McKenny Hughes, On the More Important Breeds of Cattle Which Have Been Recognized in the British Isles, and Their Relation to Other Archæological and Historical Discoveries (Westminster, 1896); Oskar Knispel, Die Verbreitung der Rinderschläge in Deutschland, nebst Darstellung der öffentlichen Zuchtbestrebungen (Berlin, 1897); Richard Lydekker, Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats of All Lands, Living and Extinct (London, 1898); A. Lydtin and H. Werner, Das deutsche Rind; Beschreibung der in Deutschland heimischen Rinderschläge (Berlin, 1899). See also FEEDING FARM ANIMALS; DAIRYING; BREEDS AND BREEDING; and Plate of WILD CATTLE.

CATTLE, CHILLINGHAM. A breed of the socalled wild cattle of Great Britain (Bos taurus, var. scoticus), preserved in Chillingham Park, Northumberland, England. This park, the property of the Earl of Tookerville, is a remnant of one of the great forests of Great Britain. It was formerly believed that these cattle, other herds of which are found at Cadzon, near Chillingham, at Chartley (Staffordshire), Somerford and Lyme (Cheshire), and Kilmory (Argyllshire), were descended from the urus (q.v.) without contact with any domesticated breed, but it is now held that the remote ancestors of the existing animals must have been partially domesticated. The Chillingham cattle, which approach most nearly to the true primigenius type, number about sixty, and are described as of medium size, compact in body, and dingy-white in color, with blacktipped horns, brownish muzzle, and red ears. They are timorous, unless hard-pressed, and feed by night. The cows conceal the calves under tall ferns and undergrowth, and resist all approach to them. It is said that these cattle refuse to mingle with any other. This prevents degeneracy of breed, and the accepted characteristics are also maintained by destroying any calf that shows deviations of color. For illustration, see Plate of WILD CATTLE.

CATTLE-GUARDS. See RAILWAYS.

It occurs

CATTLE PLAGUE, RINDERPEST (Ger.), or STEPPE MURRAIN (Fr., peste bovine). A contagious eruptive fever or exanthema common among animals of the bovine species; sheep, goats, deer, and other allied species occasionally, however, catch it from cattle. Pigs, horses, carnivora, and man are immune to the disease. indigenously on the plains of western Russia and throughout Asia, whence it has at various times overspread most parts of the Old World. As in smallpox, scarlatina, and other eruptive fevers, an incubative stage, varying between two and twenty days, intervenes between the introduction of the virus into the system by either inoculation or contagion, and the development of the characteristic symptoms. These consist essentially of congestion of the mucous and cutaneous surfaces, with a sort of aphthous eruption, and thickening, softening, and desquamation of the superficial investing membrane. The disease runs a tolerably fixed and definite course, which is not materially altered by any known remedial measures. It seldom attacks the same individual a second time.

HISTORY. The cattle plague has been recognized for upward of a thousand years. It appears to have destroyed the herds of the warlike tribes that overran the Roman Empire during the Fourth and Fifth centuries. About 810 it

It

traveled with the armies of Charlemagne into France, and about the same period is also supposed to have visited England. Several times throughout the course of every century it spread from the plains of Russia over the western countries of Europe, and is stated to have again visited England about 1225. Although causing every few years great losses on the Continent of Europe, the plague does not appear to have again shown itself in England until 1714, when it appeared at Islington, about the middle of July, and was very destructive for about three months, but was again got rid of toward the end of the year. In 1744 it was in Holland, destroying there, in two years, 200,000 cattle; in Denmark, from 1745 to 1749, it killed 280,000; in some provinces of Sweden it spared only 2 per cent. of the horned cattle. It made terrible havoc throughout Italy, destroying 400,000 animals in Piedmont alone. In April, 1745, the plague was again imported into England, probably by some white calves from Holland. continued its devastation for twelve years, but it is now impossible accurately to determine the losses it occasioned. In the third and fourth years of its ravages 80,000 cattle were slaughtered, and double that number are supposed to have died. In 1747 40,000 cattle died in Nottingham and Lancashire alone; while so late as 1757 30,000 perished in Cheshire in six months. In March, 1770, the disease was brought with some hay from Holland to Portsoy, in the Moray Firth, several cattle died, and others to the value of about £800 being destroyed, the further spread of the pest was prevented. By the wars which wasted Europe toward the close of the Eighteenth and first eighteen years of the Nineteenth Century, cattle plague was spread widely over the Continent, and occasioned, wherever it occurred, terrible losses. Since then, at short intervals, it has spread-always being traceable to its source on the Russian plainsover Poland, Hungary, Austria, Prussia, portions of Germany, and Italy, and has extended to Egypt. The following are the records of its destructive career during this outbreak:

To this total must be added 11,000 cases known to have been attacked and unaccounted for, and upward of 60,000 healthy cattle slaughtered to prevent the spread of the disease. Plague was again imported into Hull in 1872, with cattle from Cronstadt; it spread into several districts of the East Riding, attacked 72 animals, 51 of which were killed and 21 died. In 1877 an outbreak took place in Germany, but by energetic measures was speedily suppressed without extensive losses. The most extensive losses, however, have occurred on the steppes of Russia, and in Turkestan, Persia, China, Japan, Java, Central Africa, and Bechuanaland. In the last-named country 1,200,000 cattle died of plague. At the present time (1902) the disease is especially destructive in Asia and Africa.

CAUSES. Faulty hygiene, by lowering vitality, probably renders animals more prone to the attack and less able to bear up against it. Like hydrophobia, smallpox, or syphilis, it is developed only by special virus. This virus occurs abundantly in the blood of every plague-stricken beast, in the discharge from its nostrils, mouth, or eyes, in the off-scourings from the bowels, probably even in the breath. It may be transferred to healthy beasts by inoculation. A little of the blood or nasal or other mucous discharges of a plague case, if introduced underneath the skin of a healthy cow, develops the disease with in a few days. The transference of the virus or contagion from the sick to the sound animal is not always so direct and evident. As with other contagious diseases, the virus may be carried considerable distances in the air; it may adhere to the food that has lain before infected beasts; to the litter from the stalls, or even after it has been heaped for weeks; to the clothes of attendants; to the floors, walls, or stalling of buildings; or to imperfectly cleansed cattlecars. It may gain access to the blood probably through the air-passages, perhaps also by absorption through the mucous surface of the bowels, or even through the skin.

SYMPTOMS. In from three to six days after an animal has been exposed to the virus of cattle plague, or from 36 to 48 hours after being purposely inoculated, the temperature of the body is raised several degrees. A delicate thermometer introduced into the vagina or rectum, instead of marking about 101° F., indicates 104° to 106°. Two or three days later a striking dullness is manifested, and the animal becomes indifferent to surroundings. The pupils of the eyes are contracted, and the animal may be in a state of vertigo or coma. Within 12 to 24 hours the milk-secretion is diminished by one-half or two-thirds, the mucous membrane of the mouth is generally observed to be slightly reddened, and soon a granular, yellowish-white eruption, consisting of thickened epithelium cells and granules, appears on the gums round the incisor teeth, and by and by on the lips and dental pad. Some hours later the same eruption extends to the cheeks, tongue, and hard palate. Within 48 hours a crust of epithelium covers the gums, lips, and mouth, and then, wiped away or accidentally rubbed off, leaves the abraded membrane red and vascular and exhibiting patches of erosion. The membrane lining the vagina indicates very similar appearances; it is reddened and vascular, dotted with grayish, translucent elevations about the size of rape-seeds, covered with a whitish-yellow, usually sticky discharge, and occasionally marked with patches of excoriation. The skin is dry; there is hence a perverted development of scarfskin, and of the oleaginous secretion of the irritated sebaceous glands. The skin is thus invested with yellowish scales; while on its thinner portions about the lips, between the thighs, and on the udder-there are papular eruptions or elevations. The animal hangs its head, arches its back, the eyes are leaden and watery, and from both eyes and nose there latterly comes a dirty, slimy discharge. Appetite and rumination are irregular. The breathing is oppressed; expiration is prolonged and accompanied by a peculiar grunt. The pulse is small and thready,

and is quickened as death approaches. The bowels, usually confined at first, become, toward the sixth or seventh day, much relaxed; the discharges passed, often with pain and straining, are profuse and liquid, offensive, acrid, palecolored, and occasionally mixed with blood. The patient loses weight and strength, totters if it attempts to walk, and prefers to lie rather than to stand. Death usually occurs within from two to seven days, and is preceded by muscular twitchings, a peculiar, offensive smell, a cold, clammy state of body, moaning, grinding of the teeth, and rapidly increasing prostration.

