distributing point for freight and the chief supply station for the mountain mining districts. It ships large quantities of cattle, sheep, and horses, and has a large trade in furs and hides. Its industries include the railway works of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, leather-making, soapworks, and brewing. The town is largely built of a light-gray stone. It contains churches, banks, good hotels, and schools, some costly public and private buildings, water-works, electric lights, and a good sewer system. It is one of the chief stations of the Northwest Mounted Police. The large Sarcee Indian Reserve lies to the southwest of the town. Population, in 1891, 3876; in 1901, 4866. Consult Calgary Alberta (Calgary, 1900).

CALHOUN, kål-hoon', JOHN CALDWELL (17821850). An American statesman, of Scotch-Irish descent, and Vice-President of the United States. He was the third son of Patrick and Martha (Caldwell) Calhoun, and was born in the Abbeville District (now county), South Carolina, March 18, 1782. Though early of a meditative disposition, he had, owing to the moderate circumstances of his family, little regular schooling, and he was 18 before he began the systematic study under his brother-in-law which fitted him in 1802 to enter the junior class at Yale. He graduated in 1804 with high honors, and then having studied law, partly in Charleston, he began to prac

tice in Abbeville in 1807. He was soon sent to the State Legislature, and in 1811 was elected to Congress-the same year marrying a second cousin, Floride Calhoun, who had a moderate fortune. He sided with Clay and the war party in Congress, and on account of his strong personality came quickly to the front. He was dis tinctly nationalistic in his politics at this time, laying himself open to a charge of inconsistency

when he later became a leader of the strict constructionists. In 1816 he was in favor of a national bank, advocated a strengthening of the navy for defense, and favored, as a means of binding together the widely spread Republic, not only internal improvements in the shape of permanent roads, but also a protective tariff. Cal houn became Secretary of War in Monroe's Cabinet in March, 1817, showing marked ability in the administration of a department then in the utmost disorder. He prepared, at the request of the House, a noteworthy report on roads and canals, and drew up one on Indian affairs which has received great praise. The army was reduced, and Calhoun's reorganization of it proved so satisfactory that his system was adhered to by his successors. In 1820 he favored the Missouri Compromise. He was now mentioned as a candidate for the Presidency, but General Jackson proved more popular, and Calhoun was elected Vice-President in 1824, with the support of the two principal parties. Turning to Jackson's side, in opposition to Adams, he was again elected in 1828. The passing of the Tariff of Abominations' of 1828, the protective features of which bore hard on the agricultural State of South Carolina, was the occasion of Calhoun's preparing a paper setting forth the claims of State sovereignty. This document was issued by the Legislature of his State, and is known as the "South Carolina Exposition." A definite break

with Jackson followed the President's discovery that Calhoun had sought to call him to account for his course in the Seminole War. Then, when Jackson tried, with the aid of Martin Van Buren, to reinstate in Washington society the notorious Mrs. Eaton, Calhoun refused to cooperate with him, thus widening the breach. Jackson's hold on the people was so great that he could dictate his successor, and Calhoun's chances of becoming President were now gone. When Calhoun became convinced that the repeal of the protective tariff could not be secured through Jackson, he published, July 26, 1831, a manifesto, carrying on the argument of the "Exposition," repeating his arguments for free trade, and asserting the right of the States to nullify such Federal laws as they considered unconstitutional. South Carolina regarded the tariff modifications of 1830 as being a compromise in fact, but a reassertion of the principle of protection. On August 28, 1832, Calhoun wrote to Governor Hamilton, of South Carolina, giving the final statement of his doctrine, asserting that "there is no direct and immediate connection between the individual citizens of a State and the general Government," and that "the great conservative principle" of union is nullification. When the South Carolina convention, on November 24, 1832, passed an ordinance nullifying the tariff, Calhoun immediately resigned the Vice-Presidency and entered the SenBy a compromise, engineered by Clay, a conflict was avoided; South Carolina won the particular point as to the tariff, but failed to secure the establishment of nullification as a principle. Acting with the Whigs, but still independent, Calhoun now became a scathing critic of Jackson's administration, though never allowing personal animus to appear; he condemned severely Jackson's removal of the public Government deposits from the United States National Bank, and his development of the spoils system. Foreseeing more clearly than any one else the conflict between the North and the South on the slav

ate.