PROGNOSIS. Cases usually terminate unfavorably when the animal's temperature falls rapidly; the pulse becomes small, quick, and weak; the breathing more difficult, distressed, and moaning; the diarrhea increased, and the depression more notable. A more favorable termination may be anticipated when, after the fifth day, the heightened temperature, so notable even from the earliest stages, abates gradually; the breathing becomes easier, the pulse firmer, the visible mucous membranes appear healthier, and patches of extravasation or erosion speedily disappear.

Sheep do not take rinderpest spontaneously, and even when kept with diseased cattle, or inoculated with cattle-plague virus, they do not catch the disease so certainly as do cattle. When diseased, they exhibit, however, very similar symptoms; but Professor Röll and cther observers record that upward of 40 per cent. recover. Goats, deer, antelopes, gazelles, yaks, and, indeed, all animals taking rinderpest exhibit with tolerable uniformity the same characteristic symptoms.

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. The mucous membranes are generally deeper-colored_than_natural, are congested, softened, marked in places with the same granular patches discoverable during life within the mouth of the vagina, and in bad cases exhibit edema, hemorrhage, and sloughing. The first three stomachs sometimes contain a good deal of food, but show less declension from health than does the fourth stomach, the mucous membrane of which is dotted with spots of congestion and extravasation. The coats of the bowels are thinned and easily torn. The mucous coat, especially toward the middle of the small intestine, the opening into the cæcum and posterior half of the rectum, is much congested, bared of epithelium, and sometimes marked with blood-spots, but never ulcerated. Peyer's glands, so generally inflamed in the somewhat analogous typhoid fever of man, are perfectly healthy. The liver is yellow, and the gall-bladder contains an abundance of fluid. The respiratory mucous membrane, like the digestive, is vascular, and marked with submucous hemorrhage; the lungs are generally emphyse matous, the heart often marked with bloodspots. The urino-genital, like the other mucous membranes, is congested in females, especially toward the lower part of the vagina and vulva; the kidneys are enlarged and hemorrhagic in the cortical zone; the serous membranes and nervous centres are perfectly unchanged. As in other septicæmic diseases, a considerable increase in the number of white blood-corpuscles is observed. The blood itself is dark in color; in the later stages it contains less water, probably owing to the draining diarrhea, and about

The

double its usual proportion of fibrin. muscular tissues are softened, easily broken down, and contain an abnormal amount of soluble albumen. The urine is little altered in quantity, but from the first rise in the animal's temperature it contains an increase of urea varying from 5 to 15 per cent. The chief change in the milk is its rapid diminution in quantity and the increase of its fatty matters. The bile is watery, offensive, and prone to decomposition. TREATMENT. Cattle plague is proved to be an eruptive fever. When the specific virus has entered the body of a susceptible subject, no medicinal treatment has yet been discovered which can destroy it or materially shorten or mitigate its effects. Until such an antidote is found, there can be no hope of certain cure. The British cattle-plague commissioners collected information regarding the four following methods of treatment-namely, the antiphlogistic, the tonic and stimulant, the antiseptic, and the special. Diverse as are these systems, the percentages of recoveries-varying from 25.83 to 27.45 -were so nearly alike that it is fair to conclude that no one of the systems tried exercised any notable influence in checking the mortality. Partly, perhaps, from the varying virulence of the plague, partly from the differences in the nursing and care bestowed on the animals, the proportion of recoveries has varied greatly in different localities. Rational treatment is limited to warding off untoward symptoms, to careful nursing, and husbanding the failing strength. It must, however, be remembered that throughout the progress of the disease there is constant spreading of the infection to healthy cattle. Hence, plague subjects should be immediately destroyed. Except, therefore, for purely scientific purposes, and with careful precautions to prevent the spread of the disease, it is unwise to attempt remedial treatment. Where, however, a beast is to have a chance of recovery, so soon as the elevated temperature indicates the accession of the disease solid, indigestible food should be withheld, and the patient restricted to mashes, gruel, boiled linseed, malt, and other food which can be digested without the necessity for rumination. Where the bowels at the outset are costive, a dose of oil or a very small quantity of some saline purgative may be required. Cold water, gruel, mashes, or stale bread soaked either in water or beer should be offered at short intervals throughout the attack. The animal, kept in an atmosphere of about 60°, should be comfortably clothed and have its legs bandaged. The hot-air bath and wet packing have been repeatedly tried; but although probably useful in the earlier stages, appear, when the disease is fully established, to harass and weaken the patient. Small and repeated doses of sulphite of soda have in some cases proved useful, and may be conjoined with carefully regulated, moderate doses of such stimulants as ale, whisky and water, sweet spirit of nitre, spirit of ammonia, or strong coffee. It is most important, however, that these and other such medicines should be drunk by the animal of its own accord in the gruel, water, or mashes, as forcible drenching always disturbs the patient. The inhalation of chloroform, although temporarily relieving the dis

tressed breathing, does not appear to exert any permanent benefit.

PREVENTION. From what has been stated regarding the nature of cattle plague, it must be evident that its prevention can be effected by the destruction of the specific virus, or by removing beyond its influence all animals on which it might fasten. Neither should sheep, fresh hides, hay, nor any other fodder and litter from countries where this ruinous plague exists, or has recently existed, be imported without first undergoing thorough disinfection. In England importations of cattle plague are guarded against by the provisions of the contagious diseases (animal) acts (1869 and 1878). Neither cattle, sheep, nor pigs, fodder, litter, nor hides can be landed from countries where the plague exists, or from places in direct communication with such infected countries. All foreign stock is inspected at the ports of debarkation, and inspectors have orders for the immediate slaughter and disinfection of cattle-plague subjects and of any animals with which they have been in contact. As in the case of many other infectious diseases, prevention of cattle plague is most successfully accomplished by producing immunity through inoculation. Immunization has been produced by natural virus and by virus which has been modified experimentally. Koch's method consisted in giving hypodermic inoculations of pure bile from plague subjects. According to the method of Edington, one part of bile was mixed with two parts of glycerin, and after ten days an injection of virulent blood diluted in water was given. Danisz and Bordet have experimented in the Transvaal with an immunizing serum. Turner and Kolle succeeded in producing an immunity which lasted for several months. Their method consisted in giving simultaneous injection of virulent blood on one side of the animal and serum on the other. Immunity was also obtained by successive inoculations of virulent blood and serum. Cattle plague does not occur in the United States. Texas fever has been confounded with it by some authors, but these diseases are of quite different nature. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia has also been confounded with cattle plague. In Turkey cattle plague was Texas fever. Consult: Gamgee, The Cattle found closely associated with aphthous fever and Plague (London, 1886); Nocard and Leclainche, Les maladies microbiennes des animaux, 2d ed. (Paris, 1898); Turner and Kolle, Report on Cure and Prevention of Rinderpest, Agricultural Department, Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town, 1898); Great Britain Cattle Plague Commissioners' Reports I., II., III., IV. (London, 1865). CATTLE TICK. See TEXAS FEVER.

CAT TY (Malay, Javanese kāti, kati, pound). The unit of weight largely used throughout Chinese and Malayan Asia, and by the Chinese all over the world. A catty is 1 pounds avoirdupois.

CAT TYWAR'. See KATHIAWAB.

CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (c.87-c.54 B.C.). The greatest of the Roman lyric poets. He was born in Verona, of a respected and well-to-do family. Very little is known of his personal life, though much may be learned from his poems, which are intensely subjective. He set