ery question, he sought to avert it by checking all discussion of the issue. When, after the financial crisis of 1837, Van Buren proposed the "sub-treasury scheme," by which the United States avoids all connection with banks and controls its own deposits, Calhoun supported the President, much to the chagrin of the Whigs, with whom he had been acting. He was in favor of Van Buren's reëlection, and secured for him the vote of South Carolina. When Tyler, who became President on the death of Harrison, vetoed the bill for rechartering the United States Bank, Calhoun defended him; he denounced the tariff of 1842 and supported the Webster-Ashburton treaty. After having declined reëlection to the Senate in 1843, he was, in March of the next year, through a clever move on the part of Henry A. Wise, appointed Secretary of State by Tyler, and was chiefly instrumental in bringing about the annexation of Texas, in order to extend slave territory, thus practically necessitating a war, which he strove later to avert. In 1845 he was again in the Senate. In order to check the anti-slavery movement at the North, he proposed in 1847 a convention of Southern States, to prevent Northern commerce from entering their ports. Slavery he had come to advocate as a positive good. In 1849 he proposed a Southern convention, to set forth the grievances

of the slavery side, looking toward "dissolving the partnership," if the only course left open seemed submission. His famous last speech in connection with the Compromise of 1850 was read, on account of his weakness, by another Senator. In this he asserted that an amendment to the Constitution would be necessary to restore

equilibrium. He died March 31, 1850, having spent his last few months in writing his "Disquisition on Government," and his "Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States," probably the most remarkable discussions of the rights of minorities ever written. Calhoun's personality was attractive and his morals were irreproachable. His power of logical analysis, though perverted, seems to entitle him to rank as our most original political theorist; he was probably too much of a doctrinaire to be held a statesman of the first order. It must be conceded, however, that throughout his long political career he impressed both friends and foes as only a man of extraordinary powers can do, and it is quite clear that he really believed that the only way to preserve the Union, which he dearly loved, was to reduce its strength almost to the vanishing point. Consult: Life, by Jenkins (1851), and by Von Holst (1882); Benton, Thirty Years' View (1854); Calhoun's Collected Works (6 vols., 1853-54); and his correspondence, edited by J. F. Jameson (1900).

CALHOUN, kǎl-hoon', SIMON HOWARD (180476). An American missionary. He was born in Boston; graduated from Williams College in 1829, and went as missionary to the Levant and later to Syria, where he labored with great success till his return in 1874. He was an authority on the Arabic and Turkish languages, and assisted in making the first translation of the Bible into

Turkish.

CALÍ, kȧ-lē. A city of Colombia, in the Department of Cauca (Map: Colombia, B 3). It is situated on the Calí, near its junction with the Rio Cauca, 3100 feet above sea-level, and contains the fine Ionic Church of San Francisco and a college. A noteworthy bridge crosses the Rio Calf at this point. The city is of considerable commercial and industrial importance, and is well equipped with business facilities: bank, telegraph, Government post-office, etc. founded in 1556. Population, about 12,000. CAL/IBAN. (1) A deformed monster in Shakespeare's Tempest. He is the son of the witch Sycorax and a devil, and originally laid elaim to the sovereignty of the enchanted isle. Prospero soon obtained complete mastery over his small mind, however, and has made a servant of him at the beginning of the play.

Calf was

(2) A cynical philosophic drama by Ernest Renan (q.v.), published in 1878. It professes to take up the story of Caliban from where he is left in Shakespeare's Tempest.

(3) The nom de plume of Emile Bergerat. CALIBAN UPON SET'EBOS, or NATURAL THEOLOGY ON THE ISLAND. A characteristic psychological poem by Robert Browning. In it Shakespeare's amorphous creature, Caliban, discourses touching that other, whom his dam called God.' The text, "Thou thoughtest that I was altogether such a one as thyself," is a subtly ironical comment on the savage's words.

CALIBO, kȧ-lē'Bô. A town of Panay, Philippines, in the Province of Capiz, situated on the

northern coast of the island, 40 miles west of Capiz. Population, in 1898, 10,815.

CALIBRE (Fr., perhaps from Lat. abl. sing. qua libra, of what weight, measure). The calibre of a smooth-bore gun is the diameter of the bore. The calibre of a modern rifle of ordinary type is the diameter of a cylinder which will just touch the highest points of all the lands (the part of the surface of the bore between the grooves). In the case of rib-rifled guns, which have relatively very narrow lands, the calibre is the diameter of a cylinder which would just touch the bottom of all the grooves. The old smooth-bore cannon were designated by the weight of the shot they threw, as 24-pounder, 68-pounder, etc.; modern rifled cannon are described by the calibre, such as 10-inch, etc. The length of a piece is now designated by the number of calibres; for example, a 12-inch gun 40 calibres long is 40 feet in length, etc. See ARTILLERY; GUNS, NAVAL; ORDNANCE; PROJECTILES; and SMALL ARMS.

CAL'IBURN. Another name of King Arthur's sword Excalibur.

CALICOBACK, or CALICO-BIRD. See TURN

STONE.

of its variegated color). A sunfish-like, mottledCALICO BASS (possibly so called because olive bass (Pomoxys sparoides) of the whole Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes, highly prized as a food-fish and as game for youthful anglers. It reaches a length of 12 inches, weighing 2 pounds, haunts grassy streams and ponds, and bears transplanting well. It is a near relative of the crappie (q.v.), and is also known as grassbass, strawberry-bass, and bar-fish. For illustration, see Plate of FRESH-WATER BASS.

CALICO-BUSH. See KALMIA.

CALICO-PRINTING. See TEXTILE PRINT

ING.

CALICUT (Hind. kolikodu, kolikotta). A seaport of the Malabar District, British India, in latitude 11° 15' N., and longitude 75° 50' E., 566 miles south-southeast of Bombay, on the Indian Ocean and at the terminus of the southwest

branch of the Madras Railway (Map: India, C 6). It was the first spot in India visited by Covilham (1486), and it was here that Vasco da Gama reached the shores of India in 1498, having come by the way of the Cape of Good Hope. Calicut was at that time prosperous and powerful. It twice repulsed the Portuguese, slaying their commander in 1509. It stands near the mouth of a small river of the same name, and possessed at one time a good haven. Now its anchorage is merely an open roadstead. Aside from this physical disadvantage, the ravages of war and the competition of superior localities contributed to the decay of Calicut. In 1792, when it fell into the hands of the English, the city was little better than a ruin, Hyder Ali, in 1765, having laid it waste to chastise European cupidity. Since then it has made considerable progress, and in 1891 had 66,100 inhabitants, which increased to 75,500 in 1901. From Calicut, calico derived its name, although the manufacture of that article has now declined. It has an important export trade in timber and spices.

CAL'IDA'RIUM (Lat., hot bath). See

BATH.

CALID'IUS, MARCUS (?-B.C. 47). A Roman orator and a contemporary of Cicero, whose recall from exile he advocated. He was prætor in B.C. 57 and after B.C. 49 was made Governor of Cisalpine Gaul, where he died. His oratory is praised by Cicero (Brutus, 75-80). For the fragments of his orations, consult Meyer, Frag menta Oratorum Romanorum, 2d ed. (Zurich, 1842); also Quintilian (X. 1 and XII. 10).

CAL'IDORE. A knight representing courtesy in Spenser's Faerie Queene. He stands in the allegory for Sir Philip Sidney.

CALIF DE BAGDAD, kå’lêf' de båg'dad', LE. See BOIELDIEU, F. A.

CAL'IFORʼNIA (a name applied in Spanish romance as early as 1520 to a fabulous island near the Indies, and "very near the Terrestrial Paradise"). A State on the Pacific Coast of the United States of America, ranking second in area (not reckoning the Territory of Alaska), twentyfirst in population, and eighteenth in order of admission, and popularly known as the "Golden State," or in the West simply as the Coast (Map: United States, Western Part, B 3). The State is bounded on the north by Oregon, on the east by Nevada and a small portion of Arizona, on the south by Lower California (Mexico), and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It stretches along the coast from latitude 32° 40′ N. to latitude 42°, a distance, measured along the centre of the State, of 750 miles, and its eastern boundary conforms to the curve of the seacoast, so that its breadth is approximately the same throughout, averaging about 200 miles. The meridian of 120° W. longitude marks the eastern boundary of the northern third of the State, and bisects the eastward-trending southern part, dividing the whole into two nearly equal parts. The total land area is 155,980 square miles.

TOPOGRAPHY.

reap

The physiography of this immense State is strikingly varied, but, broadly stated, consists of two parallel mountain systems, extending northwest and southeast, inclosing between them a very extensive valley, in addition to which is included in the northeast a part of the Great Basin, and in the southeast a part of the Colorado Plateau. Of the two mountain systems, the longer is that known collectively as the Coast Range, being a part of the uplift which defines the continental west coast from the extremity of Lower California to the edge of Oregon, and which pears in the Olympic range of Washington and the islands of British Columbia, and southern Alaska. Within the limits of California, beginning at the south, it is made up of the San Jacinto, Santa Ana, San Bernardino, and San Gabriel ranges, then of the San Rafael and Santa Lucia mountains along the lofty coast between Los Angeles and Santa Cruz. Interior to these is a second lesser range, called by the Mexican settlers Sierra Madre, which becomes more prominent northward, is broken by the Bay of San Francisco and outlet-valley of the Sacramento River, and extends thence to the border of Oregon, where the watershed bends eastward and forms the very lofty Shasta and Salmon River ranges; but Shasta belongs orographically to the Cascade system of Oregon. Notable altitudes in this system are as follows: San Bernardino Mountain, 11,600 feet; San Jacinto Mountain, 10,987 feet; San Gabriel Peak, 6152 feet; Te

bachapi Peak, 9214 feet; Mount Pinos, 9214 feet; Mount Diablo, 2849 feet; Thunder Mountain, 9125 feet; Eddy Mountain, 9161 feet; Scott Mountain, 7850 feet; China Mountain, 8000 feet; Siskiyou Peak, 7662 feet. The altitude of Mount Shasta, a volcanic mass, is 14,380 feet, and its group contains several other peaks approaching 10,000 feet in height.

East of the Coast Ranges, and parallel with them, lies the Sierra Nevada ('Snowy Range'), at a distance of 100 to 140 miles, stretching from the 36th parallel northwestward nearly to the 41st, where it ends at the valley of Pitt River, which separates it from the Shasta Range. This system, one of the grandest on the continent, consists of a massive uplift of ancient stratified rocks, which have been worn into an area of clustered peaks, averaging 50 miles wide and over 400 miles long. The eastern side is abrupt and rises from the plateau of Nevada, but the western slope, receiving nearly all the rainfall and delivering all the drainage, has been worn into a series of tremendous cañons, of which

and American rivers are far-famed. The Sierra

those of the Merced (Yosemite), Kings, Tuolumne, Nevada is characterized by its extreme ruggedness, the sharp, precipitous, deeply sculptured profile of its peaks and gorges, and by the great average altitude of its central mass, as well as by the prevalence of many peaks, which not only reach into the zone of perpetual snow, but bear remnants of the vast glaciers which, until comparatively recent times, covered the crests of the whole range and took so large a part in its erosion. The principal peaks and their measurements, from south to north, are as follows, beginning with the highest mountain in the United States proper: Mount Whitney. 14.898 feet; Kaweah Peak, 14,000 feet; Mount Brewer, 13,886 feet; Mount Lyell, 13,042 feet; Merced Peak, 11,413 feet; Gray Peak, 11,174 feet; Dunderberg, 13.320 feet; Twin Peak, 8924 feet; Matterhorn,

12,175 feet; Tower Peak, 11,704 feet; Leavitt's Peak, 11,553 feet; Sonora Mountain, 11,478 feet; Stanislaus Peak, 11,209 feet; Pyramid Peak, 10.

052 feet. The fact that the southern end of the range is loftier than the northern may indicate the greater work of erosion at the north, due to the greater rainfall there. From Sierra County there runs straight northward along the Nevada boundary a line of elevations of igneous origin. called the Warner Range, containing many high peaks. West of this line of peaks a plateau formed by a lava overflow and averaging 5000 feet above the sea, stretches to the Shasta and Siskiyou mountains and northward into the Klamath region of Oregon.

Between these two mountain systems, the Coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada, lies the great valley of California, broadly open for some 400 miles from where the Kern River Mountains connect the Sierra Nevada with the Coast Range at Tehachapi, to where Shasta closes it in the far north. This valley is divisible into three parts. The first is the basin of the Sacramento River, north of San Francisco Bay, into which the river empties. This stream begins as the Pitt River, which flows out of Goose Lake, in the northern part of the State, forces its way through the gorges that separate the Sierra Nevada from the Shasta Range, and after receiving the Mo Cloud from Mount Shasta, turns southward as the Sacramento River. It is fed by many streams